Grid Test Research Articles

Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Anti‐Fatigue Evaluation of Octacosanol Nanoemulsions

ABSTRACTOctacosanol (OCT) is a natural aliphatic alcohol with multiple activities, but the poor solubility limited its wide applications. In this study, OCT nanoemulsions were prepared by a low‐energy emulsification method. The particle size, polydispersity index, and Zeta potential of OCT nanoemulsions were 12.59 nm, 0.131, and −10.54 mV, respectively. OCT nanoemulsions could keep stable up to 180 days at 4°C with particle size ranging from 12.61 to 16.57 nm. In addition, OCT nanoemulsions could remain stable upon exposure to autoclaving, acid–base (pH 2–8), freeze–thaw, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and low concentrations of ions. The grid test time and exhaustive swimming time of the OCT nanoemulsions group increased by 70% and 40% compared with the exercise control group, indicating that OCT nanoemulsions could enhance the muscle strength and endurance performance of mice. Compared with the exercise control group, the muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) levels of the OCT nanoemulsions group increased by 97%, 45%, 62%, and 20%, while the blood lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase levels of the OCT nanoemulsions group decreased by 33% and 22%, respectively, suggesting that OCT nanoemulsions had the anti‐fatigue effect. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that OCT nanoemulsions could repair muscle damages induced by excessive exercise. These findings could pave the way for the development of OCT nanoemulsions with high stability and anti‐fatigue potential.

Exercise, disease state and sex influence the beneficial effects of Fn14-depletion on survival and muscle pathology in the SOD1G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model

BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that intrinsic muscle defects exist and contribute to disease progression, including imbalances in whole-body metabolic homeostasis. We have previously reported that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and fibroblast growth factor inducible 14 (Fn14) are significantly upregulated in skeletal muscle of the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model. While antagonising TWEAK did not impact survival, we did observe positive effects in skeletal muscle. Given that Fn14 has been proposed as the main effector of the TWEAK/Fn14 activity and that Fn14 can act independently from TWEAK in muscle, we suggest that manipulating Fn14 instead of TWEAK in the SOD1G93A ALS mice could lead to differential and potentially improved benefits.MethodsWe thus investigated the contribution of Fn14 to disease phenotypes in the SOD1G93A ALS mice. To do so, Fn14 knockout mice (Fn14−/−) were crossed onto the SOD1G93A background to generate SOD1G93A;Fn14−/− mice. Investigations were performed on both unexercised and exercised (rotarod and/or grid test) animals (wild type (WT), Fn14−/−, SOD1G93A and SOD1G93A;Fn14−/−).ResultsHere, we firstly confirm that the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is dysregulated in skeletal muscle of SOD1G93A mice. We then show that Fn14-depleted SOD1G93A mice display increased lifespan, myofiber size, neuromuscular junction endplate area as well as altered expression of known molecular effectors of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway, without an impact on motor function. Importantly, we also observe a complex interaction between exercise (rotarod and grid test), genotype, disease state and sex that influences the overall effects of Fn14 deletion on survival, expression of known molecular effectors of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway, expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms and myofiber size.ConclusionsOur study provides further insights on the different roles of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in pathological skeletal muscle and how they can be influenced by age, disease, sex and exercise. This is particularly relevant in the ALS field, where combinatorial therapies that include exercise regimens are currently being explored. As such, a better understanding and consideration of the interactions between treatments, muscle metabolism, sex and exercise will be of importance in future studies.

An Extra-High Voltage Test System for Transmission Expansion Planning Studies Considering Single Contingency Conditions

This paper presents an extra-high voltage synthetic test system that consists of 500 kV and 765 kV voltage levels, specifically designed for transmission expansion planning (TEP) studies. The test network includes long transmission lines whose series impedance and shunt admittance are calculated using the equivalent π circuit model, accurately reflecting the distributed nature of the line parameters. The proposed test system offers technically feasible steady-state operation under normal and all single contingency conditions. By incorporating accurate modeling for long transmission lines and EHV voltage levels, the test system provides a realistic platform for validating models and theories prior to their application in actual power systems. It supports testing new algorithms, control strategies, and grid management techniques, aids in transmission expansion planning and investment decisions, and facilitates comprehensive grid evaluations. Moreover, a TEP study is conducted on this test system and various scenarios are evaluated and compared economically.

