Grinding Technique Research Articles

The Formation and Characterization of Multicomponent CrystalPiperin-Urea Using The Solvent Drop Grinding Technique

Piperine is an alkaloid found in the fruits and roots of Piper nigrum. Piperine has an almost insoluble solubility in water. Piperine has pharmacological activities such as antihypertensive andantiplatelet, antioxidant, antitumor, antiasthma, antidepressant, and hepatoprotective. This study aims to increasethesolubility of piperine by forming multicomponent crystals using urea as a coformer. Multicomponent crystals were prepared with a mole ratio of 2:1usingthe Solvent Drop Grinding method. Multicomponent crystals were characterized by X-Ray Dif raction (XRD), Dif erential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and dissolution test. The results of the multicomponent crystal characterization showed an improvement in the physicochemical properties of piperine. The x-raydiffraction pattern of the multicomponent crystals showsthe same diffractogram as the constituent components, which indicates that no new crystalline phases are formed. The DSC thermogramshows the sameendothermic peak for both components. FTIR characterizationshowed no shift in the peak of the piperine group. The SEM results did not reveal anynewcrystal habit forms. In the dissolution test, it was found that the percentage of dissolution at 60 minutes of piperine had a value of 36.148%, andamulticomponent crystal of 50.530%, this indicates that the formation of multicomponent crystals can increase the dissolution rate of piperine by 1.39 times.

Mechanism of magnetite iron ore concentrate morphology affecting the pellet induration process

The effect and mechanism of magnetite concentrate morphology on the quality of indurated pellets were investigated. Concentrates with different morphologies were prepared using high-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) and ball mill (BM) grinding techniques. Then pelletizing and induration process is done in the temperature range of 800 to 1300 °C. With similar specific surface area for both BM and HPGR concentrates, the morphology of HPGR concentrate had a broad particle size distribution with a high aspect ratio for particles. Results showed that the porosity and FeO content of indurated HPGR and BM pellets decreased with increasing temperature while their cold compressive strength (CCS) increased. However, the porosity and FeO content of HPGR pellets were lower than BM pellets. Also, the CCS of indurated HPGR pellets at temperatures above 1100 °C was significantly higher than BM pellets. Microstructural analysis was performed on concentrate powder, fracture surface, and cross-section of pellets to analyze the mechanism of morphological influences. It was found that the irregular shape and broad particle size distribution of HPGR particles improved the CCS of HPGR pellets due to the improved sintering, increased interlocking force, longer crack propagation path, formation of the uniform liquid phase distribution, and decreased the pellet porosity.

Fabrication of novel copper MOF nanoparticles for nanozymatic detection of mercury ions

Mercury (II) ions are considered the most harmful heavy metal ion and their accumulation in the human body causes several diseases so need to be detected at trace levels. The use of nanozyme-based colorimetric detection is an acknowledged and innovative method to detect heavy metal ions in water bodies. In this work, we report CuMOF nanoparticles (CuMOF NPs) synthesized using hand grinding technique. The MOF nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, TGA, SCXRD, PXRD, FESEM and TEM. The SCXRD confirmed paddle wheel type structure and MOF exhibits interpenetrated pcu topology with point symbol {412.63}. BET analysis revealed a high surface area of 15.995 m2g-1 and pore diameter of 3.42 nm for CuMOF NPs. The MOF NPs were found to show peroxidase-like activity. The CuMOF NPs employed as the catalyst, where 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was oxidised by Hg2+ and a bluish solution of oxidised TMB was obtained and recorded by UV–vis spectroscopy. The activity was determined with a detection limit of 0.55 μM, Km of 0.0477 M, and Vmax of 0.3125 M s−1 for TMB, and Km of 2.646 M and Vmax of 0.126 M s−1 for H2O2. The selectivity of the method was excellent and the mechanism was supported by XPS analysis. So, we provide a low-cost, eco-friendly approach for the detection of Hg2+ using CuMOF NPs.

