Greenhouse Gas Protocol Research Articles

The Carbon Footprint of Digital Health Interventions: The Development of a Transparency Catalogue and a Systematic Review of the Evidence

Background: Digitisation is an important topic for healthcare providers and policymakers. Given the increasing concerns about climate change, decisions about digitisation should consider evidence about carbon footprint (CF). Currently, no established tool for assessing the evidence in healthcare is available. The aim of this study was, first, to develop a framework for assessing reporting transparency of CF analyses and, second, to assess the current evidence of CF for digital health in terms of virtual care (which includes telehealth and telemedicine). Methods: We searched for CF assessments in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL and EconBiz on Nov 22, 2019. We included primary studies in English or German that provided information about CF of virtual care interventions into a qualitative synthesis. To perform the latter, we developed a checklist of 22 transparency criteria based on the intersection of items contained in the norm 14067 by the International Organisation for Standardisation, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard, and the Publicly Available Specification 2050. Two reviewers independently conducted study identification, selection and extraction of items based on this checklist. For each study, we calculated a transparency score ranging from 0 to 100% and extracted study methods and results. Results: Our search yielded 1322 records. 16 records were included in a qualitative synthesis. Most studies addressed telemedicine and reported carbon savings (mean: -147·9 kg/patient (minimum: -1·133, maximum: 8, standard deviation: 288·4)). However, the mean transparency score was about 39% (minimum 14%, maximum 68%). Frequently, only carbon emissions related to travel avoidance were incorporated. Most studies neither obtained a life cycle perspective nor did they report items like system boundary, reasons for excluding unit processes or representativeness of the data incorporated in the study. Discussion: Digitisation may be a source of co-benefits, improving care and reducing CF of the healthcare sector. However, the evidence for this result is weak and CF reports are heterogeneous. The transparency checklist developed within this study may serve as a point of reference for the future development of a standard to assess the CF of virtual and other healthcare and public health services. Funding: Public funding by Leibniz ScienceCampus Bremen Digital Public Health, which is jointly funded by Leibniz Association (W4/2018), Federal State of Bremen and Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS. Declaration of Interest: None to declare.

Climate Change with Reference to Green Economy: Carbon Accounting of Hamdard University

Hamdard University is one of the biggest private sector universities in Pakistan. It is a not-for-profit organization whose objective is to serve people of Pakistan with excellent education system while taking care external factors into consideration, as a part of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), especially the environment which is a key concern due to the climate change. This research paper focusses on measuring the carbon footprint or performing the carbon accounting of Hamdard University and to measure its share in climate change. Primary data, which is necessary to measure carbon footprint, have been taken by direct reporting and site surveys. Methodology and secondary data regarding the emission factors have been taken from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Resources Institute, Word Bank, Greenhouse Gas Protocol, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The carbon footprint of Hamdard University is 1786.2019 tonnes of CO2-e in 2018 which is 0.000547% of Pakistan 2014’s total GHG emission. Scope 1 emission constitutes 54.14% of total GHG emission which is mostly caused by the fuel combustion by varsity’s transport followed by scope 2 emission caused by purchased electricity which constitutes 45.32% of GHG total emission. Scope 3 emission is because of official air travel which is not significant, hence, constitutes 0.54% of total GHG emission.

Comparative Eco-Profiles of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Using Life Cycle Assessment

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are extensively applied to produce nano-energy by harvesting ambient mechanical energy for energizing wearable electronics. Nowadays importance has been given to study on both PET and PMMA due to their growing demand in building Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG) to replace small batteries. The manufacturing of both triboelectric polymers from raw materials is hazardous to the environment. However, there has been no comparative evaluation of the probable effects of PET and PMMA production plants yet. This study highlights their comparative eco-profiles. An inclusive Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) model is built for methodical assessment of their impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been done by the ILCD midpoint method, Eco-indicator 99 endpoint method, Raw Material Flow (RMF) method, Greenhouse gas protocol method, and Ecopoints 97 method utilizing the Ecoinvent database and SimaPro software. The effects are assessed and compared for 21 impact categories such as global warming, acidification, eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, human toxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity, and fine particulate matter formation, marine ecotoxicity etc. The results indicate an estimated 3.01 kg CO2 eq./kg and 8.43 kg CO2 eq./kg of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to the environment by a PET plant and a PMMA plant, respectively. Moreover, PET plants have the highest effect on land use, ionizing radiation and ozone depletion; whereas PMMA plants have the greatest impact on climate change, acidification, eutrophication and resources. Overall, PMMA polymer production plants are found to be more hazardous to the environment than PET polymer production plants. It is recommended that a better environmental profile from both types of production plants can be achieved through optimization, via abating the effects by replacing the problematic materials, designs, methods and devices with their equivalent environment-friendly options without compromising the quality and production rates.

