Green Spaces In City Research Articles

ANÁLISE DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO SOCIOESPACIAL DAS ÁREAS VERDES URBANAS NA CIDADE DO RIO GRANDE, RS, BRASIL

Green spaces in cities are seen as beneficial to, for example, the microclimate, human health, and ecological networks. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between urban green areas (UGA) and the effectively urbanized area (EUA) in the city of Rio Grande, in the extreme south of Brazil. The following indicators were used: UGA per inhabitant and per 100,000 inhabitants, the percentage of UGA in the urban perimeter, and according to a radius of influence (buffers). Voronoi diagrams were also generated to verify the UGA concentration or dispersion, and the relationship with socioeconomic indicators (population density and average income). The results: 1) 59.82 Ha of UGA/100,000 inhab.; 2) 5.98 m² of UGA/inhabitant; 3) 2.45% UGA in the EUA; 4) 50.00% and 84.13% of the EUA covered by radii of influence of 300 m and 1200 m from the UGA; 5) and 67.59% of the EUA by radii of influence of 1 km of UGA > 1 Ha. These values are considered low but in line with the values found for other Brazilian cities or in other countries. Therefore, it is expected to contribute to the debate related to the theme and actions to improve the cities quality and distribution of green spaces.

Monitoring of the Condition of Green Plantations in Shevchenkivskyi District of Kharkiv (on The Example of Bittle Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.)

In the complex of measures for improving atmospheric air quality in a modern city and reduction of noise pollution, special emphasis is placed on outdoor green spaces, which primarily perform a sanitary and hygienic function, protect residents and urban sites from harmful transport emissions, localization and partially absorb them. Purpose. Monitoring the state of green spaces in the Shevchenkivskyi district of Kharkiv (for example, bitter chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.) Methods. Analytical and synthetic method, geoinformation (cartographic modeling and processing of remote sensing data), analysis of information sources and methods of field research. Results. Based on the analysis of literature and fund materials and our own field research, information was obtained on the current state of plantings of common bitter chestnut in the Shevchenkivskyi district of Kharkov. A visual assessment of the quality of common bitter chestnut stands was made, in particular, damage to trees was determined. An inventory map of urban plantations of bitter chestnut in the usual Shevchenkivskyi region was developed using GIS technologies. Recommendations have been developed to improve the ecological state of common bitter chestnut plantations within the Shevchenkivskyi district of Kharkiv. Based on the results of this study and taking into account the preliminary work of scientists, it has been proved that the development of an inventory map of urban plantings of common bitter chestnut makes it possible to find out information about the state of the city's green spaces (number, types, age, diseases and damage, etc.). Conclusion. The obtained data on green spaces can determine the priorities for the development of landscape design, an action plan for urban green infrastructure to adapt to climate change. Based on reliable data, you can draw up a quality plan for the development of urban greening.

Present status and historical changes of urban green space in Dhaka city, Bangladesh: A remote sensing driven approach

Green spaces are a significant aspect of a healthy urban environment. Dhaka is losing its greener share for decades. However, a quantitative estimation is needed to evaluate the pattern of changes in green space for proper urban management. This study analyzed green spaces of Dhaka city between 1989 and 2020 (30 years) using GIS and Remote Sensing. 30-meter resolution Landsat satellite images were used for the analysis. Supervised classification was performed to calculate the total change in vegetation and differentiation in healthy and non-healthy green spaces were done using NDVI analysis. Results showed that the total decrease in vegetation of the study area was 56% from 1989 to 2020. However, in 1989 the healthy green space was 17% which decreased to only 2% in 2020. Thus, a severe healthy green space loss was detected (−88.24%). The share of urban land was found to be 82% of the total study area in 2020, which was only 59% in 1989. In conclusion, this study confirms the diminishing state of healthy green space in Dhaka city which is not suitable for a healthy urban environment. It is crucial to properly manage and restore Dhaka city's green spaces and give more consideration to ensure healthy urban area in the future policy making.

