Economy Of Pakistan Research Articles

Does Environment Really Matter for Economic Sustainability: Exploring the Role of Green Energy in Pakistan's Economy

The key objective of the study is to investigate empirically the long-run Environment and Growth Sustainability nexus in Pakistan economy. To empirically achieve the objectives of the study, the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bound testing method was employed from 1990 to 2022. Green energy is used to signify environmental performance indicators and GDP growth rate along with other conventional growth factors; physical capital and human capital are used as potential economic sustainability indicators. To rationalize the findings of ARDL, restricted and unrestricted models are also estimated. The findings of the study disclose that the series under consideration are co-integrated which directs the existence of the long-run relationship. It is found that green energy enhances economic sustainability in the long run however it adversely impacts economic sustainability in the short run in the case of Pakistan's economy. The empirical outcomes of the study validate the widespread concern of the literature on the existence of the “growth hypothesis” which supports, that there is a systematic positive causation running from green energy to economic sustainability. The study findings suggest that regulations in the energy sector can encourage the applications of green energy resources, particularly in the real sector of the economy, leading to reduced emissions. It is important to adopt international standards for firms and industries and an international collaboration framework is required to ensure economic sustainability to prevent environmental degradation.

Barriers to Entrepreneurial Refugees’ Integration into Host Countries: A Case of Afghan Refugees

Pakistan hosts over 1.4 million Afghan refugees and is facing extreme challenges in accomplishing the UN’s refugee pacts and 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The inflow and longer stay of refugees in the host country may affect the local population’s socio-economic conditions. However, not all refugees are a “burden” to the host economy. Some refugees can contribute positively to the local economy given the opportunity. This study investigates the leading hurdles to establishing businesses for refugees to provide a different perspective to policymakers and scholars in achieving refugee integration. Through a thematic analysis of interviews conducted with Afghan entrepreneurial refugees, this study identifies ten hurdles and five opportunities they face while conducting business in Pakistan. Fuzzy Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (FSWARA) prioritizes the central theme, i.e., a lack of policies, among other hurdles, by allocating weights. Hypotheses on hurdles and opportunities are built and tested through multiple regression analysis (MRA). All the hypotheses on hurdles and three on opportunities are accepted. This study highlights the importance of a comprehensive framework for entrepreneurial refugees for their smooth integration into Pakistani society. This study helps policymakers and scholars identify the main barriers for refugee entrepreneurs in Pakistan.

The Impact of Tax Collection and Domestic Entrepreneurial Business Ventures on Services Sector in Pakistan: An ARDL Bound Test Approach

The services sector is the leading sector of Pakistan’s economy. It creates employment, foreign exchange earnings, research, and innovation, and significantly contributes to Pakistan’s economy. A significant amount of tax revenue is collected from the services sector. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze how taxation influences the services sector in Pakistan. The objective of the present study is to analyze the impact of tax revenue, entrepreneurial ventures, trade openness, inflation, and GDP per capita on the service sector of Pakistan. For this, data from 1980 to 2020 is used. The long-run ARDL estimates show that taxation adversely impacts Pakistan’s services sector. The results show that the variables domestic entrepreneur venture, gross national expenditures, and trade openness were significant and positively related to the service sector growth of Pakistan, while the variables tax revenue, poverty, and inflation rate were negatively related to Pakistan’s service sector growth rate. By considering the study results, it is concluded that the tax system significantly impacts Pakistan’s services sector. Due to high taxes, businesses in the services industry find it challenging to expand and compete. The policy recommendations are that the government must balance raising tax income with promoting the expansion of the services sector. Further, the government should endeavor to streamline the tax system so that companies can easily comprehend and adhere to the law. However, future research can be used the panel data form for developing countries. Further, the impact of taxation on other segments of the economy, such as agriculture and large-scale manufacturing, can be analyzed.

Factors Leading Marginalized Transgenders Towards Digital Entrepreneurship in Pakistan