Using biogas to reduce natural gas consumption and greenhouse gas emissions at a large distillery

The need to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may require the use of renewable gaseous fuels in the food and beverage industry to decarbonise processes that are difficult to electrify such as whiskey distillation. Large companies report their GHG emissions according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol in terms of direct and indirect GHG emissions. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of distillery by-products can replace up to 64% of the natural gas consumption of the distillery and could reduce direct GHG emissions by 54% and indirect GHG emissions by 11,389 tCO2eq (41% of direct savings) if digestate replaces synthetic fertiliser used to cultivate barley consumed by the distillery. The replacement of animal feed produced by the distillery with imported animal feed (distillers’ grains from the USA and soybean meal from Argentina) could, in a worst-case scenario, negate a significant portion of direct and indirect GHG emission savings. The decision as to whether the GHG emissions associated with imported animal feed should be included in the calculation is not clear cut and can be subjective. Digestate management, particularly storage and transportation may pose a significant barrier to the implementation of an AD plant processing distillery by-products. Alternative methods of digestate transportation such as pipelines, and digestate treatment (separation, drying, and evaporation) should be assessed to mitigate logistical issues. To successfully integrate AD with a distillery future research should conduct multi criteria decision analysis to identify the most suitable share of distillery by-products to use in an AD plant to balance positive and negative attributes of such projects.

Estimasi Jejak Karbon dari Aktivitas Kampus Universitas Batanghari

Every individual or agency activity will generate greenhouse gas emissions which could be countable and expressed as equivalent to carbon dioxide. One of the activities that produce carbon emissions is activities carried out on the campus, one of which is Batanghari University. Batanghari University consists of 5 faculties, namely the Faculty of Teacher Training and Science, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Agriculture with a total population of Batanghari University of 5,582 people including 5,278 students, 210 lecturers and 94 education staff. This study aims to analyze the amount of carbon emissions generated from activities of the Batanghari University and to compare the percentage of total carbon emissions produced from each scope. Calculation of carbon emissions using the method of The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol), by dividing it into 3 scopes, including calculating the carbon footprint from transportation activities, emission form the used of gas, and emissions from electricity used and the used of paper. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions calculated by using the IPCC (International Panel On Climate Change) method. The results showed that the total carbon footprint produced at the Batanghari University for 6 months was 790.24 ton.CO2-eq. The distribution of emissions based on the scope as follows : scope 1 activity of electricity consumption was 162,705 ton.CO2-eq; scope 2 activities of using LPG was 0.609 ton.CO2-eq; and the scope 3 transportation activities of lecturers, students and education staff was 625.91 ton.CO2 -eq and paper usage activity are 1.0247 ton.CO2-eq. The largest carbon footprint was generated from transportation activities at 79.2% and the smallest was the use of LPG at 0.07%.

Assessing the suitability of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol for calculation of emissions from public cloud computing workloads

Efficiency improvements over the past decade have meant that data center energy usage has decoupled from the growth in IT workloads. Much of this efficiency improvement has been attributed to innovations made by “hyperscale” public cloud vendors, where a large proportion of new IT workloads are now being deployed. However, the move to the cloud is making it more difficult to assess the environmental impact of workloads deployed there. Although the large cloud vendors are amongst the largest purchasers of renewable electricity, customers do not have access to the data they need to complete emissions assessments under the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Data such as Power Usage Effectiveness, emissions factors and equipment embodied energy are not available from public cloud vendors. This paper demonstrates how the Greenhouse Gas Protocol method of assessment of IT emissions does not work for public cloud environments and suggests how this can be tackled by the cloud vendors themselves.