Effects of Spatial Elements of Urban Landscape Forests on the Restoration Potential and Preference of Adolescents

City green space can promote people’s health and aesthetic satisfaction; however, most extant research focuses on suburban forests and urban parks. Urban landscape forests have important ecological and aesthetic value for urban environments. This study conducted a visual stimulation to examine the impact of four common spatial element combinations in urban landscape forests on teenagers’ recovery potential and preference. The results indicate that urban landscape forests had positive physiological and psychological effects on adolescents, including decreased blood pressure, improved heart rate, reduced anxiety, and improved recovery ability. Diastolic blood pressure relief performance was better among males than females. In addition, a stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to explore the quantitative relationship between spatial elements and recovery and preference values. The results demonstrate that water elements were a significant predictor in the quantitative relationship between spatial elements in landscape forests and restoration and preference values. Terrain, flower, and shrub elements did not have a significant effect on overall restoration and preference values. This study highlights the intervention value of urban landscape forests in promoting the health and well-being of adolescents, with implications for future planning and design of urban landscape forests.

Contrasting urban greenness across cities with varying trends in above-normal weather events

Effective urban management demands global empirical research findings. The work aims to determine whether green areas are more significant in cities where above-normal wet events have plateaued. This work compares the green surface cover characteristics of the entire city and identified zones of 54 cities representing cities worldwide. These cities experience varying amounts of above-normal weather conditions. This article classifies the cities in the data set into two groups: Group 1 – frequency of extreme wet weather events has plateaued, and Group 2 – frequency of extreme weather events are increasing or decreasing at higher rates. Next, the work uses structural features of co-located spatial networks, roads and terrain, to identify zones. Finally, high-resolution satellite imagery quantified urban green spaces in the city and identified zones of the two city groups using geospatial and machine learning methods for 2000 and 2020. The data is compared for two groups to understand the pattern of green spaces in cities. Empirical analysis results recognise a higher greenness index in the zones and the entire city amongst the cities of Group1. The pattern in the temporal change in the greenness index of the zones is helpful to formulate a priority plan for locating inter-linked green spaces in urban areas paving the way for Nature-based Solutions. The findings can guide planners and policy-makers to identify and prioritise locations to incorporate a robust green infrastructure network to build resilient cities by 'nature bringing a solution’, the essential concept of Nature-based Solutions.

You Win Some, You Lose Some: Compensating the Loss of Green Space in Cities Considering Heterogeneous Population Characteristics

The increased urbanization and human population growth of the recent decades have resulted in the loss of urban green spaces. One policy used to prevent the loss of urban green space is ecological compensation. Ecological compensation is the final step in the mitigation hierarchy; compensation measures should thus be a last resort after all opportunities to implement the earlier steps of the hierarchy have been exhausted. Ecological compensation should balance the ecological damage, aiming for a “no net loss” of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this study, we develop a simple model that can be used as tool to study the welfare effects of applying ecological compensation when green space is at risk of being exploited, both at an aggregate level for society and for different groups of individuals. Our focus is on urban green space and the value of the ecosystem service—recreation—that urban green space provides. In a case study, we show how the model can be used in the planning process to evaluate the welfare effects of compensation measures at various sites within the city. The results from the case study indicate that factors such as population density and proximity to green space have a large impact on aggregate welfare from green space and on net welfare when different compensation sites are compared against each other.

Rewilding European urban spaces

Abstract Background In the context of global climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and the impact of urban living on public health, the rewilding of urban areas and surrounding spaces may offer a host of benefits for physical and mental health as well as improvements to environmental and planetary health. This review offers a contemporary appraisal of the role and impact of rewilding urban areas within Europe, considering the success of existing policies and offering suggestions for future projects. Findings Rewilding projects across Europe vary in scale and intensity. Given ongoing urbanisation across much of Europe, there is increasing need for green and natural spaces. Protection and enhancement of natural spaces, development of newly rewilded areas, and increased connectedness of natural spaces represent ways to increase prevalence and access to such spaces. Rewilding offers a number of potential benefits to human health, including restoration of biodiversity which may support food security, and sequestration of carbon dioxide which plays an important role in reducing climate change. Green spaces in cities counteract heat island effects and help to maintain temperatures. There are also documented benefits to mental health and faster recovery times from illness. Lessons There is scope to improve rewilding projects to enhance their success across Europe. Current limitations to rewilding projects include: The lack of a clear definition of rewilding and the broad scope of projects that fall under this concept. Challenges in monitoring and evaluation, and the need for a clear framework for effective evaluation of such projects. Increased and improved communication and advocacy. Key messages Rewilding offers a range of potential benefits to human and planetary health, and there is increasing interest in such projects. There are limitations to rewilding projects that must be overcome in order to improve policy and practice in this area.