A methodology for preliminary benefit evaluation of Distributed Generation to drive private investments

Private investments in distributed generation (DG) are typically driven by the interests of private investor, often overlooking possible benefits for the distribution operator. This work presents a methodology that enables power distribution utilities to assess the potential for attracting investments in their networks, considering a regulatory framework where utilities could actively encourage private DG investors. The methodology involves calculating and integrating the benefits associated with investment deferral, losses reduction and reliability improvement into the energy price negotiated between the utility and the DG owner. The proposed approach was applied to an adapted test grid, considering real regulatory aspects related to technical losses and reliability. The results provide support for utilities to perform preliminary financial analyses to determine the appropriate incentives for private DG investors, identifying cases with competitive energy prices for generators. Key contributions of this methodology include a clear and reasonable metric for quantifying the capacity to attract investments based on standard utility data and the importance of incorporating regulatory aspects related to technical losses and reliability, that are often neglected in similar studies. Furthermore, the methodology not only promotes new opportunities for DG investors but also addresses challenges associated with network congestion.

Exploring Scotopic Microperimetry as an Outcome Measure in Choroideremia.

Choroideremia is an X-linked outer retinal degeneration. Early symptoms include nyctalopia and progressive visual field loss, but visual acuity is preserved until late disease stages. Dark-adapted two-color fundus-controlled perimetry (also known as scotopic microperimetry) has been developed to enable spatial assessment of rod and cone photoreceptor function. This study explores the use of scotopic microperimetry in patients with choroideremia. Twenty patients with choroideremia and 21 age-matched healthy controls completed visual acuity and scotopic microperimetry testing, which used the Scotopic Macular Integrity Assessment (S-MAIA) microperimeter. A subset of participants completed repeat scotopic testing to enable Bland-Altman repeatability analyses. Test reliability was assessed using fixation stability, fixation losses, and assessment of the rod-free zones. Pointwise sensitivity, mean sensitivity, and volume sensitivity indices were analyzed. False positive responses were the main source of poor test reliability, indicated by stimuli responses in the physiological blind spot and lack of rod-free mapping. Scotopic cyan and red sensitivities were significantly reduced in choroideremia participants (n = 17) compared to healthy controls (n = 16) (P < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test). Scotopic cyan sensitivity was statistically lower than scotopic red sensitivity in both healthy controls and choroideremia (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Interpretation of scotopic cyan-red differences should be used with caution due to high test-retest variability. Scotopic microperimetry could be a useful outcome measure in patients with early choroideremia. Careful selection of test grid design and sensitivity indices is required. Scotopic microperimetry may be a useful outcome measure in clinical trials for patients with early stage choroideremia.

Neuroprotective and vasoprotective effects of herb pair of Zhiqiao-Danggui in ischemic stroke uncovered by LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach.

Ischemic stroke is the most important cause of disability and death worldwide, but current treatments remain limited. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) including the herb pair of Zhiqiao-Danggui (ZD) offers a multifaceted treatment approach through promoting blood circulation, yet its specific anti-ischemic mechanism remains unclear. This study used the photochemically induced thrombosis (PIT) mouse model and the oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model to explore the therapeutic effect of ZD on ischemic stroke. Mice were treated with high and low doses of ZD extract or positive control. Behavior was assessed using the grid test. The brain tissue was then subjected to infarct volume assessment, histopathology, oxidative stress marker detection, LC/MS metabolomic analysis and qRT-PCR validation. The therapeutic effect of ZD-medicated serum on OGD/R model was tested on cells. Experimental results show that ZD can improve motor function, reduce infarct size, neuronal damage and apoptosis as well as alleviate oxidative stress in mice. ZD-medicated serum promotes endothelial cell proliferation, improves cell survival against OGD/R-induced injury, reduces oxidative damage and protects mitochondrial function. Metabolomics reveals ZD regulation of metabolites in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, and angiogenesis signaling pathways. qRT-PCR results also showed that ZD could attenuate abnormal conduction of angiogenic signals and enhance vessel stability. This study confirmed the neuroprotective and vasoprotective effects of ZD, highlighted its potential in treating ischemic stroke, and provided a scientific basis for the traditional use of ZD.