CONSUMPTION-BASED AND EMBODIED CARBON IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR APEC’S LOW-CARBON MODEL TOWN PROJECT

ABSTRACTIn accordance with international protocols and directions, the APEC Energy Working Group has concentrated on constraining operational energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cities across the Asia Pacific, especially from the widespread consumption of fossil fuels. In addition to economy level policies and recognising the different characteristics within the region, APEC has sought to take action at the town/city level via the Low-Carbon Model Town (LCMT) project, including the development of self-assessment tools and indicator systems. However, the “low carbon” landscape is changing. There is increasing recognition of embodied carbon, accompanied by the emergence of methods for its measurement, while the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group has recently highlighted the significance of consumption-based carbon. Similarly, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol for Cities (GPC) is likely to extend its ambit from Scope 1 GHG emissions, derived from energy use within a city boundaries, and Scope 2 emissions from grid-supplied electricity, heating and / or cooling, to Scope 3 emissions derived from materials and goods produced outside the boundaries of a city but associated with construction within that city. After describing these emerging approaches and the current landscape, the paper examines the significance and implications of these changes for APEC approaches, especially in relation to the LCMT project, its indicators and the varying characteristics of towns and cities within the Asia-Pacific region. Special attention is given to the built environment, which is known to be a major contributor to operational and embodied emissions. Consistent with the theme of the Asia-Pacific Energy Sustainable Development Forum covering “sustainable development of energy and the city,” a case is put forward for the current APEC approach to be extended to encompass both embodied and consumption-based emissions.

Calculating the Carbon Footprint in ports by using a standardized tool

One of the significant environmental threats in ports in recent years are carbon dioxide emissions generated by different activities carried out in these areas, which lead to Climate Change. In the maritime industry, this topic is getting more critical every day. The main cause of Climate Change is the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). The total amount of GHG that are emitted both directly and indirectly by an activity are calculated by the following indicator: the Carbon Footprint.The review of different case studies shows while in recent years many ports calculate their Carbon Footprint and report it, each port uses its own method and there is not any unified and complete method to calculate Carbon Footprint. This makes comparing results among different ports a difficult task and proves the need for such a method. Therefore, it has been developed a standardized tool to calculate GHG emissions in ports. The tool has been developed by using Excel and Visual Basic software and it is based on the WPCI (World Ports Climate Initiative) and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines and the GHG Protocol. Such tool is specifically designed so that port authorities can calculate their Carbon Footprint and report it accordingly.The tool has different steps taking into account the three scopes of emissions defined by the WPCI guideline for ports. Once developed, it was validated by a set of selected ports and environmental experts. The final aim is to distribute this tool to all ports and make it freely available.

Carbon Footprint of Academic Activities: A Case Study in Diponegoro University

Carbon emissions are a significant cause of climate change. As an effort to reduce emissions in the university environment, carbon footprints at Diponegoro University (Undip) need to be calculated to find out how much campus activity contributes to the emissions produced and analyze scenarios that can be applied in minimizing them. The carbon footprint study at Undip was carried out in 3 scopes according to The Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Scope one covers clean water treatment activities. Scope two covers electricity usage activities, while scope three covers transportation, wastewater, and solid waste treatment activities in the campus environment. Carbon footprint emissions from the three scopes are calculated based on methods from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Emissions calculated are CO2, CH4, and N2O expressed in TonCO2-eq. The carbon footprint resulting from campus activities at Undip is 16, 345.83 TonCO2-eq. The first and second-largest carbon footprint contributors came from electricity and transportation activities with a total carbon footprint of 13, 953.22 TonCO2-eq and 1, 449.99465 TonCO2-eq, respectively. The emission reduction business strategies that can be carried out are through conservation and energy efficiency approaches as well as the use of Campus Buses and increasing the number of green space.