The transgenders in Pakistan are facing challenges in jobs quota and starting their businesses in Pakistan. Transgenders are a marginalized community in Pakistan facing challenges in establishing their businesses. There are fewer opportunities for lesbians and guys in Pakistan to start their physical business due to bullying and harassment. The objective of the current research was to measure the impact of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial opportunities on the digital entrepreneurship of transgender people in the presence of microfinance loans and government policies in developing economies like Pakistan. A sample of 56 marginalized transgender people from the Punjab province of Pakistan was collected for the findings. The statistical analysis is performed by using SPSS 24 and Smart PLS 4. The partial least square–structural equation modelling (PLS–SEM) approach was used to measure the findings of measurement model assessment and structural model assessment. It is empirically concluded that the effect of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial opportunities on digital entrepreneurship for transgender people is large. Therefore, microfinance loans and government policies for supporting transgenders in digital entrepreneurship are critically required when there is appropriate support for transgenders for the accomplishment of entrepreneurial opportunities. Furthermore, the government of Pakistan is needed to plan and execute reasonable policies for sustainable entrepreneurship to motivate transgenders to the digital entrepreneurial environment. The execution of entrepreneurial policies by the Pakistani government and support of microfinance loans can increase digital entrepreneurship by transgenders in Pakistan, and this marginalized community can achieve success and standard life. This study also provides some recommendations for future studies.

CHINA’S CONTROL OVER THE CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR: THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE NATIVE PEOPLES OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan and China's relationship has always been characterized by political collaboration, economic connections, and as well as military collaboration. These connections have taken on new heights since 2015 when both have concentrated on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a group of initiatives that are part of Beijing's Belt and Road Initiative announced in 2013. Pakistan's political leadership refers to the CPEC as a "game changer" that will bring prosperity by revitalizing the fragile economy of the nation. CPEC has been praised as a project that will revolutionize Pakistan's economy and serve as a showcase of China's aspirations for the global economy. However, worries about political influence, economic reliance, and sovereignty have also caused debate within Pakistan. Although the Pakistani government presents the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a mutually beneficial development effort, the people of Pakistan are becoming more concerned about China's rising influence over the country's political and economic spheres and started opposition in Balochistan and other provinces. This article looks at how China's influence over the Pakistani government is reflected in the dynamics of the CPEC and analyses the subsequent disagreement and discontent among the Pakistani populace. It also explores how China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) ties into the larger geopolitical and economic consequences of CPEC and also concern for India.

A Comprehensive Study Employing Panel Data to Analyze Managerial Overconfidence and Accounting Misstatements in Pakistan

The core objective of this research is to establish a relationship between managerial overconfidence and accounting misstatement. However, the research demonstrates that managerial overconfidence significantly affects accounting misstatement. Overconfident managers may employ aggressive accounting approaches to project profitability, resulting in irrational projections and skewed financing and investment decisions. If the firm's decisions are not upheld, accounting misrepresentation may eventually be taken into consideration to avoid being accused of incompetence. A panel data regression model will be used to make an empirical guess about the hypothesis. This study employs Panel data for regression analysis since the board provides detailed conclusions on cross-sectional and time-series data. Data collected for this study based upon 37 companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange are included in the sample from the Pakistan economy from 2013 to 2020. The study also provides direction for future research by including the function of corporate governance in controlling accounting misstatements and managerial overconfidence.

Evaluating the Role of Natural Resources, and Financial Development on Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: An ARDL Approach

The role of economic growth, natural resources and financial development on ecological footprints in Pakistan. Data is applied between 1980 and 2021. Using ARDL bounds testing cointegration approach, the result signifies that the financial development, and natural resources have statistically significant with ecologic footprint. however, the economic growth has positive effect on ecologic footprint. Natural resources, economic expansion, and financial development were shown to be the driving forces behind the increase in ecological footprint because they all have a positive and significant influence on it. In long period, Pakistan data also supported the actuality of the Ecofriendly Kuznets Curve theory. Hence, the situation is advised to raise public mindfulness of the implementation of defensible applies in everyday lifespan and the routine of environmental technology that offer the greatest efficacy and the tiniest volume of environmental damage in business and household actions. Ultimately, based on the research findings, a thorough policy framework was suggested, which would enable the Pakistan economy to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

An Analysis of Private Investment in Economic Growth in Three Major Sectors of Pakistan

Investment is the edition in the stock of existing capital. This study especially focuses on private investment. Private investment plays a very crucial role in the determination of economic growth and poverty reduction in any economy. Private investment has both short and long-run implications for the economy. A country, in which private investment is well established, is more stable than a country with low private investment. This research aimed to determine the impact of private investment on the economic growth of three different sectors of Pakistan Agriculture, Manufacturing and Service Sectors. The study contains annual time series data (i.e., from 1975 to 2021 from an economic survey of Pakistan), on selected parameters such as private investment and GDP growth rate in different sectors of the economy. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test results and the Vector Auto Regressive Model (VAR) were applied for estimations. The result suggested that economic growth increases positively with private investment. VAR estimation data indicates that private investment has a positive and significant impact on the service sector and a negative and significant impact on manufacturing. Based on the study results, Pakistan has to boost sustainable growth in the private sector, which led to increased economic growth.