Biogenic calcium carbonate derived from waste shells for advanced material applications: A review

Biogenic calcium carbonate derived from waste shells has received significant attention in the last 2 decades as a replacement for limestone due to its contribution to reducing environmental impact by turning wastes into value-added biomaterial and moving global society toward net-zero waste. Recently, several review papers have been published regarding applying biogenic derived calcium carbonate in engineering, biomedical, electrochemical, and environmental technologies. This review stands apart from other reviews on this topic in terms of focusing and reviewing the published papers used and reported indirect methods only to obtain calcium carbonate from biogenic waste shells and not by direct methods. The direct or untreated methods include simple grinding, ball milling, or mortar and pestle techniques. In contrast, the indirect methods covered in this review paper consist of precipitation and different chemical treatment techniques. Therefore, this review paper aims to comprehensively summarize the usage of calcium carbonate derived from eggshells and seashells by indirect methods and glance at its recent development for advanced material applications including water treatment, bio-filler, and reinforcement in polymer composites, energy application, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and drug delivery applications.

High-sensitivity biconical optical fiber SPR salinity sensor with a compact size by fiber grinding technique

For seawater salinity measurement, a high-sensitivity, ultra-compact, and corrosion-resistant biconical optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor deposited with a 40 nm thick gold film based on fiber grinding technique was fabricated and demonstrated in this article. The ultra-compact biconical sensing structure with different grinding angles were fabricated by applying the optical fiber grinding machine, and the length of the sensing region was only hundreds of microns. The experimental results indicated that when the grinding angle was 14°, the sensor showed the highest sensitivity: a high refractive index sensitivity of 3965 nm/RIU and a high salinity sensitivity of 0.6898 nm/‰. Meanwhile, this biconical sensor had acceptable repeatability and stability. Therefore, this article demonstrated the feasibility of the biconical structure to improve the sensitivity of fiber-based SPR sensors, and provided a novel and practical solution for seawater salinity measurement.

Synthesis And Characterization Of New 1,2,4- Triazine Based On 2,5-Dihydrazino-1,3,4- Thiadiazole

The chemistry of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives received a great deals of attention in recent year due to the use of such ring system as the core structure in many heterocyclic compound covering wide range of applications in many different field especially in industrial and biological fields. An efficient aza Diels-Alder reaction have been used in this presentation to prepare the hetero adducts represented by N2,N5-di(3,5,6-tri aryl-5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-4(3H)-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diamino( 9-20)from hetero dienes and hetero dienophile. However the preparation starting form 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5 dithaiole (1) which converted directly to the dihydrazino derivatives(2) which then afford under condensation reaction hetero dienophile represented by 2,5-bis Schiff bases of 1,3,4-thiadiazole(3-6) by its reaction with substituted benzaldehyde . The last compound were reacted through one-pot free solvent aza Diels-Alder reaction with appropriate hetero diene( hydrazine with substituted benzaldehyde in ratio 1:2) (7&8 ) to afford 1,2,5-triazine derivatives (9-20) using grinding and MWI techniques as a types of green chemistry approaches.

Was it ground? A closer look at various prehistoric bone grinding techniques – An experimental and traceological study

This article presents the results of an experimental program, and traceological analyses of bone tools that were ground using various stone materials. Using multifaceted characterisation and classification of traces, we show that distinctive micro-wear patterns (e.g., striations, polish) are associated with different grinding techniques and corresponding stone materials. At the same time, we underline that it is not possible to distinguish between the different stone materials used during the grinding process. The results of our study highlight the potential for microscopic wear analysis in determining the origin of micro-wear traces on archaeological bone tools.

Effects of Strength-Modified Grinding on the Surface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 30CrMnSiA Bearing Steel

The novel strengthen-modified grinding technique (SMGT) treatment was carried out on 30CrMnSiA bearing steels to investigate the effect of jet pressure (0.2–0.6 MPa) and jet angle (30–90°) on its surface micromorphology, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The results show that, under the compound effects of the impact of steel beads and the abrasive powder micro-cutting, the surface of 30CrMnSiA specimens treated by the SMGT has a microstructure with plenty of micropits inside the pits and overlaps between pits. The pit width, depth, and bulge height positively correlate with jet pressure. The pit depth and bulge height positively correlate with jet angle, while the pit width negatively correlates with jet angle. When a pit morphology is produced, plenty of plastic deformation leads to grain refinement, and the lattice distortion induces retained austenite transformation to martensite. Grain refinement and increased martensite content are the main reasons for the significant increase in hardness on the SMGT-treated specimen surface. With the optimized processing parameters, the grain size of the surface was reduced to 10.14 µm, and the martensite content and hardness of the surface layer rose to 51.35% and 377.6 HV0.2.