Corporate voluntary greenhouse gas reporting: Stakeholder pressure and the mediating role of the chief executive officer

AbstractThe study sheds light on the extent to which various stakeholder pressures influence voluntary disclosure of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and how the impact is explained and moderated chief executive officer (CEO) characteristics of 215 FTSE 350 listed U.K. companies for the year 2011. The study developed a classification of GHG emission disclosure based on the guidelines of GHG Protocol, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and Global Framework for Climate Risk Disclosure using content analysis. Evidence from the study suggests that some stakeholder pressure (regulatory, creditor, supplier, customer, and board control) positively impacts on GHG disclosure information by firms. We found that stakeholder pressure in the form of regulatory, mimetic, and shareholders pressure positively influenced the disclosure of GHG information. We also found that creditor pressure also had a significant negative relationship with GHG disclosure. Although CEO age had a direct negative effect on GHG voluntary disclosure, its moderation effect on stakeholder pressure influence on GHG disclosure was only significant on regulatory pressure.

Carbon footprint as an environmental sustainability indicator for a higher education institution

This study aimed to quantify carbon footprint of the University of Haripur (UoH), Pakistan for one fiscal year (July 2016-June 2017). Primary data was collected through questionnaire surveys, interviews, personal observations and measurements by visiting concerned offices, departments, laboratories, library, canteens, and agriculture fields. The UoH carbon footprint was calculated according to the IPCC 2007 greenhouse gas (GHG) protocol for 100 years' time horizon using environmental impacts modelling software SimaPro v.8.4. The results showed that UoH emitted around 578,898 kg CO2-eq emissions to environment during 2016-2017. The largest GHG emission (38%) from single source to the total carbon footprint was from the purchased electricity. Up to our knowledge, there is no published literature available for any other Pakistani universities who conducted their carbon footprint. The highlights of this study are: this study quantified carbon footprint (CF) of the University of Haripur (UoH) Pakistan, primary data was collected through questionnaire surveys, interviews and measurements, IPCC 2007 GHG protocol for 100 years' time horizon was used to calculate UoH CF, the UoH emitted about 578,898 kg CO2-eq emissions to environment during 2016-2017 and this study will provide a baseline to other universities in Pakistan to measure their CF.

Die Messung von Treibhausgasemissionen im Bankgeschäft – das Konzept der finanzierten Emissionen

The societal and political trend with regard to the controversial hold debate of economic sustainability does not ignore financial markets and its participants. Particularly climate change as systemic and dominant sustainability risk and result of man-made global greenhouse gas emissions strengthens the position, that financial institutions are jointly responsible for global warming and therefore must actively operate against it. Financial institutions directly and indirectly finance emissions by their finance and investment operations. On the other hand, the financial sector is necessary for allocating capital in line with the 2°C climate goals. Under these conditions, financial institutions need to have access to methods for quantifying their financed emissions that enables valid decisions on finance and investment. The following article illustrates the concept of financed emissions based on the corporate carbon footprint (CCF) and examines how financial institutions can quantify them to assess their exposure to climate risks and to develop a climate strategy to minimize risk exposure. The concept of financed emissions can be considered as a first approach for financial institutions to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies to proactively manage climate related risks and help society to allocate capital in line with the 2°C climate goals. Important guidance for the financial sector is set in place by the “Greenhouse Gas Protocol” and the “Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions”, established by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and the World Resource Institute. Besides the components to develop models to quantify financed emissions, methodological constraints and limitations exist. They are explicitly shown in this article. Another very important ingredient to assess financed emissions is climate related data. Actually, there is still a big lack of standardised and internationally accepted data that could be used to estimate financed emissions, although several providers serve individual measurement tools.