Role of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Fundus Photography, and Amsler Grid in Detection of Macular Disorders Associated with High Myopia

Abstract Background High myopia refers to ametropia characterized by elongation of optic axis and retinal and choroidal degeneration in the fundus, and high myopic patients present with various degrees of structural and functional retinal changes and thinning of the retinal thickness. Active screening for high myopic patients with imaging techniques by OCT, Fundus photography and amsler grid and providing patients with corresponding treatment on this basis may effectively reduce the risk of irreversible visual function damage. Objective To point to the importance of combining OCT, fundus photography with amsler grid testing in patients with high myopia. Methods This study was conducted on 40 eyes from EI-Demerdash Hospital outpatient clinic and ophthalmology department investigations unit in the period from June 2021 till May 2022; the patients were 24 females (60.0%) and 16 males (40.0%) with age ranged from 16 to 50 years. Results Our investigations gave us an idea about the macular diseases associated with high myopia and the importance of combining use of OCT, fundus imaging and amsler grid with patients with high myopia. These findings consist of chorioretinal atrophy, foveoschisis, choroidal neovascularization, dehiscence of retinal layers known as retinoschisis (foveoschisis or extre foveoschisis), macular holes (lamellar and full thickness), posterior retinal detachment. We can early detect theses changes in macula of highly myopic patients by Amsler grid testing as daily self monitoring and this can be useful in directing the patient to more sophisticated investigation tool like OCT and fundus photography and therefore give the patient the optimal chance to save the vision. Conclusion OCT combined with fundus photography and amsler grid testing are helpful tools that allow detailed evaluation of the macula in eyes with pathological myopia and easily anticipate, diagnose and follow up diseases associated with high myopia.

Uncertainties in landslide susceptibility prediction modeling: A review on the incompleteness of landslide inventory and its influence rules

Landslide inventory is an indispensable output variable of landslide susceptibility prediction (LSP) modelling. However, the influence of landslide inventory incompleteness on LSP and the transfer rules of LSP resulting error in the model have not been explored. Adopting Xunwu County, China, as an example, the existing landslide inventory is first obtained and assumed to contain all landslide inventory samples under ideal conditions, after which different landslide inventory sample missing conditions are simulated by random sampling. It includes the condition that the landslide inventory samples in the whole study area are missing randomly at the proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, as well as the condition that the landslide inventory samples in the south of Xunwu County are missing in aggregation. Then, five machine learning models, namely, Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), are used to perform LSP. Finally, the LSP results are evaluated to analyze the LSP uncertainties under various conditions. In addition, this study introduces various interpretability methods of machine learning model to explore the changes in the decision basis of the RF model under various conditions. Results show that (1) randomly missing landslide inventory samples at certain proportions (10%–50%) may affect the LSP results for local areas. (2) Aggregation of missing landslide inventory samples may cause significant biases in LSP, particularly in areas where samples are missing. (3) When 50% of landslide samples are missing (either randomly or aggregated), the changes in the decision basis of the RF model are mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the importance ranking of environmental factors slightly differs; second, in regard to LSP modelling in the same test grid unit, the weights of individual model factors may drastically vary.

The Effect of Life Kinetic Number Training on the Concentration Level of Female Volleyball Athletes Aged 13-15 Years

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of life kinetic number training on the concentration level of female volleyball athletes aged 13-15 years. This study used an experimental method with a one group pretest-postest design. The sample in this study amounted to 22 athletes, which was taken through purposive sampling techniques. Data collection techniques in this study are tests and measurements. The instrument in this study uses a concentration test, namely the concentration grid test. The data analysis technique uses a t test (Paired Sample Test) which is analyzed using SPSS 25. The results of this study showed that the calculated t value of 13.791 was greater than the table t of 2.080, and the paired sample t test showed that the result of Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 was less than 0.05 which means that there was a significant influence between life kinetic number training on the concentration level of female volleyball athletes aged 13-15 years. So it can be concluded in this study that life kinetic number training is one of the most effective exercise models in order to increase the concentration of female volleyball athletes aged 13-15. Keywords: kinetic life, concentration, volleyball.

