Gross Domestic Product Of Countries Research Articles

Relationship between GDP, Life Expectancy and Growth Rate of G7 Countries

Increase in life expectancy is a key indicator to gauge the economic development of a country. Enormous studies have been done to test this hypothesis, and the conclusion is still un-decided. This study aims to explore the impact of life expectancy on economic growth in G7 countries via regression approach. Keeping in view the unique population structure of each of these G7 countries, the trend of life expectancy for each country is also observed. Findings of the study indicate that life expectancy in G7 countries increases with constant rate. The increase in life expectancy is accompanied with the increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita income. We have also included the population growth rate as another important factor contributing towards GDP. It is worth mentioning here that increase in life expectancy directly affects per capita real income due to higher expenditure on health. Moreover, it is also found that increase in GDP lessens the population growth.

Complexity of Products: The Effect of Data Regularisation.

Among several developments, the field of Economic Complexity (EC) has notably seen the introduction of two new techniques. One is the Bootstrapped Selective Predictability Scheme (SPSb), which can provide quantitative forecasts of the Gross Domestic Product of countries. The other, Hidden Markov Model (HMM) regularisation, denoises the datasets typically employed in the literature. We contribute to EC along three different directions. First, we prove the convergence of the SPSb algorithm to a well-known statistical learning technique known as Nadaraya-Watson Kernel regression. The latter has significantly lower time complexity, produces deterministic results, and it is interchangeable with SPSb for the purpose of making predictions. Second, we study the effects of HMM regularization on the Product Complexity and logPRODY metrics, for which a model of time evolution has been recently proposed. We find confirmation for the original interpretation of the logPRODY model as describing the change in the global market structure of products with new insights allowing a new interpretation of the Complexity measure, for which we propose a modification. Third, we explore new effects of regularisation on the data. We find that it reduces noise, and observe for the first time that it increases nestedness in the export network adjacency matrix.

Comment on “Changing International Financial Architecture: Growing Chinese Influence?”

Comment on “Changing International Financial Architecture: Growing Chinese Influence?”

Is manager support related to workplace productivity for people with depression: a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey from 15 countries

ObjectivesTo examine variations in manager reactions and support for people with depression and to investigate how these reactions are related to (1) absenteeism and (2) presenteeism due to depression among...

Determining Some Factors of the Financial Situation in the European Union Publishing Sector

Abstract The publishing sector is probably a cultural industry with one of the greatest economic projections due to its huge turnover and contribution to the Gross Domestic Product of countries. In order to gain a better understanding of this sector, this paper examines a sample of the most important companies belonging to this sector in the European Union, focusing on studying their economic-financial profile. In order to achieve this, multivariate statistical techniques are used to create indicators on the evolution of the main variables and financial ratios of these companies over recent years. The specific objectives are: to summarise the information in a smaller number of factors, which in turn enable us to construct a robust and reliable synthetic indicator; and investigate the relationship between the constructed index and different variables such as company age, size and localisation. The changes experienced in this sector are reflected in the obtained results and provide a richer understanding of cultural industries.

Derailed locomotive? Petrobras investments and economic growth in Brazil

<p>Petrobras is the largest firm in Brazil and one of the largest in the world. Its investment plans are among the biggest in the oil and gas industry, focused in Brazil and on E&P. Petrobras is responsible for a large share of gross capital formation and gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the country. The correlation between its investments and the country investment and GDP growth is above 0.8 and shows the dependency of the economy to Petrobras activity. At the same time, as a state enterprise it has been a tool of macroeconomic policy. In the 2010´s its gasoline and diesel prices were frozen to keep inflation down. The recent crisis in the company, including corruption scandals and oil price slump increased debt levels and reduced its capital expenditures. The sale of assets directive since 2016 is required to reduce its net debt. While a medium to long term survival strategy, the change in Petrobras’ investment profile may decrease the prospects of GDP growth in the Brazilian economy.</p>

Bibliometric Analysis of Journals in the Field of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas.

Endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenomas is being performed more frequently worldwide in the recent years. This first bibliometric analysis was conducted aiming to have a microscopic view of research activities about endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenomas. The original articles about endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenomas were extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) and analyzed concerning their distributions. We also explored the potential correlations between publications of different countries and their gross domestic product (GDP) via Pearson correlation test. The total number of original articles retrieved from WoS was 307 from 1997 to 2017. The number of original articles published in the last decade has increased by 530.95% compared with that published in the former decade. The United States has published 124 articles (40.391%), followed by Italy with 40 (13.029%) and Japan with 27 articles (8.795%). The journal that published the highest number of original articles was Journal of Neurosurgery with 31 (10.098%), followed by Neurosurgery (n = 23, 7.492%), World Neurosurgery (n = 23, 7.492%), and Neurosurgical Focus (n = 15, 4.886%). There was a strong correlation between publication numbers and GDP of different countries (r = 0.889, P < 0.001). There is a skyrocket trend of endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenomas during the last 2 decades, and countries with high GDP tend to make more contributions to this field.