Large-scale synthesis of BiOCl@C composite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Large-scale BiOCl nanoplates were obtained by using (BiO) 2 CO 3 in KCl/ZnCl 2 molten salt. • The BiOCl nanoplates are further combined with amorphous carbon using planetary grinding technique. • The BiOCl@C composite electrode shows 410 mAh/g delithiation capacity at 100 mA g −1 after 100 cycles. Using (BiO) 2 CO 3 as the raw material and a simple molten salt process followed by ball-milling, mass manufacturing of 2D layered BiOCl nanoplates and carbon composites can be produced. XRD, XPS, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the as-synthesised materials in great detail. Eletrochemical experiments demonstrate that after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g −1 , the discharge capacity of the BiOCl@C composite electrode remains at 410 mAh/g, and average coulombic efficiencies can remain as high as 99 % after the first cycle. This work would establish a novel method for producing high-volumetric-energy–density BiOCl@C anode materials, which are likely to be viable candidates for application in lithium-ion batteries.

Age estimation of Tiger Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) and Lion Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae): applicability of cementum annuli analysis method

We describe the applicability of the cementum annuli analysis technique for estimating the age of Tiger Panthera tigris and Asiatic Lion Panthera leo using incisor teeth. We used I2 and I3 incisor teeth from the right mandible of Tiger and I2 and I3 from the left premaxilla of the Lion. The longitudinal sections of the teeth were prepared using an economical hand grinding technique with the help of sandpaper, followed by decalcification and staining with hematoxylin. Two cementum layers were observed under the microscope in each of the I2 and I3 incisor teeth of the Tiger and six cementum layers were observed in each of the I2 and I3 incisor teeth of the Lion. The permanent incisors in Tiger and Lion erupt between 12 and 14 months of age; hence, we added one year to the counted number of cementum layers to estimate the final age of Tiger and Lion incisors. The age of Tiger and Lion incisors were estimated to be of three years and seven years, respectively. This method may be suitable for estimating other carnivores’ age and applicable in wildlife forensic studies.

Effect of surface finish on the colour anodising of Ti-6Al-4V at various voltages

ABSTRACT In this study, the colour anodising of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy in 0.05 M H3PO4 was investigated in the voltage range of 40–100 V. The Ti-6Al-4V substrates were anodised under two initial surface conditions: ground and unground. By means of ground samples, the native oxide layer was removed before anodising using conventional mechanical grinding techniques. After anodising, the changes in surface chemistry and topography were evaluated by performing Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Depending on the initial surface finish (ground and unground) and the anodising voltage, different interference colours were obtained on the anodised surfaces. At low anodising voltages, the surfaces displayed relatively compact structures whereas higher voltages resulted in the formation of porosity, cracks, and blisters in both conditions. These changes also influenced the corrosion behaviour. The samples which were ground prior to anodising exhibited higher resistance to corrosion compared to the unground samples.

A novel dry processing technique to construct a high-performance superfine diamond grinding wheel with thermal and material characterizations

A novel dry process that prepared in mixing with a pore-forming agent employs a single batch process in production of grinding wheels with the advantage without using resin liquid as an additive binder. The agglomeration of a pore-forming agent can be avoided due to no dressing agent mixing with the superfine diamond abrasives and binders. Bulk mass production can still ensure to fulfill the excellent homogeneity in mixing cross the entire grinding wheel. Therefore, an uneven mixing caused by mixing errors and human factors can be minimized. The grinding wheel can reach an ultrahigh porosity (~82 %) at a lower sintering temperature of 620 °C. Low-temperature sintering can effectively reduce the carbon footprint. A thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimeter (TG-DSC) was used to determine the thermal properties of superfine frits. Further characterization of ultrafine binders by an optical non-contact dilatometry is utilized to set-up a protocol sintering plan of grinding wheels. Microstructure from scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement on grinding wheel presents a uniform large pore structure which offers a benefit to wafer surface removal and less scorching during grinding. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), laser scanning digital microscope (LSCM) and SEM results revealed that the ground silicon (Si) wafer had a low surface roughness (~6 nm), without deep scratches, and with a low damaged layer (~0.7 μm) respectively. The wear test on grinding wheels demonstrates it is very cost effective to use a dry processing wheel. This work provides a new method for grinding Si wafers with a new type of wheel being developed by a novel dry superfine diamond grinding technique in a manufacturing process. It is realized that the use of a dry grinding process can save part of chemical polishing process (CMP) and effectively reduces the polishing time.

