Greenhouse Gas Emissions In Order Research Articles

Solar Energy Resource and Power Generation in Morocco: Current Situation, Potential, and Future Perspective

The world’s attention is currently focused on the energy transition to sustainable energy. The drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit global warming, energy security, and the generalization of access to energy have contributed to the adoption of the Moroccan Energy Strategy, with a strong focus on renewable energy (RE). Morocco is notoriously poor in conventional primary fossil energy resources, with energy dependence on the order of 90%. In addition, the energy crisis that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical conflicts, compounded with steady increase in demand, has heavily affected the security and stability of the country’s energy situation. The transition to RE by strongly engaging in the implementation of several solar, wind, and hydro energy projects has made the country the leader in RE in Africa. These projects benefit from the country’s excellent solar and wind energy potential. As a consequence, by 2030, the share of RE in the installed capacity is expected to reach 52%. An overview of the current situation of RE (particularly solar energy) in Morocco is provided, including the potentials, obstacles, challenges, and future perspectives. Thanks to its high solar potential, it is predictable that Morocco’s effort will be focused on this field: the Erasmus plus INNOMED project is a virtuous example of international cooperation, aiming at promoting solar energy through capacity building and the creation of solar energy networks, in synergy with EU Partners.

Prediction of Suitable Habitat Distribution of Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis in the World and China under Climate Change.

Years of outbreaks of woody canker (Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis) in the United States, Iran, and China have resulted in massive economic losses to biological forests and fruit trees. However, only limited information is available on their distribution, and their habitat requirements have not been well evaluated due to a lack of research. In recent years, scientists have utilized the MaxEnt model to estimate the effect of global temperature and specific environmental conditions on species distribution. Using occurrence and high resolution ecological data, we predicted the spatiotemporal distribution of C. pullmanensis under twelve climate change scenarios by applying the MaxEnt model. We identified climatic factors, geography, soil, and land cover that shape their distribution range and determined shifts in their habitat range. Then, we measured the suitable habitat area, the ratio of change in the area of suitable habitat, the expansion and shrinkage of maps under climate change, the direction and distance of range changes from the present to the end of the twenty-first century, and the effect of environmental variables. C. pullmanensis is mostly widespread in high-suitability regions in northwestern China, the majority of Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkey, northern Chile, southwestern Argentina, and the west coast of California in the United States. Under future climatic conditions, climate changes of varied intensities favored the expansion of suitable habitats for C. pullmanensis in China. However, appropriate land areas are diminishing globally. The trend in migration is toward latitudes and elevations that are higher. The estimated area of possible suitability shifted eastward in China. The results of the present study are valuable not only for countries such as Morocco, Spain, Chile, Turkey, Kazakhstan, etc., where the infection has not yet fully spread or been established, but also for nations where the species has been discovered. Authorities should take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to restrict the spread of C. pullmanensis. Countries with highly appropriate locations should increase their surveillance, risk assessment, and response capabilities.

Estimation of Greenhouse Gases in The Agricultural Sector at Rice land of The Central of Food Production Zones in Merauke Regency

Merauke Regency is the main rice-producing center in the southern region of Papua and the largest rice contributor for the provinces of South Papua and Papua, with 55,674.75 hectares of paddy field area, 76 percent (42,387 hectares) of which located in three districts, namely Kurik, Semangga and Tanah Miring District. This study aims to inventory and estimate Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and scenarios for reducing GHG emissions in order to find the mitigation and adaptation methods. The sources of GHG emissions include CH4, CO2, and N2O. The data used for GHG estimation in the paddy field agricultural sector comes from primary and secondary data. The data analysis to determine the value of potential GHG emissions generated by the 2006 IPCC calculation method, based on the guidelines for GHG Calculation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. The analysis results shows that the total value of potential emissions (CH4 ) from the management of paddy fields produces 9,35 Gg CO2eq/year (264,5 Emisi CO2 e/tahun (Gg) CO2eq/year. The total potential value of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) emissions from the application of urea fertilizer on paddy fields produces 4.10 Gg CO2eq/year. Meanwhile, the total potential value of direct and indirect nitrous oxide gas (N2O) from soil management activities in paddy fields produces 39,15 and Emissions from incinerated straw 0,295 Gg CO2eq/year. Mitigation efforts can be applied by choosing the right and low emissions rice varieties, appropriate land and fertilizers management systems. Adaptation strategy can be carried out with innovative technology, namely a development system in the form of an integrated land management system.