Remittances, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in SADC: A Panel Co-integration Approach

The current growth in per capita gross domestic product for countries within Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) has been below the target of 7% as provided by the sustainable development goals. This study uses panel co-integration techniques to establish the presence of non-linearity between long term growth and remittances, the substitutability or complementarity between foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances as sources of long term growth. Annual data for 12 SADC member states for the period 1970 to 2014 was employed. Findings show that remittances promote long term growth and the connection between the two is nonlinear. Remittances positively affect growth as long as the level of elasticity is at most 1.09% after which the level of growth subsides. The non-linearity connection suggests the need for strong institutions to extend the positive effect of remittances beyond the threshold. The study finds that remittances and FDI flows are complementary in the growth process. The SADC region benefits by putting policies that promote trade and develop financial products that promotes continuous investment by households who are the key recipients of remittances. SADC countries benefit more by increasing reliance on remittances as opposed to FDI flows to spur growth.

Global scientific production of robotic surgery in medicine: A 20-year survey of research activities

IntroductionRobot-assisted surgery operations are being performed more frequently in the world these years. In order to have a macroscopic view of publication activities about robotic surgery, the first bibliometric analysis was conducted to investigate the publication distributions of robotic surgery. MethodsThe original articles about robotic surgery were extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) on Web of Science and analyzed concerning their distributions. We also explored the potential correlations between publications of different countries and their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). ResultsThe total number of original articles retrieved from SCI-E was 3362 from 1994 to 2015. The number of original articles published in the last decade has a burgeoning increase of 572.87% compared with that published in the former decade. The leading country was USA who have published 1402 pieces of articles (41.701%), followed by Germany with 342 (10.173%). The journal published the highest number of original articles was Journal of Endourology with 237 (7.049%), followed by Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques (188, 5.592%). There was strong correlations between publication numbers and GDP of different countries (r2 = 0.889, p < 0.001). In the different medical fields, urology has the highest number of articles (n = 878, 26.007%). DiscussionsThe macroscopic view of research activities has the potential to guide future trend in the field of robotic surgery. ConclusionsThere is a skyrocket trend of robotic surgery in medical research over the last two decades, and countries with high GDP tend to make more contributions to the medical field of robotic surgery.

The influence of geographical and economic factors in estimates of childhood abuse and neglect using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A worldwide meta-regression analysis

This multilevel meta-analysis examined the effects of geographical and economic factors on worldwide childhood maltreatment estimates measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) short-form. The primary outcome extracted was continuous scores on the CTQ subscales – emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect – and total score. Geographical, economical and methodological variables were extracted for use as covariates in meta-regression models. A literature search identified 288 studies suitable for the CTQ total score analysis (N=59,692) and 189 studies suitable for maltreatment subtype analysis (N=44,832). We found that Europe and Asia were associated with lower CTQ estimates while South America presented the highest estimates among continents. Specifically, studies from China, Netherlands and United Kingdom presented the lowest maltreatment estimates. Furthermore, high-income countries presented lower CTQ physical neglect estimates in comparison to low- or middle-income countries, while per-capita gross domestic product of countries was negatively associated with childhood physical neglect estimates. Despite the influence of methodological covariates, these findings indicate that geographical and economic factors could influence variations of childhood maltreatment estimates around the world, particularly when assessed by a structured standardized questionnaire.

Global multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study of 28 countries using the World Health Surveys, 2003

Background Multimorbidity defined as the “the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases” in one individual, is increasing in prevalence globally. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of multimorbidity across middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs), and investigate patterns by age and socio-economic status (SES). Methods Chronic disease data from 28 countries of the World Health Survey (2003) were extracted and inter-country socio-economic differences were examined using gross domestic product (GDP). Regression analyses were applied to examine associations of SES with multimorbidity by region adjusted for age and sex distributions. Results The mean world standardized prevalence was 7.8% (95% CI = 7.79–7.83). In all countries, multimorbidity increased significantly with age. A positive but non–linear relationship was found between country GDP and multimorbidity prevalence. Trend analyses of multimorbidity by SES suggest that there are intergenerational differences, with a more inverse SES gradient for younger adults compared to older adults. Higher SES was significantly associated with a decreased risk of multimorbidity in the all-region analyses. Conclusion Multimorbidity is a global phenomenon, not just affecting older adults in HICs. Policy makers worldwide need to address these health inequalities, and support the complex service needs of a growing multimorbid population.

Testing Sigma and Unconditional Beta Convergence of GDP for SAARC Countries: Can Inclusion of China further Consolidate the Convergence?