Modeling and Analysis of Micro-Grinding Processes with the Use of Grinding Wheels with a Conical and Hyperboloid Active Surface.

In this article, a method of grinding small ceramic elements using hyperboloid and conical grinding wheels was presented. The method allowed for machining with a lower material removal speed and extending the grinding zone without reducing the efficiency of the process. In order to assess the process output parameters, numerical simulations were carried out for single-pass machining. This strategy allows for automation of the process. Grinding with a low material removal speed is recommended for the machining of small and thin elements, since this can avoid fracturing the elements. The methodology for selecting process parameters as well as the results of the abrasive grains activity analyses were presented. The analyses also concerned the roughness of machined surfaces and the variability of their textures. This grinding method was applied in the production of small ceramic elements that are used in the construction of electronic systems, and in the processing of small piezoceramic parts. This grinding technique could also be used in other grinding processes, where the removal of small machining allowances with high efficiency is required.

Mortar–Pestle Grinding Technique as an Efficient and Green Method Accelerates the Tandem Knoevenagel–Michael Cyclocondensation Reaction in the Presence of Ethylenediamine Immobilized on the Magnetite Nanoparticles

In this research, we successfully designed and synthesized a new core-shell-structured inorganic-organic hybrid magnetic nanocatalyst via the ethylene diamine immobilized to the core-shell Fe3O4 nanomagnetic particles (Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3/EDA). A variety of analyses such as fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), elemental mapping (WDS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) were used to characterize the as-synthesized nanocatalysts. The activity of this as-synthesized nanocatalysts can be successfully used in the grinding synthesis of various aldehydes, malononitrile and dimedone under solvent- and metal-free conditions at room temperature to give 2-amino-4H-benzo[b]pyran derivatives within high purity and excellent yields. Easy fabrication of Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3/EDA, waste reduction, effective for large scale synthesis, simple work-up procedure, adherence to the basics of green chemistry, high catalytic efficiency in very small amounts (0.05 g), environmentally friendly and based on natural ingredients are the great advantages of the current method. In particular, due to the super magnetic behavior of the catalyst, it can be easily recovered with the use of an external magnet from the reaction mixture, and it can be reused over 7 successive times with no decrease in the yields and activity.

Dual-wafer intergrinding thinning by bipolar-discharge EDM with a capacity-coupled pulse generator considering large gap capacitance and minimization of discharge energy

The noncontact electrical discharge grinding technique has the potential to effectively grind thin, increasingly large-diameter wafers. This study proposes a bipolar electrical discharge machining (bipolar-EDM) method to realize the intergrinding of dual wafers, in which both wafers serve as the working electrode. A capacity-coupled (CC-type) pulse generator generates regular and identical bipolar discharges, ensuring symmetrical and stable removal of both wafers. Thus, both the energy efficiency and wafer thinning yield are doubled. The process characteristics are evaluated through equivalent circuit analysis and experiments, demonstrating that two thinned wafers exhibit high consistency in surface integrity and material removal rate (MRR). Moreover, the dual-wafer system causes an increase in the circuit resistance and gap capacitance, leading to a much lower discharge energy. This is beneficial for precision wafer grinding and thinning by electrical discharge machining (EDM) while keeping damage minimal. As a result, two Φ20 mm 4H–SiC wafers were thinned simultaneously with a maximum thinning rate of 3 μm/min. A mirror-like smooth surface (Ra < 80 nm) was obtained under finishing conditions, demonstrating its capability for precise wafer processing.