Пространственно-временное распределение влажности и динамики эмиссии парниковых газов из верхних почвенных горизонтов в пойменных залежных землях Башмаковского района Пензенской области

In order to ensure the food security of our country, after more than 60 years since the experience of plowing virgin lands, the state decided to return to circulation lands that were abandoned for some reason and have not been used in agriculture in recent years. The uplift of deposits will contribute to the overall increase in acreage and partial removal of the "fatigue" of actively exploited arable lands by the introduction of innovative farming systems. When introducing fallow territories into agricultural circulation, it is necessary to take into account agroecological indicators of the soil, moisture saturation of the soil horizon, which directly affects land reclamation measures and land productivity, and it is also necessary to assess greenhouse gas emissions in order to control emissions that are provided for by the Climate Agenda. The work was carried out within the framework of the NCMU "Agrotechnologies of the Future" in the areas of "Research and development of new self-learning intelligent DSS for agroecological optimization of adaptive farming systems" and "Development and implementation of IoT systems for operational monitoring of effective fertility and ecological functions of soils". Keywords: FALLOW LANDS, GREENHOUSE GAS FLOWS, SOIL MOISTURE, RECLAIMED LANDS

ENERGY POLICIES OF POLAND AND THE EU: A SEARCH FOR CONVERGING INTERESTS

The strong dependence of Poland’s energy system on coal, as well as the relatively prominent role of the coal mining industry in the country’s economy, are features that distinguish the Polish economy from other EU states. Over the past decade and a half, EU countries have put forward increasingly stringent requirements for limiting greenhouse gas emissions in order to combat global climate change. Against this background, the Polish authorities tried to determine their own line within the Union. Using the example of Poland, we can see exactly how a country that differs sharply from other EU members in a number of important parameters is looking for opportunities to defend its interests, how Brussels and other member countries react to this. In addition, Warsaw is the object of their criticism not only for opposing climate plans, but also for violating the rule of law. The EU is inclined to link these subjects together, which may indicate the universalization of its approach to the existing contradictions. Nevertheless, Poland is able to effectively resist certain requirements of the EU energy policy, forming coalitions of countries concerned about its social consequences.

Influence of green technology, green energy consumption, energy efficiency, trade, economic development and FDI on climate change in South Asia

Climate change policy has several potential risks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of green technology development, green energy consumption, energy efficiency, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and trade (imports and exports) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Asia from 1981 to 2018. We employed Breusch Pagan LM, bias-corrected scaled LM, and Pesaran CD as part of a series of techniques that can assist in resolving the problem of cross-sectional dependence. First and second generation unit root tests are used to assess the stationarity of the series, Pedroni and Kao tests are used to test co-integration. The long-term associations are examined using fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and panel dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) for robustness. The results revealed that trade, growth rate, and exports significantly increase GHG emissions. This accepted the leakage phenomenon. The results also demonstrated that green technology development, green energy consumption, energy efficiency, and imports all have a significant negative correlation with GHG emissions. Imports, advanced technical processes, a transition from non-green energy to green energy consumption, and energy efficiency are thus critical components in executing climate change legislation. These findings highlight the profound importance of green technology development and green energy for ecologically sustainable development in the South Asian countries and act as a crucial resource for other nations throughout the world when it comes to ecological security. This research recommends the consumption of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technologies in order to mitigate climate change and the government's implementation of the most recent policies to neutralize GHG emissions in order to achieve sustainable development.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Salt-Affected Soils: Mechanistic Understanding of Interplay Factors and Reclamation Approaches