The feasibility of economic integration for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (7) and also the possibility of having a greater economic integration including China with South Asian countries have been examined in this article by testing for convergence of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita using sigma and unconditional beta convergence for the period 1970–2011. Empirical results show the convergence of GDP per capita for the specific time period. The formation of economic cooperation among SAARC (7) has accelerated the rate of convergence of GDP per capita. The possibility of a greater economic cooperation has been considered in this article. The article also outlines the proposition whether beta convergence is necessary and sufficient for sigma convergence or not.

Multimorbidity and the inequalities of global ageing: a cross-sectional study of 28 countries using the World Health Surveys.

BackgroundMultimorbidity defined as the “the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases” in one individual, is increasing in prevalence globally. The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of multimorbidity across low and middle-income countries (LMICs), and to investigate patterns by age and education, as a proxy for socio-economic status (SES).MethodsChronic disease data from 28 countries of the World Health Survey (2003) were extracted and inter-country socio-economic differences were examined by gross domestic product (GDP). Regression analyses were applied to examine associations of education with multimorbidity by region adjusted for age and sex distributions.ResultsThe mean world standardized multimorbidity prevalence for LMICs was 7.8 % (95 % CI, 7.79 % - 7.83 %). In all countries, multimorbidity increased significantly with age. A positive but non–linear relationship was found between country GDP and multimorbidity prevalence. Trend analyses of multimorbidity by education suggest that there are intergenerational differences, with a more inverse education gradient for younger adults compared to older adults. Higher education was significantly associated with a decreased risk of multimorbidity in the all-region analyses.ConclusionsMultimorbidity is a global phenomenon, not just affecting older adults in HICs. Policy makers worldwide need to address these health inequalities, and support the complex service needs of a growing multimorbid population.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2008-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Educational inequalities in obesity and gross domestic product: evidence from 70 countries

BackgroundWe test the reversal hypothesis, which suggests that the relationship between obesity and education depends on the economic development in the country; in poor countries, obesity is more prevalent in...

Head and neck cancer in South Asia: macroeconomic consequences and the role of surgery

BackgroundHead and neck cancer, for which the diagnosis and treatment are often surgical, comprises a substantial proportion of the burden of disease in South Asia. Further, estimates of surgical volume suggest this region faces a critical shortage of surgical capacity. We aimed to estimate the total economic welfare losses due to the morbidity and mortality of head and neck cancer in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh for 1 year (2010). MethodsWe used publicly available estimates from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation regarding the morbidity and mortality of head and neck cancer in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, along with an economic concept termed the value of a statistical life, to estimate total economic welfare losses due to head and neck cancer in the aforementioned countries in the year 2010. The counterfactual scenario is absence of disease. Sensitivity analyses were done with regard to how the value of a statistical life changes with income. FindingsIn 2010, the most conservative estimate of economic welfare losses due to head and neck cancer in the three studied countries is US$16·9 billion (2010 USD, PPP), equivalent to 0·26% of their combined gross domestic product (GDP). The welfare losses experienced by the population younger than 70 years of age accounted for US$15·2 billion (90% of the total losses). When adjusted for the size of their respective economies, Bangladesh, the poorest of the three countries, incurred the greatest loss (US$930 million), equivalent to 0·29% of its GDP. India and Pakistan experienced welfare losses of US$14·1 billion and US$1·9 billion, respectively. These figures are equivalent to 0·26% of the GDP for both countries. Oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer made up the largest share of the total burden at 39% (US$6·6 billion), followed closely by oral cavity cancer at 34% (US$5·7 billion). InterpretationThe burden of non-communicable diseases, to which cancer contributes greatly, is growing at a rapid pace in South Asia. Head and neck cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in this region, and this study suggests that the associated economic welfare losses, estimated to be US$16·9 billion in 2010 alone, are substantial. A number of strategies are available to address this burden. Surgery, as part of a multidisciplinary approach that includes radiation therapy and chemotherapy, plays a central part in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer, and building surgical capacity, which offers large economies of scope and scale, can not only address the burden of head and neck cancer, but also create a platform for beginning to confront the rising tide of non-communicable diseases. FundingNone.

Influence of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product; an Empirical Study of Pakistan

Empirical study was conducted to assess the relationship and impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the economic growth of Pakistan. FDI plays critical role in the development of economy. There is a positive relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). With the increase of FDI, GDP of the country also increases. It has been observed that in the developing countries GDP growth is more dependent on foreign direct investment. People Republic of China is from one of the recent examples. Chinese companies are investing a large amount in the different sectors of Pakistan. FDI is boosting country GDP and attracting multinationals organizations towards making investment in the country. It is found that world see Pakistan as an important destination for outward FDI projects because of its cheap labor cost, strategic location and investment incentives. It is expected that this research will be helpful to investors to comprehend an overall investment scenario as well as government policy makers to take necessary steps for creating a favourable investment climate for foreign investors in Pakistan. It has been observed that in 2012, there is 11.9% decrease in financial assets and direct Investment has increased by 10.6%. Direct Investment is 6.6% of total assets. Till 2011, Direct Investment in Pakistan was US $20,916 million but in 2012, with the increase of US$ 2,209 million it became US$23,126 million. During 2012, portfolio investment increased 24.1%.