Assessment of Ecosystem Service Supply, Demand, and Balance of Urban Green Spaces in a Typical Mountainous City: A Case Study on Chongqing, China.

Objective measurement of the supply–demand of ecosystem services (ESs) has received increasing attention from recent studies. It reflects the relationship between green spaces and human society. However, these studies rarely assess the mountainous cities. To fill this gap, this study takes a typical mountainous city as a research case to reveal the supply–demand relationship of ecosystem services, then development and management strategies are proposed for different districts according to their spatial differentiation characteristics. Results shows that: (1) there are differences of ESs supply between each district, and supply from Banan District is significantly higher than others. (2) The demands for ES also vary widely, which are higher in the core urban areas. (3) There are different degrees of imbalance between supply and demand in each district. We classified green spaces into four types based on their supply–demand characteristics, and optimization strategies are proposed. We found that most of the districts are lack of ES supply while there is a relatively high demand for ES in Chongqing, and the balance of supply and demand between different districts varies greatly. Our study indicates that targeted urban green spaces strategies for different districts must be considered to adequately optimize ES in mountainous cities.

Unraveling the complexity of human behavior and urbanization on community vulnerability to floods

Floods are among the costliest natural hazards and their consequences are expected to increase further in the future due to urbanization in flood-prone areas. It is essential that policymakers understand the factors governing the dynamics of urbanization to adopt proper disaster risk reduction techniques. Peoples’ relocation preferences and their perception of flood risk (collectively called human behavior) are among the most important factors that influence urbanization in flood-prone areas. Current studies focusing on flood risk assessment do not consider the effect of human behavior on urbanization and how it may change the nature of the risk. Moreover, flood mitigation policies are implemented without considering the role of human behavior and how the community will cope with measures such as buyout, land acquisition, and relocation that are often adopted to minimize development in flood-prone regions. Therefore, such policies may either be resisted by the community or result in severe socioeconomic consequences. In this study, we present a new Agent-Based Model (ABM) to investigate the complex interaction between human behavior and urbanization and its role in creating future communities vulnerable to flood events. We identify critical factors in the decisions of households to locate or relocate and adopt policies compatible with human behavior. The results show that when people are informed about the flood risk and proper incentives are provided, the demand for housing within 500-year floodplain may be reduced as much as 15% by 2040 for the case study considered. On the contrary, if people are not informed of the risk, 29% of the housing choices will reside in floodplains. The analyses also demonstrate that neighborhood quality—influenced by accessibility to highways, education facilities, the city center, water bodies, and green spaces, respectively—is the most influential factor in peoples’ decisions on where to locate. These results provide new insights that may be used to assist city planners and stakeholders in examining tradeoffs between costs and benefits of future land development in achieving sustainable and resilient cities.

Quantitative Analysis of Eco-economic Benefits of Urban Reclaimed Water Greening Based on Emergy Theory

With an increased rate of urbanization and people’s interest in high-quality natural environments, urban green spaces are receiving increased attention. However, urban green spaces irrigation increases tap water consumption, wasting high-quality water. Using reclaimed water for irrigation can not only maintain the normal ecological and landscape functions of green spaces but also save water resources. The eco-economic benefits of using reclaimed water as irrigation water were evaluated in this paper. The composition of benefits was analysed, and a new quantitative method was proposed based on the emergy theory. This proposed method was used to calculate the costs of different irrigation water, the other use benefits of the saved tap water, and the benefits of scientific research, leisure and entertainment, carbon fixation and oxygen release, biodiversity protection, soil conservation and air purification. Taking Zhengzhou in 2018 as an example, the results showed that the cost of using reclaimed water to irrigate urban green spaces was 46% of the cost of using tap water. The total benefit of using reclaimed water to irrigate green spaces was $4.05 billion, which was three times the benefit of using tap water. The net benefit of using reclaimed water was $2.00 billion, while that of tap water was negative. Therefore, the advantages of using reclaimed water to irrigate urban green spaces are the low costs and high eco-economic benefits. The method proposed in this paper provides a quantitative basis for using reclaimed water to irrigate urban green spaces in cities with water shortages.