Optimal dispatch strategy of battery energy storage system in utility-scale photovoltaic integrated grid under variability

The frequency response of a photovoltaic (PV) system integrated power grid is severely hampered due to inadequate inertial support. Integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) can assist in maintaining frequency response by providing a rapid injection of active power into the grid. Nevertheless, instead of typical constant droop settings enabled in BESS, adopting variable PV power dependent operation of BESS can ensure frequency stability with reduced injection, especially in PV-integrated grids. From this viewpoint, this paper proposes a novel frequency control approach of BESS depending on the available PV power in the grid. A gradient descent-based optimization is utilized to evaluate the required maximum injection from the installed BESS to maintain frequency response under different PV generation values. This approach is then tested by modifying the BESS frequency controller to keep the active power dispatch from BESS within the calculated value under a given outage. The whole methodology is analyzed in a customized IEEE 39 bus New England System under different PV penetration and generation scenarios. The results indicate successful convergence to optimal dispatch levels for the BESS across all evaluated scenarios. As PV generation increases, the optimal BESS dispatch as a percentage of rated PV output declines gradually. However, at lower PV generation, this value rises rapidly and reaches the installed BESS capacity. Later, the applicability of the methodology is validated by comparing the simulated outputs with different test grid network and another support technique- Synchronous Condenser (SC). From the standpoint of frequency stability, the proposed technique can assist the grid planners in regulating BESS operations in a renewable integrated grid more effectively.

SE-CNN based emergency control coordination strategy against voltage instability in multi-infeed hybrid AC/DC systems

For receiving-end power systems with multi-infeed HVDCs and large-scale renewable energy generation, the challenges of weak reactive power support and limited anti-interference capacity pose a threat to the power system voltage stability. To enhance the voltage stability under large disturbances, this paper proposes a data-driven method for coordinated emergency control strategy against voltage instability in multi-infeed hybrid AC/DC systems based on the squeeze and excitation (SE) module and convolutional neural network (CNN). Firstly, the SE module and CNN are integrated to intuitively capture correlations among various feature channels and extract key features related to voltage stability levels. Secondly, a voltage stability evaluation method is proposed based on the SE-CNN model, utilizing a dual channel structure to unveil the quantitative relationship between key response characteristics and voltage stability margin. Finally, regarding the control measures containing load shedding and DC modulation, the emergency control sensitivity index is proposed to assess the stability margin improvement effect of various control objects, and the optimal emergency control strategy is formulated to coordinate multiple voltage stability emergency control measures. Case studies were conducted on a typical China local region receiving-end power grid test system with voltage instability problems, and the simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Visual functions and multimodal imaging of patients with idiopathic focal choroidal excavation

This study aimed to evaluate visual function and perform multimodal imaging on patients with focal choroidal excavation without any chorioretinal disease (idiopathic focal choroidal excavation [iFCE]). Seventeen eyes of 15 patients with iFCE (8 men, 7 women; mean ± standard deviation age, 56.0 ± 10.8 years) were assessed for visual function including visual acuity, metamorphopsia, aniseikonia, and retinal sensitivity. Multimodal imaging included optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and OCT angiography. This study found that the maximum width and depth of the excavation were 597 ± 330 (238–1809) µm and 123 ± 45 (66–231) µm, respectively, and that FAF showed normal or hypoautofluorescence corresponding to iFCE. The fundus examination findings were stable during the follow-up period (96 ± 48 months). None of the eyes showed any abnormalities in central retinal sensitivity or aniseikonia. Metamorphopsia was detected using Amsler grid testing and M-CHARTS in two eyes. Therefore, this study is the first to quantitatively and qualitatively study metamorphopsia of patients with iFCE. Our results showed that most patients with iFCE did not have visual impairments, despite the presence of morphological changes in the outer retina and choroid.