Salt-affected soils contain high levels of soluble salts (saline soil) and exchangeable sodium (alkali soil). Globally, about 932 million ha (Mha), including 831 Mha of agricultural land, is salt-affected. Salinity and sodicity adversely affect soil microbial diversity and enzymatic activities, and thereby carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. In this review article, we synthesize published information to understand the impact of salinity and sodicity on GHG production and emissions from salt-affected soils, and how various reclamation amendments (gypsum, phosphogypsum, organic manure, biochar, etc.) affect GHG emissions from reclaimed soils. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions are of greater concern due to their 298 and 28 times higher global warming potential, respectively, compared to carbon dioxide (CO2), on a 100-year time scale. Therefore, CO2 emissions are given negligible/smaller significance compared to the other two. Generally, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are higher at lower salinity and reduced at higher salinity mainly due to: (a) higher ammonification and lower nitrification resulting in a reduced substrate for denitrification; (b) reduced diversity of denitrifying bacteria lowered down microbial-mediated denitrification process; and (c) dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and denitrification processes compete with each other for common substrate/nitrate. Overall, methane (CH4) emissions from normal soils are higher than those of salt-affected soils. High salinity suppresses the activity of both methanogens (CH4 production) and methanotrophs (CH4 consumption). However, it imposes more inhibitory effects on methanogens than methanotrophs, resulting in lower CH4 production and subsequent emissions from these soils. Therefore, reclamation of these soils may enhance N2O and CH4 emissions. However, gypsum is the best reclamation agent, which significantly mitigates CH4 emissions from paddy cultivation in both sodic and non-sodic soils, and mitigation is higher at the higher rate of its application. Gypsum amendment increases sulfate ion concentrations and reduces CH4 emissions mainly due to the inhibition of the methanogenesis by the sulfate reductase bacteria and the enhancement of soil redox potential. Biochar is also good among the organic amendments mitigating both CH4 and N2O emission from salt-affected soils. The application of fresh organic matter and FYM enhance GHG emissions for these soils. This review suggests the need for systematic investigations for studying the impacts of various amendments and reclamation technologies on GHG emissions in order to develop low carbon emission technologies for salt-affected soil reclamation that can enhance the carbon sequestration potential of these soils.

ASSESSING CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND POSSIBLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION WITHIN THE DANUBE DELTA SOILS – PAST AND CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration generally occurs in wet ecosystems such as river flood plains and deltas. This paper deals with the carbon sequestration stock in the Danube Delta soils for various depths as based on the existing soil maps and updated materials and discusses about greenhouse gas emissions in order to enable evaluation of future evolution and possible scenarios in the light of global warming. Histosols represent about 28% of the Delta area and contribute with over 55% to the total SOC pool of this ecosystem. The histic subtypes of the Subaquatic Fluvisols, Gleysols and Arenosols also contribute much more to the total SOC pool than the non-histic subtypes. The large and significant SOC differences between mineral and organic soils is a strong reason for preservation of Histosolsʼ area and for renaturation of some less fertile soils from the lowest parts of Danube Delta in order to increase SOC and decrease atmospheric C. Only about 14.5% from the total Danube Delta area was taken for farming, mainly in its western part, where mineral soils or subtypes of organic soils occur. Histosols are especially situated in the maritime, eastern parts of the Delta ecosystem. In cropland areas the soil depth that is mobilized by plowing, disking or other works and from where the plants uptake water and nutrients is at least 0.5 m, and for some crops even from 1.0 m or below. The present paper deals with various soil depths for SOC referenced values, facilitating their use in specific estimation models. Policy makers, decision makers and opinion-formers should promote preservation of the natural landscape of the Delta under the best possible conditions to contribute to an increase in SOC stock. Maintaining the natural SOC stock at the present-day level and enhancing new organic C deposition in the renatured parts of Delta soils could contribute to global warming mitigation in the future. If global warming continues at the present rate or higher rates, the soil water regime will change reflecting the dynamics of sea level rising. This event will most probably accelerate peat formation and increase Histosol area in the lowest landforms across the Delta. Future research is needed for characteristic stationary sites specifically in the cropland area of the Danube Delta to deepen our knowledge regarding the dynamics of SOC.