Green Space as Environmental Public Policy for COPD Coping Measures: Contributing to Promoting Environmental Health and Equity

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - COPD remains one of the main chronic respiratory diseases in the world and will likely continue to be a major public health concern due to an aging population and historically high rates of smoking. COPD is responsible for thousands of deaths all over the world. In some countries it already occupies the second place. It is mainly related to tobacco, but also environmental, occupational factors. The actually preventive measures and public policies are not able to completely directly impact mortality, yet. Researchers have been presenting new impactful approaches in COPD such as analyzes of access to green areas and COPD morbidity and mortality. Due to the chronic nature and incurability of COPD, many areas of health care are involved. COPD-related mortality is underreported. Interventions to improve air quality and prevent smoking can help reduce the risk of developing or worsening these diseases. Recent studies show that green space in cities are another important preventive factor in mortality. The objective of this work is to describe studies found that relate COPD and green space. METHODS: We conducted surveys of studies for the period 2018 to 2021 that analyzed morbidity and mortality from COPD and the relationship with access to green space. RESULTS:We found 24 studies.40% developed in European countries, 20% in North American countries. and 40% in Asia. 80% of them showed positive results regarding the reduction of morbidity or mortality due to COPD generated by access to green areas. We did not find related studies in Latin America and low-income countries. CONCLUSIONS:Considering that COPD has no cure, it affects the population in all countries, it is essential to expand this discussion involing social and environmental indicators to all countries, considering a viable implementation of public policies to contributing to Promoting Environmental Health and Equity. KEYWORDS: Green space,Built environment,Policy,Science communication,Respiratory outcomes

Associations between green space, air pollution and birthweight in Sydney Metropolitan Area, Australia

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Low birthweight is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Previous studies have shown that while higher quantities of green space are associated with higher birthweights, exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with lower birthweights. These results might be related since green space is theorized to buffer air pollution harms; however, evidence of interactions between these exposures on birthweight remains inadequate. Therefore, aim of this study was to investigate how the association between air pollution (NO2, PM2.5, SO2 and O3) term birthweight is affected by quantity of green space. METHODS: 79,430 births recorded in Sydney in 2016 and 2017 were included in the analysis. Multilevel linear regression with random intercepts for statistical area level 2 (SA2) were developed to assess association between air pollutants and birthweight. Furthermore, interaction terms between air pollutants and green space quantity were fitted in the model to examine potential effect modification. RESULTS:Higher PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 was associated with lower birthweight, while increase in O3 exposure was associated with higher birthweight (all p0.05). Higher green space quantity was associated with lower birthweight (p0.05). Interactions between green space quantity and NO2 and PM2.5 were identified (p0.05), indicating that increasing green space may help to mitigate harms of moderate levels of NO2 and PM2.5 on birthweight. CONCLUSIONS:Improving access to green spaces in cities may help support a healthy start in life by mitigating harms from certain air pollutants. Replication in different contexts and consideration of potentially contrasting results with different types of green space should be further investigated. KEYWORDS: Green space, Birth outcomes, air pollution

Establishment of a Geographic Information System-Based Algorithm to Analyze Suitable Locations for Green Roofs and Roadside Trees

Urban green spaces offer various ecosystem services such as those for controlling the urban microclimate, improving water circulation, and providing leisure and recreation opportunities. However, it is almost impossible to create new, large green spaces in cities where urbanization has been long underway. Consequently, small-scale green spaces such as green roofs and roadside trees are gaining attention as features that can increase the effects of ecosystem services. Although the area of individual buildings in urban areas is relatively small, the sum of building rooftop areas account for a large portion of urban areas. Moreover, there are areas widely available throughout cities where street trees could be planted. However, this requires large amounts of accurate databases (DBs) and long-term spatial analyses to identify specific locations suitable for small-scale green facilities on a citywide scale using a geographic information system (GIS). Consequently, in-depth research on this topic has been insufficient. Thus, this study presents an algorithm to analyze locations where green roofs and roadside trees could be introduced based on GIS spatial analysis and verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm built for the city of Seoul. In addition, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is performed to analyze the temperature reduction effect, the representative function of ecosystem control services that can be brought about by the potential green spaces. The results show that rooftop greening in study areas is possible in 311,793 of 742,770 buildings. The rooftop floor area of buildings that can apply rooftop greening is 33,288,745 m2, which is about 50% of the total area of the rooftop in Seoul. It was found that roadside trees could be planted on a sidewalk with an extension length of 872,725 m and an area of 838,864 m2. A total of 145,366 trees can be planted in the study area. In addition, it was shown that the introduction of green roofs reduced temperatures by 0.13 °C to 0.14 °C and roadside trees reduced temperatures by 0.14 °C to 0.6 °C. With the growing need to improve urban ecosystem services as a result of rapid climate change, the algorithm developed in this study can be utilized to create spatial policies that expand and manage urban green spaces and thereby contribute to the improvement of urban ecosystem services.