Defect test of substation grounding grid based on impulse response

Abstract The substation grounding grid has been in the open air for a long time, and it is prone to problems such as fracture and desoldering, which leads to a decrease in grounding capacity and becomes a threatening factor affecting the normal operation of the substation. Based on the principle of state response, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of using impulse current to evaluate the defects of the grounding grid, constructs an impulse impedance test system, and conducts defect detection tests on 8 m×8 m (2 m equal intervals) and 28 m×25 m (unequal interval) grounding grids in the laboratory. It analyzes the measured impulse impedance and amplitude-frequency response curves. After testing the grounding grid of a substation of a power grid company, the test results show that the test system based on the principle of state response is effective. The response voltage waveform and amplitude-frequency response curve when detecting the conductor fracture of the grounding grid are different from the waveform curve when there is no defect. It can be applied to the defect evaluation of the grounding grid and has a certain reference value for practical engineering applications.

METAVISION: a novel system for quantifying metamorphopsia in patients with myopic traction maculopathy

PurposeTo develop a novel system for quantifying metamorphopsia in patients with myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) and to explore the metamorphopsia pattern of MTM.DesignObservational, cross-sectional study.MethodsWe designed a new system.ResultsOf the...

Test of Charging and Grid Connected Process for SMES

Test of Charging and Grid Connected Process for SMES

Chronic Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Case Study

Introduction Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is characterized by persistent subretinal fluid that disrupts the outer layers of the retina and may lead to complications such as: outer retinal atrophy, increased risk of choroidal neovascularization (CNVM) and the potential for permanent vision loss. This report describes the clinical features of chronic CSCR. Case Presentation A 73-year-old male with a history of systemic steroid and inhaler use presented for a routine eye exam without visual complaints. Examination findings included normal visual acuity in both eyes and multiple areas of retinal hyper and hypopigmentation along the arcades with no macular involvement in the right eye; the left eye was unremarkable. Fundus photography and optical coherence tomography showed localized areas of outer retinal disruption and thinning near the optic nerve head and along the corresponding retinal areas of irregular pigmentation in the right eye; the left eye was unremarkable. Discussion In chronic CSCR, structural changes in the retina can lead to retinal dysfunction and permanent vision loss. Treatment options for chronic CSCR include photodynamic therapy, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, or systemic steroid receptor blockers. Visual prognosis varies depending on the severity of the disease, age of onset, risk of CNVM and the degree of outer retinal degeneration. Conclusion Patients with chronic CSCR are at risk for permanent vision loss. The structural changes in the outer retina also increase the risk for CNVM. Hence, it is important that patients with chronic CSR receive regular eye examinations and are educated on the role of regular Amsler grid testing.

Establishment of a pMCAO model in SD rats and screening for behavioral indicators suitable for long-term monitoring

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to establish a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model in rats to simulate the pathological process of stroke patients with no reperfusion. And screen highly sensitive items that could be used to detect long-term behavioral abilities in rat of intraluminal suture models. Method: Established the pMCAO model then tested the rats for the bilateral asymmetry, modified neurological severity score, grid-walking, cylinder, rotating, and water maze test from week 1 to week 16. Results: The infarct volume of the model rats was stable (26.72% ±1.86%). The sensorimotor test of bilateral asymmetry, grid-walking, cylinder, and mNSS test showed significant differences from week 1 to week 16 after injury. The water maze test at week 16 showed significant differences in spatial exploration and learning ability between the two groups. We confirmed that there was no significant difference between MRI and TTC staining in detecting the degree of brain injury, which facilitated the diversity of subsequent detection methods. We also confirmed that at multiple time points, grid, cylinder and water maze test were significantly positively correlated with rat brain infarct volume. Conclusion: They are suitable for the long-term observation of behaviors in the sequela stage of stroke in rat.