Towards integrated energy and environmental management of commercial buildings: The Onassis Cultural Centre (OCC) case

Buildings have a considerable environmental impact that corresponds to almost 30% of the global carbon footprint, with a prediction for future growth. To a large extent, although not limited to it, this is due to their energy consumption; in the EU this accounts for some 40% of the total final energy consumption. The EU therefore set a goal to reduce energy use by 20% by 2020, as part of the five headline targets of the European 20-20-20 Strategy. The goal was risen to 27% by 2030, as part of the new and more ambitious goals that were presented in 2018. Moreover, the European Commission has established since 2002 a common policy for sustainable buildings and low environmental impact materials, promoting energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), expressed by means of a series of directives and regulations. The legislative framework for GHG emissions is supported by a series of international standards such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative and the ISO 14064-65 series of standards which are fully compatible with the GHG Protocol and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The Directive 2012/27/EU on Energy Efficiency is also important to mention, as it introduces obligatory Energy Audits in companies and organizations, as a major tool towards improving efficiency and promoting sustainability. Goal of the paper is to present and analyse the results of the integrated evaluation based on the energy and environmental audit of a very interesting public building, namely the Onassis Cultural Centre, in Athens, Greece. The building presented a real challenge with its daring architecture, the variety of uses it hosts and the state of the art equipment it features. Based on the audit’s outcome, the analysis the carbon footprint indicator was performed. The methodology followed will be presented in the paper, along with the opportunities we detected for improvements in the energy and environmental management, which was admittedly already at a very high level. From a scientific point it was very interesting to understand the patterns of energy use and to define the processes which contribute to more energy efficient and sustainable buildings, ensuring the low ecological footprint that is definitely part of integrated design of buildings. Finally, effective energy conservation and low carbon measures for public buildings are introduced and related to operating and production costs for buildings, making them hence more competitive.

Energy policy and regulatory tools for sustainable buildings

The European Union has established since 2002 a common policy for energy efficient buildings and low environmental impact materials and systems, promoting energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), expressed by means of a series of directives, regulations and policies. Therefore, the European Parliament approved the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2002/91/EC and its recast, the Directive 2010/31/EU. Based on Article 9 of Directive 2010/31/EU, until the end of 2020 all buildings ought to be nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), when new buildings operated and owned by public authorities must be NZEB after January 1st 2019. An NZEB building is referred to as a building which has a high energy overall performance and its quantity of energy needed ought to be covered to a quite substantial range by energy from renewable sources, as well as energy from renewable sources generated on-site or nearby. For the case of Cyprus, the limit is set to 125 kWh/m2 of primary energy consumption annually, with a minimum of 25% of this energy resulting from renewables. For Greece this goal has still to be determined. Except from those Directives, the EU set the main goals for energy, transport and GHG emissions not only for 2020 but also for 2030 and 2050. Considering GHG emissions, the legislation framework is supported by a series of international standards such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative and the ISO 14064-65 series of standards which are fully compatible with the GHG Protocol and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Considering the recast of the EPBD, in form of Directive 2018/844/EU, a detailed database is developed of the European, Greek and Cyprus energy and environmental legislation (Directives, Laws, Regulations and policies) for buildings focusing on commercial ones. It is presented in this paper, along with a comment of how a common framework can be adopted in two national regulations and how it can be effectively turned into practice.

Transport externalities of bus stations produced by Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

It is established that the interprovincial transportation in bus terminals of the Cities such as Ambato, Riobamba, Salcedo, Latacunga and Guaranda have contributed to the build-up of external costs of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) The climate change costs are calculated by multiplying the carbon emissions by the cost factor. To quantify the GHG emissions, this study has taken into account of both the direct and indirect sources of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG), as well as the ISO 14064.1: 2006 standard. In view thereof, it was found that the 11 bus terminals of the five cities, namely Latacunga, Riobamba Salcedo, Ambato, Guaranda-which accounts for around 3225 buses, had accounted for the emissions of 25,746.8 tCO2eq, 37,404.6 tCO2eq, 8,762.7 tCO2eq, 92,364.9 tCO2eq, 31,990.3 tCO2eq, respectively. Simply, the average load of such pollution produced per vehicle was 60.8 tCO2eq. and the total emissions were 196,269.3 tCO2eq with an estimated GHG contamination cost of €27,477,702 per year.