The People's Republic of China as an Engine of Growth for Developing Asia? Evidence from Vector Autoregression Models

Developing Asia has traditionally relied on exports to the United States (US) and other industrialized countries for demand and growth. As a result, the collapse of exports to the US and other industrialized countries during the global financial and economic crisis has sharply curtailed gross domestic product (GDP) growth across the region. The emergence of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as a globally influential economic force is fueling hopes that it can supplement the US as an additional source of demand and growth. The central objective of this paper is to use vector autoregression (VAR) models to empirically investigate whether exports to the PRC have a significant and positive effect on the GDP of nine developing Asian countries. The study’s results from a three-variable VAR model indicate that PRC’s imports have a significant positive effect on the GDP of regional countries. However, the study’s results from a four-variable VAR model indicate that the PRC’s apparently positive impact reflects the US’ demand for Asian goods, rather than independent demand from the PRC. Therefore, overall, the study’s evidence suggests that the PRC is not yet an engine of growth for the rest of the region.

Excess mortality in Type 1 diabetes diagnosed in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review of population-based cohorts.

Systematic review of mortality in childhood-/adolescent-diagnosed Type 1 diabetes and examination of factors explaining the mortality variation between studies. Relevant studies were identified from systematic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE. Observed and expected numbers of deaths were extracted, and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Negative binomial regression was used to investigate association between mortality and study/country characteristics. Thirteen relevant publications with mortality data were identified describing 23 independent studies. SMRs varied markedly ranging from 0 to 854 (χ (2) = 70.68, df = 21, P < 0.0001). Significant associations were observed between SMR and mid-year of follow-up [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.95, 95 % CI 0.91-0.99 equivalent to a 5 % decrease per year], between SMR and infant mortality rate (IRR 1.07, 95 % CI 1.02-1.12, a 7 % increase for each death per 1,000 live births) and, after omitting an outlier, between SMR and health expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (IRR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.68-0.93, a 21 % decrease for each one percent increase in GDP). No relationship was detected between SMR and a country's childhood diabetes incidence rate or GDP. Excess mortality in childhood-/adolescent-diagnosed Type 1 diabetes is apparent across countries worldwide. Excesses were less marked in more recent studies and in countries with lower infant mortality and higher health expenditure.

Generalized method to estimate value of urban assets for natural disaster risk assessment at the macro scale

Natural disasters can have a damaging effect on human society. To understand the magnitude of risk of a natural disaster at the macro scale, basic socioeconomic parameters such as population or gross domestic product (GDP) are often used as proxies to evaluate value of specific asset classes (e.g., urban assets, agricultural land, etc.). However, such information is not always available and it becomes a challenge to perform cost-benefit analysis of tailored strategies to protect an asset class from natural disaster risk. Recent studies showed the prospects of relating GDP and population to produced capital representing urban assets. However, the methods used in earlier studies are unclear and resulted in different outcomes that need further clarification and generalization. This study aims to demonstrate the potential of developing a more generalized method to characterize the relation between produced capital and basic socioeconomic parameters at the global scale. We include purchasing power parity (PPP) into the country GDP and produced capital data, respectively. We develop a more generalized method that incorporates the uncertainty range to quantify the produced capital. This is an improvement from previous studies. The new approach might be useful for macro scale risk assessment within the context of climate change.

Hierarchical structure of the European countries based on debts as a percentage of GDP during the 2000–2011 period

We investigate hierarchical structures of the European countries by using debt as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the countries as they change over a certain period of time. We obtain the topological properties among the countries based on debt as a percentage of GDP of European countries over the period 2000–2011 by using the concept of hierarchical structure methods (minimal spanning tree, (MST) and hierarchical tree, (HT)). This period is also divided into two sub-periods related to 2004 enlargement of the European Union, namely 2000–2004 and 2005–2011, in order to test various time-window and observe the temporal evolution. The bootstrap techniques is applied to see a value of statistical reliability of the links of the MSTs and HTs. The clustering linkage procedure is also used to observe the cluster structure more clearly. From the structural topologies of these trees, we identify different clusters of countries according to their level of debts. Our results show that by the debt crisis, the less and most affected Eurozone’s economies are formed as a cluster with each other in the MSTs and hierarchical trees.