Back to nature: Norwegians sustain increased recreational use of urban green space months after the COVID-19 outbreak

In Oslo, as elsewhere, the COVID-19 outbreak and the following lockdown measures during spring 2020 led to increased use of urban green infrastructure. Whether this has led to more durable changes in recreation patterns remains an open question. We used mobile tracking data from 53,000 STRAVA users to explore the longevity of increases in recreational activity. We compared 2020 activity levels relative to a weather benchmark (i.e. baseline), defined as the activity one would have expected given the time of year and prevailing weather conditions. Recreational activity increased by 240% during the five weeks of comprehensive lockdown and were maintained until the summer vacation period in June/July when they dropped to baseline levels. Yet, during August they increased again to 89% above baseline. Although activity increased across all city land use zones, after lockdown there was a shift away from residential and commercial zones toward city green spaces including forests and protected areas. Cultural landscapes and protected areas received disproportionately high activity levels relative to the length of recreational trails available within them. Recreationists in the teenager demographic (13–19) exhibited a four-fold increase in their share of the STRAVA user-base at the start of lockdown. The COVID-19 pandemic and its disruptions to the status quo has had lasting effects over the short-term on the way Norwegian citizens recreate. Our findings reinforce the value of urban nature and open spaces for societal pandemic preparedness, particularly youths, during and after times of crisis.

A comparative life cycle assessment between green walls and green facades in the Mediterranean continental climate

The building and construction sector is a large contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and consumes vast natural resources. Improvements in this sector are of fundamental importance for national and global targets to combat climate change. In this context, vertical greenery systems (VGS) in buildings have become popular in urban areas to restore green space in cities and be an adaptation strategy for challenges such as climate change. However, only a small amount of knowledge is available on the different VGS environmental impacts. This paper discusses a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) between a building with green walls, a building with green facades and a reference building without any greenery system in the continental Mediterranean climate. This life cycle assessment is carried according to ISO 14040/44 using ReCiPe and GWP indicators.Moreover, this study fills this gap by thoroughly tracking and quantifying all impacts in all phases of the building life cycle related to the manufacturing and construction stage, maintenance, use stage (operational energy use experimentally tested), and final disposal. The adopted functional unit is the square meter of the facade. Results showed that the operational stage had the highest impact contributing by up to 90% of the total environmental impacts during its 50 years life cycle. Moreover, when considering VGS, there is an annual reduction of about 1% in the environmental burdens. However, in summer, the reduction is almost 50%. Finally, if the use stage is excluded, the manufacturing and the maintenance stage are the most significant contributors, especially in the green wall system.

Planning for Informal Urban Green Spaces in African Cities: Children’s Perception and Use in Peri-Urban Areas of Luanda, Angola

Urbanization has placed considerable constraints on the preservation and maintenance of formal green spaces in African cities. This situation has given attention to the potentials of informal green spaces (IGS). While studies on IGS in African cities is only emerging, scholarly and policy attention to children’s perceptions and use of IGS within Africa’s spatially expansive urbanism is limited. This study explores children’s perceptions, use, barriers, willingness, and suggestions for improving IGS in the peri-urban area of Funda in Luanda. Based on semi-structured interviews and focused-group discussions, the study revealed that, while IGS offered different ecosystem services, not all IGS were accessible to children, due to safety concerns, maintenance conditions, and parental restrictions. Children’s interest in maintenance activities and suggestions for improving IGS reflected their independent identities, sense of place, and cognitive capacity to contribute to planning their community. The paper submits that the potential role of IGS in Africa’s peri-urban areas can be improved by taking into account children’s agency and experiential knowledge of community spaces. For this reason, there is a need to recognize and engage children as co-producers of community knowledge and interventions.