Proposed scenario of low carbon development from waste sector in West Papua

The increasing of population and economic growth, urbanization, development progress and living standard has accelerated the rate and amount of waste generation. Waste is a serious problem of a worldwide concern because of its impact on environmental pollution, health and flood disasters in some drainages and rivers. Proper waste management is needed to reduce or prevent its negative impacts. For this reason, it is necessary to identify the types of waste and their potential to produce greenhouse gas emissions in order to obtain an accurate picture in an effort to formulate policies and strategies for reducing GHG emissions. The method used was thinking system and dynamic system by looking at the BAU scenario, 29%, 41% and 44% emission reduction. Based on the model of the dynamics system, a new scenario is needed through the intervention of waste processing by 3R at TPS and TPA, applying aerobic composting, methane capture and incineration.

Tribological Assessment of Marine Distillate Fuels under a Variant HFRR Method

Maritime transport has a vital role in world economy. Its efficiency depends on the effective trade, transport facilitation, low cost of customs and the integration of new technologies for sustainable operation. However, the con-temporary demands have turned shipping industry into an emerging air pollutant with significant share to the global climate change problem. The industry is growing rapidly and it needs to lower greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute towards the valuable effort for net zero emissions by 2050. A milestone to the ambitious strategy of decarbonization is the use of low or zero sulphur fuels that will contribute to the development of viable zero-emission vessels by 2030. Netherless the introduction of low-sulphur marine gasoils in the global fuel supply chain is accompanied by a huge range of side effects related to their storage, combustion, ignition and lubricity. The objective of the study is the evaluation of the lubricity of different marine distillate fuels with the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) test, either by following the primary conditions defined by ISO 12156-1 standard or by modifying them. The ultimate goal is the accurate and reliable assessment of their lubricating capacity so as to identify the challenges related to it, on time.

ВЛИЯНИЕ УГЛЕРОДНОГО НАЛОГА ЕС НА ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ РОССИЙСКИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

The article presents the results of a study of the opportunities and threats of cross-border carbon regulation for importers of products to EU countries. The goals and objectives of the "Green Course" of Europe are considered; methods used to reduce the level of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The mechanism of cross-border tax collection, the scheme of formation of the payment rate correlating with the price of the greenhouse gas emissions quota (ETS) is analyzed in detail. The emphasis is placed on the possible protectionist nature of the proposed EU initiative, the arguments in favor of this argument are given. Special attention is paid to the impact of TUN on the activities of Russian enterprises, the costs that can potentially arise when paying a "green" tax are calculated. The options for creating a national system of carbon regulation in the Russian Federation are studied, an experiment on achieving carbon neutrality in the Sakhalin Region is given as an example. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that domestic enterprises need to adapt to global trends in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to gain competitive advantages and find new markets in the long term. However, risks and high financial costs should be taken into account, and Russia's energy security should be preserved.

Isotopic signatures of methane emissions from tropical fires, agriculture and wetlands: the MOYA and ZWAMPS flights.

We report methane isotopologue data from aircraft and ground measurements in Africa and South America. Aircraft campaigns sampled strong methane fluxes over tropical papyrus wetlands in the Nile, Congo and Zambezi basins, herbaceous wetlands in Bolivian southern Amazonia, and over fires in African woodland, cropland and savannah grassland. Measured methane δ13CCH4 isotopic signatures were in the range −55 to −49‰ for emissions from equatorial Nile wetlands and agricultural areas, but widely −60 ± 1‰ from Upper Congo and Zambezi wetlands. Very similar δ13CCH4 signatures were measured over the Amazonian wetlands of NE Bolivia (around −59‰) and the overall δ13CCH4 signature from outer tropical wetlands in the southern Upper Congo and Upper Amazon drainage plotted together was −59 ± 2‰. These results were more negative than expected. For African cattle, δ13CCH4 values were around −60 to −50‰. Isotopic ratios in methane emitted by tropical fires depended on the C3 : C4 ratio of the biomass fuel. In smoke from tropical C3 dry forest fires in Senegal, δ13CCH4 values were around −28‰. By contrast, African C4 tropical grass fire δ13CCH4 values were −16 to −12‰. Methane from urban landfills in Zambia and Zimbabwe, which have frequent waste fires, had δ13CCH4 around −37 to −36‰. These new isotopic values help improve isotopic constraints on global methane budget models because atmospheric δ13CCH4 values predicted by global atmospheric models are highly sensitive to the δ13CCH4 isotopic signatures applied to tropical wetland emissions. Field and aircraft campaigns also observed widespread regional smoke pollution over Africa, in both the wet and dry seasons, and large urban pollution plumes. The work highlights the need to understand tropical greenhouse gas emissions in order to meet the goals of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, and to help reduce air pollution over wide regions of Africa.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)'.