Synthesis of Pyrazolone Derivatives by Grinding, Microwave, and Conventional Techniques and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Synthesis of Pyrazolone Derivatives by Grinding, Microwave, and Conventional Techniques and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Achieving crimson red emission of europium (III) complexes with β-keto acids and ancillary ligands for their applications in optoelectronic devices and biomedical domain

ObjectiveIn this present work, the fabrication of europium (III) complexesdone using β-keto acid as main organic ligand and nitrogen donor chelates as ancillary ligands adopting grinding technique to investigate their applications in lighting devices, lasers, solar cells, semiconductors and bio-medical field. MethodsEuropium (III) complexes were probed employing multiple analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as EDAX mapping, elemental analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and photoluminescence (PL) studies. The biological activities such as anti-oxidant and antimicrobial assays were carried out utilizing DPPH and tube dilution method respectively. ResultsThe characteristic peak of europium (III) complexes documented at 616 nm was accountable for scarlet luminescence of these complexes. Color purity, CIE color coordinate and CCT were estimated to enable these complexes for display devices. The refractive index and energy band gap analysis portrays the applicability of these complexes in semiconductors and solar cells. Judd – Ofelt parameter shows the highly sensitive environment surrounding the europium (III) ion in complexes. The radiative parameters were determined which shows the applicability of these complexes as laser media. The quantum efficiency, decay time, branching ratio results their use in optoelectronic devices. Biological studies indicate better results for complexes than ligand in pharmaceuticals. Future prospectiveThe outcomes of investigation proclaimed the future prospective of the synthesized complexes in optoelectronics, lasers and display devices. Moreover, complexes can be probed further for biomedical purposes.

Recent trends in preprocessing and extraction of watermelon rind extract: A comprehensive review

Watermelon rind contributes 30% (w/w) of overall fruit mass, mainly carbohydrates, fiber, and wax. The rind is often discarded due to its unappealing flavor. Several studies have proposed that watermelon rind waste can be utilized as high fiber flour, dietary supplement, food additive, and bio-sorbent material. However, before the offered product is developed, a proper technique of preprocessing and extraction methods are vitally important to be considered as they will determine the extraction yield quality. Thus, this review aims to provide an extensive overview of preprocessing and extraction techniques. A comparison of different procedures applied in the preextraction and extraction of watermelon rind is emphasized. Preprocessing parameters affecting extraction yields such as sample condition, drying condition, and grinding and grading technique are discussed. Several extraction techniques, including infusion, maceration, digestion, reflux, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), are correlated to identify their efficiency in extracting the phytochemical from watermelon rind. Factors that influence the extraction yield such as extraction temperature, solvent-to-solid ratio, extraction duration, and type of solvents are elaborated. Novelty impact statement Preprocessing and extraction parameters affect the extraction yields of the watermelon rind. A comparison of extraction techniques to identify their efficiency in extracting the phytochemical from watermelon rind. Factors that influence the extraction yields of the watermelon rind.

A Review on Center-Less Recess Grinding and Its Applications

The review manages extraordinary center less grinding process utilizing different strategies, especially the center less recess grinding technique. The aftereffects of estimating the surface harshness of front facing and cylindrical shaped regions and the roundness of the round and hollow surface of the work piece are displayed in the paper. Subjective boundaries of the machined surfaces are enhanced by the way of the grinding system. The alteration looking like the work piece causes the adjustment of the place of the work piece during the activity in the work zone.

Metal–Organic Nanosheets (MONs): Exfoliation by Mechanical Grinding and Iodine Capture

AbstractAn electron‐rich π‐conjugated organic linker H4BPDP (BPDP = biphenyl dipyrrole tetracarboxylic acid) is designed and subjected to metal‐assisted self‐assembly to afford a layered metal–organic framework (MOF), i.e., Cd‐BPDP. Single crystal X‐ray structure determination and analysis show that two corrugated layers of the MOF are intertwined to yield thick strands of porous 2D metal–organic nanosheets (MONs). It is shown that the latter can be delaminated by ultrasonication‐induced liquid‐phase exfoliation and mechanical grinding techniques, as evidenced by Tyndall light scattering and comprehensive microscopy investigations that include field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The MONs accessed by grinding permit notable capture of iodine when compared to the bulk layered MOF, i.e., Cd‐BPDP; the extent of iodine capture can be correlated with the magnitude exfoliation, which is essentially determined by the duration of grinding. The observed notable iodine capture is attributed to i) a large increase in surface area with exfoliation, ii) ability of the e‐rich π‐conjugated organic linker to form a charge‐transfer complex with iodine, and iii) the presence of free and uncoordinated carboxylic acids of the linker that reinforce binding of iodine through charge transfer. Thus, a notable capture of iodine by 2D MONs generated by mechanical exfoliation of a layered MOF constructed from an e‐rich π‐extended organic linker is compellingly demonstrated.