Does Tourism Development Influence the Economic Growth in Pakistan? Evidence from ARDL and Causality Approach

This study analyzes the influence of tourism development on economic growth (GDP) in the case of Pakistan's economy using the time series data covering the spanning from 1995-2022. In order to unveil reliable and robust results, a more appropriate time-series approach was applied for the current article. Time series unit root tests infer that all the variables have unit root problems at levels I(0), however, after taking the first difference I(1), all series turn into following the stationary process. Furthermore, (ARDL) bound test reveals that a long-term cointegration prevails among all analyzed variables. The Granger causality test is also utilized to check the causal relationship among the series. The long-run elasticity estimates examine a statistically significant and positive link between the sect tourism sector GDP growth in the case of Pakistan. Furthermore, political instability and inflation rate have an inverse influence on GDP growth, whereas, capital investment has a positively significant influence on GDP growth. In addition, it is concluded that tourism sector development helps to move upward shift in the economy of Pakistan by generating more profits for the country. Finally, it is suggested that goverment should have to focus on investing in the tourism sector and provide better facilities for tourists.

The Role of Moderators on Product Quality and Export Flows: The Case of Pakistan

High-quality products are always in demand for both local and international markets. The demand for such products can be increased by the product sales at a domestic level. It can also be helpful to increase the export flows of an economy and hence improve the trade flows. Other factors have a moderating role in determining the relationship between export product quality and trade flows. The objective of this study is to examine the role of moderating variables, which are used to check the strength of the above relationship. There are three variables: financial constraints, firm heterogeneity, and R&D activities are taken as moderators. For this purpose, the data is taken from annual financial reports of non-financial firms which are listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Also, some country-level data is taken from the Pakistan Economic Survey. The objective of the study was achieved by using panel techniques Fixed Effect, Random Effect Model for the period of 1999 to 2020. It is found that firm heterogeneity and R&D activities have positive and financial constraints have negative but significant effects on strengthening the relationship between product quality and export flows. Based on our findings, the government should provide R&D funds and financial aid programs for new investors to improve product quality and increase their sales in local and international markets.

Prediction of Agricultural Commodity Prices using Big Data Framework

The agriculture sector plays a crucial role in the economy of Pakistan, contributing significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the employment rate. However, this sector faces challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, and low productivity, which have a direct impact on agricultural commodity prices. Accurate forecasting of commodity prices is essential for farmers, traders, and policymakers to make informed decisions and improve economic outcomes. This paper explores the use of a big data framework for agricultural commodity price forecasting in Pakistan, using a historical dataset on commodity prices in various Pakistani cities from 2007 to 2022 and Apache Spark to preprocess and clean the data. Based on historical spinach prices in Vehari City, the machine learning models Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARIMA), Random Forest, and Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) were applied to price trends, and their performance was compared using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and squared correlation coefficient (R2). LSTM outperformed ARIMA and Random Forest with a higher R2 value of 0.8 and the lowest MAE of 125.29. Such predictions can help farmers to effectively plan crop cultivation and traders to make well-informed decisions.

Role of digital marketing strategies in success of small businesses in Pakistan

This paper attempts to examine the effect that digital marketing has on small businesses in Pakistan. The current impact and use of digital marketing by small business enterprises will be examined. Digital marketing is the promotion of businesses and their products using digital channels such as the internet, television, and text to potential customers. This may also include social media, advertisements on televisions, emails, web advertising and other multimedia channels. It is defined as achieving marketing objectives through applying digital technologies.

Political Regime Types and Income Inequality in Pakistan

Rising income inequality is one of the major issues in the Pakistani economy. It has been investigated in different dimensions. Different cross-sectional and panel studies have extensively examined the connection between political regime types and income inequality over a specific period. The findings have displayed significant variations across countries and regions. This study delves into exploring the relationship between political regime types and income inequality, specifically in Pakistan, utilizing time series data spanning from 1972 to 2019. To measure political regime types, the Polity index is employed, while the Gini-Coefficient serves as the metric for income inequality. Additionally, this research takes into account various factors, such as GDP per capita, the ratio of direct taxes to GDP, the percentage of government expenditure on education relative to GDP, and the percentage of government expenditure on community and social services relative to GDP, in order to control for their direct effects. The stationarity of the data is assessed using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test, while the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model is employed to examine the cointegrating relationship among the variables in the model. The empirical findings from the estimation affirm the presence of a lasting correlation between Pakistan's political regime types and wealth disparities. The findings show that different political regimes have a notable detrimental effect on the nation's economic disparity. To be more precise, a one percent increase in the Polity score is associated with a 0.45 percent long-term and a 0.25 percent short-term fall in the Gini Coefficient. This suggests that Pakistan should work toward a stable democratic political framework and put into place sustainable economic policies in order to successfully address income disparity and achieve a desirable level of income distribution