From Covid “today” to low-carbon “tomorrow”: analysis of foreign forecasts for the development of world energy

The article is devoted to the analysis of forecasts of the world energy development made recently (from September 2020 to May 2021) by the world’s leading analytical centers, taking into account “the new reality” – the coronavirus pandemic. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the development of the world economy and energy consumption and the estimates of its consequences on long-term global economic growth made in various forecasts and prognostic studies are considered. It is shown that the priority of most of the prognostic estimates of the world consumption of primary energy resources made by the world’s leading analytical centers in recent years is a sharp reduction in CO2 emissions by energy and stabilization of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in order to prevent negative climate changes on our planet. A conditional classification of scenarios for the prospective development of global energy is given, depending on the ideology that is embedded in them, an analysis of the fulfilled forecasts is given. It is concluded that Russian research structures need to develop their own similar forecasts.

A Reviuw: Sustainable Livestock Development in Indonesia

The population of Indonesia in 2021 is about 273 million people. The increasing population is followed by an increase in food needs, including animal food. The area of land as a base of food production does not increase, even tends to decrease due to conversion, abrasion, and submerged seawater as a result of global warming and climate change, as well as the declining quality of natural resources. Animal protein consumption in Indonesia is very low and is expected to increase sharply as the income of the population continues to increase. Anticipating this, it is necessary to prepare a medium- and long-term farm development strategy in a sustainable manner by utilizing the availability of local resources. Exploring the genetic resources of livestock that are efficient in the use of feed, should also be able to utilize feed materials in the form of crop byproducts and agricultural industries. This policy should be supported by technological innovation and sustainable productivity and livestock production. Can save natural resources while reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to realize the concept of green economy.

Evaluation of cattail characteristics as an invasive wetland plant and biomass usage management for biogas generation

The fossil fuel-based linear economy has many severe drawbacks, including the need for energy security and the resulting environmental degradation. In a new cycle of the bio-economy that is becoming increasingly important, biomass waste has been used to generate energy while reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The growth of renewable energy will be substantial in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve the ambitious goal of becoming carbon neutral by the mid-century. It appears that using anaerobic digestion technology to produce methane-rich biogas from biomass has a great deal of potential in this scenario. The cattail fresh and dry biomass substrate with pig wastes as inoculum was tested for biogas production. Cattail's highly complex lignocellulosic structures make it challenging to decompose as a biogas substrate. Alkaline pretreatment is one of the efficient tools in solubilizing lignin. As a result, chemical pretreatment of biomass (2 % sodium hydroxide) was a unique method for increasing biogas generation by reducing complex polymers of lignocellulosic materials into simpler molecules that microorganisms could digest. The fresh and dry biomass substrate added fermenter was produced with 57% and 60% methane, respectively.

GHG Emissions Mitigation in the European Union Based on Labor Market Changes

The effects of the labor market on environmental issues are an actual problem at the global level, and recommendations are required to achieve equilibrium between labor productivity and environmental protection. Considering the ecological limits of work and the necessity of reducing the working time to mitigate GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, this paper aims to assess the impact of the labor market on GHG emissions in the EU-28 countries. Using panel data models for 2007–2019, a positive effect of working time for employed persons on GHG emissions was detected. Labor productivity has a positive impact on emissions for most of the developed countries in the EU (old member states), while the effect is negative in the case of most of the new member states, which suggests that more efforts should be made by old member states to correlate labor productivity with a sustainable level of GHG emissions. As a novelty for research in the field, we assessed also the effect of targeted labor utilization on GHG emissions in order to describe the context of a sustainable economy that is an objective for each country in the EU. These results suggest that progress in GHG emissions mitigation might be achieved by reducing the working time for employed persons, which will also improve well-being. These recommendations could be useful also for other developed countries outside the EU that encounter the same difficulties.