A Fuzzy-PI Clock Servo with Window Filter for Compensating Queue-Induced Delay Asymmetry in IEEE 1588 Networks.

Clock synchronization is one of the popular research topics in Distributed Measurement and Control Systems (DMCSs). In most industrial fields, such as Smart Grid and Flight Test, the highest requirement for synchronization accuracy is 1 μs. IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol-2008 (PTPv2) can theoretically achieve sub-microsecond accuracy, but it relies on the assumption that the forward and backward delays of PTP packets are symmetrical. In practice, PTP packets will experience random queue delays in switches, making the above assumption challenging to satisfy and causing poor synchronization accuracy. Although using switches supporting the Transparent Clock (TC) can improve synchronization accuracy, these dedicated switches are generally expensive. This paper designs a PTP clock servo for compensating Queue-Induced Delay Asymmetry (QIDA), which can be implemented based on ordinary switches. Its main algorithm comprises a minimum window filter with drift compensation and a fuzzy proportional-integral (PI) controller. We construct a low-cost hardware platform (the cost of each node is within USD 10) to test the performance of the clock servo. In a 100 Mbps network with background (BG) traffic of less than 70 Mbps, the maximum absolute time error (max |TE|) does not exceed 0.35 μs, and the convergence time is about half a minute. The accuracy is improved hundreds of times compared with other existing clock servos.

Non-invasive glucometer monitoring system through optical based near-infrared sensor method

ABSTRACT Diabetes is a fast-developing medical issue that causes most renal and cardiac illnesses. Thus, diabetes management requires regular glucose monitoring. One potential technology is non-invasive glucometer monitoring. This work aims to develop a user-friendly near-infrared sensor-based non-invasive glucose monitoring system, correlating sensor output voltage variations with glucose levels, to provide accurate and convenient glucose monitoring for diabetes management. The objective is to validate the system’s accuracy against existing fingerpick methods and analyze its performance across different age groups and food intake conditions through experimental testing and Clarke grid analysis. In our research, we propose a near-infrared sensor-based non-invasive-type glucose monitoring technique which is a user-friendly system. The experimental setup and prototype system are designed and implemented for measuring the variation of glucose level with respect to a sensor output voltage. Using Beer Lambert’s law, the established results correlated the absorbance property of light with the sample concentration level. Demonstration of testing for different aged people was done under various food intake conditions. The obtained results are tabulated and validated with the existing fingerpick method and achieved an accuracy of 97.8%. Also, Clarke grid analysis has been done and depicted the pattern obtained.

The effect of macular visual field test density on central structure-function concordance in glaucoma

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Central visual field (VF) testing often requires focussed high-density test grids. The critical number of test locations for maximising structure-function concordance in the macula is not known. Purpose The aim of this work is to determine the impact of the number of test locations in the central VF on binarized structure-function concordance in glaucoma. Methods Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) 10–2 test grid and Cirrus optical coherence tomography Ganglion Cell Analysis (GCA) results from one eye of 155 glaucoma patients were extracted. Following anatomical correction for retinal ganglion cell displacement, the pointwise results of the central 36 locations of the 10–2 pattern deviation map and their corresponding locations within the GCA deviation map were recorded. The number of test locations was systematically reduced from 36 (4 locations per step) and added from 1 (1 location per step) and binarized structure-function concordance (p < 0.05 for both) at each step was evaluated. Eleven test point subtraction and addition models were developed. Concordance rates (proportion) were plotted as a function of number of test locations, and were fitted using segmental nonlinear regression to identify the critical point of inflection at which concordance was maximised and discordance minimised. Results Subtractive and additive approaches returned two-way estimates of the critical number, with, on average 8–14 test locations being the range at which structure-function concordance was optimised in the present cohort across all models. A randomised approach to subtracting or adding test locations returned critical numbers that were similar to systematic and empirical models, suggesting that specific test location was not as critical in optimising structure-function concordance compared to the number of test locations. Conclusion There is a potential critical number (8–14) in macular visual field testing where binarized structure-function concordance is optimised, providing a framework for guiding the development of integrated macular test locations in VF testing for glaucoma.