Exposure to Imidacloprid under variable conditions disturbs the muscle fatty acid profile of a fresh water non target fish: Labeo rohita

Economy of Pakistan is heavily dependent upon agriculture and extensive use of pesticide is quiet common to enhance the crop yield. Imidacloprid is among the first choice pesticides in Pakistan and it has been reported that through run off along with water it ends up in water bodies affecting non target aquatic fauna. Through the present investigation, we are reporting the effects of Imidacloprid on the fatty acids composition of a non-target, commercially important carp: Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to sub lethal concentration of Imidacloprid (120 mgL1) for 2, 4 and 8 days (short term) as well as for 16, 32 and 64 days (long term experimental conditions). Pesticide untreated controls were also maintained for each treatment. Following the specific Imidacloprid exposure, fatty acid composition (%) was determined in the muscle of all experimental groups by using gas chromatography. Fish exposed to Imidacloprid for 8 days had reduced Palmitic acid (p = 0.02) and elevated muscle Arachidic acid (p < 0.001) than control group. Labeo rohita exposed to the pesticide for 32 days had elevated muscle Oleic (p = 0.02) and Linoleic acid (p = 0.02) while fish exposed to Imidacloprid to 64 days had reduced muscle Palmitic (p = 0.04) and Oleic acid (p = 0.03). In conclusion, we are reporting that the exposure to sub lethal concentration of Imidacloprid disturb the muscle fatty acid composition of Labeo rohita that may affect its food quality. The effects were more pronounced under long term experimental conditions and were probably due to potentiating lipid peroxidation and disturbed fish metabolism upon Imidacloprid exposure.

The Relationship between Types of Political Regimes and Income Inequality in Pakistan

Aim: Income inequality has emerged as a significant concern within the Pakistani economy, prompting extensive investigations across various dimensions. This study aims to explore the relationship between types of political regime and income inequality, specifically in Pakistan.&#x0D; Methods: Time series data spanning from 1972 to 2019 were utilized, obtained from the World Bank, Polity IV Project, and the Handbook of Statistics on Pakistan Economy by the State Bank of Pakistan. To measure types of political regimes, the Polity index was employed, while the Gini coefficient served as the metric for income inequality. Additionally, this research considered several factors, including GDP per capita, the ratio of direct taxes to GDP, the percentage of government expenditure on education relative to GDP, and the percentage of government expenditure on community and social services relative to GDP, to control for their direct effects. The stationarity of the data was assessed using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test, while the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model was employed to examine the cointegrating relationship among the variables in the model.&#x0D; Results: The empirical findings from the estimation demonstrate a lasting negative correlation between the types of political regimes in Pakistan and wealth disparities in the short and medium term. The results highlight the notable detrimental effect of different political regimes on the nation's economic disparity.&#x0D; Conclusion: A one percent increase in the Polity score is associated with a 0.45 percent long-term and a 0.25 percent short-term decrease in the Gini coefficient.&#x0D; Recommendation: Pakistan should strive towards a stable democratic political framework and implement sustainable economic policies to effectively address income disparity and achieve a desirable level of income distribution.

Steering the Belt and Road’s Energy Mix: A Steering Theory Perspective on Chinese Energy Investments in Pakistan and Indonesia

This article contributes to discussions on why Chinese investments in Pakistan cover a wide variety of energy sectors, whereas capital allocation in Indonesia is concentrated in a narrow set of actors and energy sources (coal). While others have highlighted micro-, macro-, and meso-level dimensions, this research looks at the Chinese Ministry of Commerce’s (MOFCOM) communication as a further factor to steer Chinese project financing. By exposing a set of 281 MOFCOM statements to quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis, my findings reveal that MOFCOM publications offer more incentives for private participation in Pakistan than in Indonesia, as represented by the greater number of actors and projects listed, as well as the types of public policy instruments deployed. Besides theoretical contributions to steering theory, the study offers practical suggestions on how China can diversify investments to create more sustainable energy outcomes along the Belt and Road.

Mitochondrial DNA diversity and maternal origins of Pakistani donkey.