Türkiye’de Yerel Yönetimlerin Kentsel Açık-Yeşil Alan Yönetimi Stratejilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

In Turkey, problems arising from insufficient legal provisions about landscape and not determining landscape policy strategies, are observed in the urban landscape management strategies of local governments. Although there are associated strategies with landscape in national urbanism policies, the lack of detailed actions related to landscape protection, planning and management makes complicated to reflect these strategies on local policies. Since the concept of landscape policy is not included in national and local policies, in this study, the management strategies about urban open-green areas in local governance have been evaluated in order to examine how the urban landscape is managed. For this purpose, 30 metropolitan municipalities in Turkey selected as the sample group, the 5-year strategic plans of the municipalities, which are the institutional policy documents, were used as material. The data in the strategic plans regarding the policies of the municipalities related to open-green areas, which are considered as an element of urbanism, environmental and social policies, were compiled. And the existence of strategies for a holistic, correlate green space system compatible with urban development strategies in local governments was sought. The assessment results show that corporate reports included information about the surface of green area, not the qualities and functionality of green spaces and the strategies in the plans contain actions to increase the amount of green space in cities. These actions were limited to recreation areas, planting works and maintenance services of green spaces that will be implemented in the plan period. It has been observed that local governments focus only on the recreational and aesthetic functions of open-green spaces and disregard their other functions. The absence of data on open-green space planning and systematic management in most of the strategic plans is an indication that local landscape policies are not established.

Growing Equity in City Green Space

City residents don’t all have the same access to the benefits of green space. Addressing that inequity requires community engagement at every stage from planning to development to management.

Analysis of Nazilli (Aydin) City Open-Green Spaces Adequacy

Urban open green spaces are for cities; these are areas that make significant contributions to ecological, social, cultural, economic, and psychological issues. Because of the expanding of urban areas with the increasing population, all city dwellers need open green spaces. The increase in the quality of urban life depends on the preservation of the existing open green spaces in the cities and the increase of open green spaces in parallel with the increase in the density of buildings. Here, unlike the open increasing population and unplanned urbanization nature and green spaces in cities in Turkey decreased in quantity; Such important areas for cities and city dwellers are almost in danger of extinction. The purpose of this research is; determining the adequacy of open green spaces per capita in the city of Nazilli (Aydin), and making suggestions for the development of open green spaces in the neighborhood and city scale. In the research, 51 parks in 19 neighborhoods were examined. As a result of the research; It has been determined that there are imbalances in terms of numerical, spatial and per capita size in the distribution of open green spaces among the neighborhoods in the city of Nazilli. It can be said that the reason for the unbalanced distribution of open green spaces is that these areas are planned without taking into account the population of the neighborhood, surface measurements and population densities. In Kurtulus, Turan and Yesilyurt Neighborhoods, where there are no open green spaces, open green spaces should be planned. In neighborhoods where the open green space standard per capita (10 m2) is not met, the open green spaces should be increased numerically and spatially. Ensuring the adequacy of open green space per capita in all provinces and the city of Nazilli in Turkey; it will make cities more livable and increase the quality of life in cities. Keywords: Open green space, Standard, Population density, City, Quality of life, Nazilli. DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/7-04-06

The Role of Legal and Criminal Safeguards in Supporting Private Urban Green Space

The context and purpose of laws and regulations has always been one of the most important and effective tools of governments to preserve the fundamental values ​​of society; Thus, since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, environmental values ​​have been defined as one of the fundamental values ​​of human society. All countries are required to develop safeguards to protect the environment. One of the important components of the environment is vegetation, which is known in cities as urban green space. In Iran, several environmental laws have been developed at various levels, including legal, criminal, administrative and regulations. Therefore, laws and regulations are set and developed as tools of urban decision-making structure in order to protect and preserve these spaces in order to achieve the goals of urban sustainability and environmental justice. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical which has been tried to collect laws, regulations related to the preservation and development of urban green space and also to identify challenges, gaps and shortcomings in the implementation and legal maintenance and development of urban green spaces and its privacy, take action. One of the most important laws in the field of urban green space is the bill on protection and expansion of green space in cities (approved in 1980) and the law amending the law on protection and expansion of green space in cities (approved in 2009). In order to preserve and develop urban green spaces, these laws have resorted to some legal and more criminal enforcement guarantees. The results of this study indicate that the laws and regulations related to green space in Iran are old and have many gaps and criticisms and in some cases it seems that it cannot meet the support needs as well as the development and maintenance of urban green space.