Quantifying Carbon Footprint Review in University Campus

A carbon footprint is the number of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere by particular human activity. Usually, a carbon footprint is calculated for a year. This study plans to evaluate the carbon footprint of the university. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol Corporate Standard for developing a GHG inventory in a university will be used as a standard and guideline. A university has to determine its organizational boundaries in terms of the operations in identifying emissions associated with its services, categorizing them as direct and indirect emissions, and choosing the scope of accounting and reporting for indirect emissions. The primary sources of carbon footprint in the university are from goods and services, transportation, and energy production. This study will document carbon footprint assessment strategies adopted by higher education institutions in the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia.Keywords: Carbon Footprint; Emissions; Greenhouse Gases; University; CampuseISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1765

Carbon Footprint Estimation in a University Campus: Evaluation and Insights

Background: The University of Talca (UT), since 2012, has been annually tracking the carbon footprint (CF) based on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol for all its five campuses. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the trajectory for determining the CF on campuses and identify the stressors. Methods: GHG protocol separates emissions into three scopes—1) direct; 2) indirect; 3) other indirect emissions. This study reports the emissions on the Talca campuses that are related to Scopes 1 through 3. The data is closely studied to draw inferences on the factors most affecting CF and recommend improvements. Results: The estimation of the CF in Scope 1 and Scope 2 were 2 0.03 tCO2e and 0.25 tCO2e per person per year, respectively. Results show Scope 3, which measures indirect emissions generated by activities like transportation of people, produced the highest contribution of 0.41 tCO2e per person to the UT’s CF in 2016. Conclusions: The study strongly suggested that transportation of students and faculty to and from the campus is one of the main stressors. The study of the main campus of Talca to quantify the CF is of immense value to institutions of higher educations as it provides a guideline and a comparative metric for other institutions.

Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from crude palm oil: A case study of three Indonesian biodiesel plants

This study assessed the life cycle of biodiesel production from crude palm oil at three Indonesian biodiesel plants. The LCA stage is based on ISO 14040, which determines the goal, scope, inventory, impact assessment, and interpretation of the areas under study. However, the main of the research was to compare the carbon footprint biodiesel production processed. Furthermore, the study facilitated and utilized the Greenhouse Gas Protocol V1.02 as a method of life cycle impact assessment, with CO2eq evaluated using fossil fuel, land transformations, and biogenic. The results showed that palm cultivation using crude oil produced the highest pollution source in all categories with the highest at CO2eq. Also, palm cultivation using crude oil production at A, B, and C caused impact categories of 3.2 ton, 3.02 ton, and 2.85-ton fossil CO2eq. These were also extracted from the transportation and production process of crude palm oil in plants that use diesel fuel. Finally, in the production of biodiesel from biodiesel plants A, B, and C, in all categories, the highest impact source of pollution is caused by crude palm oil production.

Greenhouse Gas emission determination of typical infrastructure in High Andean cities: Study Case Ambato city-Ecuador

The building sector is one of the most important commercial activities all over the world, being one of the main producers of Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the current investigation an evaluation of the emanation of Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) was performed to different of typical buildings in Ambato city, Ecuador. It was applied the GHG Protocol and ISO 14064-1 standards for companies and organizations. The GHG emissions calculation was based on the most representative work volumes of typical buildings of this Andean city, and its corresponding emission factor. The results show that structure type III emits more CO2 because more structural steel, concrete and clear glass are used in its construction due to its architectural and structural design.

Challenges and perspectives of greenhouse gases emissions from municipal solid waste management in Angola

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management contributes substantially to climate change. The greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from waste collection and landfill activities have a significant contribution. The carbon footprint is an important environmental indicator to express GHG emissions. Nowadays in Luanda, the capital and largest city of Angola, more than 2 million tonnes per year of unselected MSW are sent to landfill. The aim of this work is to evaluate the carbon footprint related to MSW in Luanda. The methodologies used to quantify the carbon footprint were based on the guidelines of the IPCC and the GHG Protocol of greenhouse gases emissions associated with MSW anaerobic decomposition, from the daily operations of the landfill site. The results show that direct landfill emissions are the major contributions to GHG accounting.