Domestic donkey plays a key role as a draft animal in rural economy of Pakistan where its population is increasing every year. The complete mtDNA control region of forty randomly sampled donkeys was PCR- amplified and sequenced bi-directionally using specific primers. Distinct mtDNA haplotypes obtained in the current study (KY446001-KY446011) were subjected to haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) measures using DnaS as well as to phylogenetic, Network, and AMOVA analyses. There were a total 27 polymorphic sites present within 11 unique mtDNA haplotypes from the studied 40 animals from different regions. Neighbor-joining network and median-joining network both illustrated the splitting of all these haplotypes into two well-defined Nubian and Somali lineages, confirming African maternal origin of Pakistani domestic donkey. Diversity parameters h (0.967± 0.037) and π (0.02917± 0.00307) were found to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in Pakistani donkeys. AMOVA demonstrated only 1% of genetic differences between two mtDNA maternal lineages, pointing to lack of population substructure in Pakistani donkeys as is the case with worldwide domestic donkey population. Pakistani donkeys have African maternal origin and high levels of mtDNA diversity. High genetic diversity may be due to non-selective breeding and heteroplasmy. We herein provide the first report on mtDNA diversity of control region in Pakistani domestic donkey.

Globalisation and Economic Growth Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

Globalisation has several faces and a variety of social, political, and economic ramifications. It has given many countries numerous opportunities. Others argue that today's globalisation is only tangentially different from colonialism in the past. Since affluent countries levy taxes on developing-country commodities, developing countries have not benefited from this. Developed countries' protection of agriculture and basic manufacturing has harmed developing countries significantly. Pakistan has made significant efforts to integrate its economy with the rest of the world through foreign commerce, investment, and other macroeconomic policies. Globalisation's sufficiency and utility are seen from a variety of angles. Based on solid factual evidence, it is vital to analyse whose viewpoints are supported by Pakistan's experience. Because Pakistan's economy has been liberalised, it also seeks to decrease poverty, which may be achieved through acceptable economic progress. Because Pakistan's economy has been liberalised, it also seeks to decrease poverty, which may be achieved through acceptable economic progress. The paper investigates the impact of globalisation on the economic growth of Pakistan over the period from 1971 to 2021, employing the ARDL approach. Economic growth was measured through the annual growth rate, whereas; KOF Globalization Index was used to measure globalisation. Instead, the inflation rate, FDI, official development assistance, gross capital formation, and labour force participation rate have also been taken into account in the model. The study's findings have proven the negative impact of globalisation on economic growth in Pakistan. The findings suggested that despite several years of openness policies related to trade, FDI, or technological transfer, Pakistan is still not ready to gain the positive effects of globalisation; Therefore, there is a need to adhere to policies that promote trade and investment considering the ground realities of Pakistan.

An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Exchange Rate for Economy of Pakistan (2000 – 2023)

This study will work on some core variables including exchange rate that is considered as an important variable for different nations and size of level of development. In economics different functions are impacted here by exchange rate changes and it is very important to analyze that the macroeconomic factors including interest rate, inflation rate may impact on exchange rate positively or negatively. For the economy of Pakistan covering the period 2000 to 2023 it is analyzed that the multiple regression model by using exchange rate, inflation rate, interest rate, the value of exports and the value of imports in Pakistan having some important results for country. This study has used unit root test co-integration test and ARDL for evaluation of short run and long run effect of some core variables. This research found and concluded that all the right side variables in multiple regression model having some important impact on relationship for the determination of exchange rate and it is explored that the inflation rate interest rate import and export are captured to regressive exchange rate in the economy of Pakistan.

Technopreneurship for Driving Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Technopreneurship is one type of technology-based entrepreneurship that can help Pakistan's economy grow. It could reduce the percentage of intellectual unemployment among freshly graduated college students by creating jobs. Numerous research works have illustrated the ways in which a college education shapes and moulds individuals' personalities and thought processes, ultimately influencing their choice to pursue a career in technopreneurship.The purpose of this study is to provide a summary of the literature on technopreneurship. Technopreneurship research was conducted by reviewing and analysing technology evaluations and scholarly publications. The problem with this study is that the understanding and proficiency of technopreneurship varies across students from different professions. To address these gaps, higher education should be able to take the initiative in making sure that every student has the chance to pursue technopreneurship as a career. The article underscores the need of fostering an inventive, imaginative, and daring culture inside the entrepreneurial milieu. Through the use of surveys, interviews with technopreneurs, policy officials, and corporate executives, as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis, the research gave a full understanding of the possibilities and challenges associated to technopreneurship in Pakistan. This research aims to provide useful recommendations to investors, entrepreneurs, and policy makers on how to leverage technopreneurship to propel economic growth in Pakistan. By fostering a robust technopreneurial environment, Pakistan may increase job chances, enhance its global competitiveness, and promote sustainable economic growth.