Relevance of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms and Their Derived Compounds, in the Face of Climate Change

Climate change has already affected food security in many parts of the world, and this situation will worsen if nothing is done to combat it. Unfortunately, agriculture is a meaningful driver of climate change, through greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogen-based fertilizer, methane from animals and animal manure, as well as deforestation to obtain more land for agriculture. Therefore, the global agricultural sector should minimize greenhouse gas emissions in order to slow climate change. The objective of this review is to point out the various ways plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) can be used to enhance crop production amidst climate change challenges, and effects of climate change on more conventional challenges, such as: weeds, pests, pathogens, salinity, drought, etc. Current knowledge regarding microbial inoculant technology is discussed. Pros and cons of single inoculants, microbial consortia and microbial compounds are discussed. A range of microbes and microbe derived compounds that have been reported to enhance plant growth amidst a range of biotic and abiotic stresses, and microbe-based products that are already on the market as agroinputs, are a focus. This review will provide the reader with a clearer understanding of current trends in microbial inoculants and how they can be used to enhance crop production amidst climate change challenges.

The impact of urbanization on Austria’s carbon footprint

Urbanization is one of the factors contributing globally to greenhouse gas emissions. Its impact however is not homogeneous across countries. Some studies show that urban populations have a higher carbon footprint due to higher consumption levels, whereas other research suggests that higher population density decreases energy demands and the associated emissions. Due to the importance of collecting in-depth evidence for countries and regions on a case-by-case basis, this article investigates the impact of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions for Austria as supporting empirical evidence for a high-income economy. The study particularly unpacks profiles of carbon footprints for more than 8000 households located according to three different levels of urbanization: urban, semi-urban and rural. Findings reveal that urban residents in Austria have the lowest Carbon Footprint (CF) of the three groups; this is followed by rural and then semi-urban residents. Overall, the study highlights that urbanization in Austria may represent a relative reduction of emissions in the future due to more compact cities, which should be considered along with other drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve national and European climate targets.

Sustainable energy development in the major power-generating countries of the European Union: The Pinch Analysis

In the European Union, the 2020 Climate & Energy Package and 2030 Climate & Energy Framework envisaged gains in energy efficiency and reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions in order to ensure sustainable development of the economy. However, the European Union Member States differ in their energy systems and level of economic development. In this context, the paper seeks to identify the possible outcomes of increase in the production of cleaner energy in the major European Union countries. This provides evidence on the possible energy-mix across different European Union Member States. The study applied the Pinch Analysis in order to identify the energy-mix for electricity generation which corresponds to the goal of the GHG emission reduction of major electricity producers in Europe taking into account the possible promotion of the different types of RES. The countries chosen for the analysis include Poland, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, France and Sweden. The carried out Pinch Analysis revealed the possible pathways for increasing the penetration of specific types of renewables in selected countries which may lead to GHG emission reduction.

China no âmbito da mudança climática. Negociações exteriores e políticas domésticas

El cambio climático, derivado del creciente calentamiento global, ya se siente en diversas partes del planeta. La cooperación entre los Estados es necesaria para que las emisiones de gases del efecto invernadero disminuyan, controlando el aumento de la temperatura global. Las negociaciones sobre cambio climático presentaban la división entre países desarrollados y en desarrollo, sustituida por el nuevo modelo en París 2015. China es actor central en las negociaciones y el mayor emisor global. Las emisiones chinas se derivan en mayor medida del sector de energía, basado en el carbón y en el petróleo. El país indicó sus metas voluntarias en Copenhague 2009, lo que es entendido como evolución en su política climática. En el año 2015, antes de la cop 21, el país comunicó la Intención Nacional Designada (ndc), reducción de intensidad de emisiones entre el 60 % y el 65 % en relación con el año 2005, y un 20 % de la matriz energética basada en energía renovable, ambas hasta el año 2030. El cambio climático recibió atención en las políticas domésticas chinas, sobretodo en la reformulación de la matriz energética. El país apoya el principio de la responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada, para mantener su política externa climática. El riesgo del cambio climático está presente en el país, que adoptó a partir de 2007 políticas nacionales sobre el clima. El objetivo del artículo es realizar el levantamiento de las acciones de China sobre cambio climático, tanto en el ámbito interno como internacional, en el período hasta el Acuerdo de París 2015.