A Reviuw: Sustainable Livestock Development in Indonesia

Achieving dietary micronutrient adequacy in a finite world

A brief review is made of theoretical and practical propositions for more sustainable livestock production (meat and milk). An Organic Livestock Conversion Index (OLCI) was developed to evaluate the level of approximation of Livestock Production Units (LPU) to the organic model. Organic practices such as crop rotation, use of cover crops, mechanical and manual weed control, and recycling of manure reduce soil erosion and pest problems and generally allow for avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which - along with the substitution of nitrogen fertilizer with legumes and/or manure – reduces energy use in organic systems. Furthermore, practices by LPU contribute to sustainable livestock production by means of minimal use of chemical fertilizers in pastures; adding nutrients to the soil solely by cattle depositing manure during grazing, manual weed control, use of silvopastoral systems, and energy efficiency by the farmers. The approximation of the LPU to organic production, the use of organic practices, Silvopastoral Systems and more energy efficiency demonstrate the potential of organic livestock farms for contributing to more sustainable production as compared to conventional livestock production.

Spatial decision support system for planning sustainable livestock production

Improved standards of living in the world are expected to double the demand for livestock products by 2050. Meanwhile, anthropogenic climate change is threatening sustainable agriculture and livestock production by causing anomalies in temperature, rainfall, carbon dioxide levels, irrigation water availability, and other crucial plant growth factors. It has profound impacts on the food supply and livelihood of struggling economies because they have limited resources, abilities, and technologies to adapt to the austerities. There is a need to develop coherent fodder crop adaptation and climate change mitigation strategies to ensure sustainable livestock production and world food security. Forage quality, an essential factor to fulfill the nutritional requirements of livestock, is significantly affected by erratic rainfall and temperature variability, whose impact is predicted to be appalling at the end of the 21st century. Precision agriculture can develop a resilient global dairy industry by underpinning economically and environmentally sustainable crop production systems. Precision agriculture strategies ensure judicious and timely application of resources and cultivation practices for sustainable and quality fodder production. Incorporating the latest scientific techniques and reliable data in livestock-based agricultural systems is indispensable for the success of a diversified fodder production system. It improves growers' management ability by tailoring decisions both spatially and temporally. Reliable data and the incorporation of artificial techniques have paved the way for sustainable livestock of the future. However, at present, adoption of precision agriculture strategies is geographically uneven. However, it is predicted that new technologies will be adopted depending upon their effectiveness in using the region's scarce productive resources. It is a whole-farm management approach encompassing information technology, satellite positioning, remote sensing, and proximal data utilization. These must be adopted to optimize return on input while reducing potential impact on the environment.

Crop-livestock is a form of land use system whereby livestock husbandry and cropping are practiced in association. The production system safeguards ecosystem balance and assures sustainable production; besides, the production system does not impact on the environment negatively. The burgeoning human population globally has increased the spate of food insecurity and malnutrition especially in the developing countries. There is therefore an urgent need for a better, efficient and sustainable production system capable of providing both crop and animal products for the teeming human population. Crop-livestock integrated production system seems to provide opportunity for the production and supply of food of both crop and animal origin without detrimental impact on the fragile environment. In this integrated system, crop and livestock interact to create synergy that allows ecosystem balance and sustainable production intensification. In this chapter, comprehensive documentation of the concept, principles, and practices of crop – livestock production system have been made. Also, the importance of this integrated production system on ecosystem balance and sustainable crop and livestock production have been presented.

Keep sustainable livestock production without Grassland degradation: Future cultivated pasture development simulation based on agent-based model

The 7th ASEAN Regional Conference on Animal Production (ARCAP) 2023 was held on October 20 – 23, 2023 with a theme of Food Security Across ASEAN Region: Sustaining Livestock Production and Health and a subtheme of Food Security and Livestock Health and Production, Especially Surrounding the Southeast Asia Region. The present conference was initiated by Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), The Malaysian Society of Animal Production (MSAP) and Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM).The conference covered eight major topics in the related fields such as (i) Sustainable livestock & feed production, (ii) Food/Feed security, (iii) Animal nutrition & feeding, (iv) Farm management, (v) Animal health and welfare, and (vi) Animal breeding & genetics, (vii) Animal & feed biotechnology, (viii) Livestock social economy.Considering the growing number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia and other nations, which have a substantial influence on our work culture, social gatherings, and travel limitations, the committee decided to hold as a hybrid conference. Opening ceremony followed by presentation by invited speakers was done offline in Universitas Sumatera Utara Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Growth Triangle (IMTGT) Room. All Parallel Presentation was carried out online from Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara.Notable invited speakers presented the current issue and challenge in their respective field of studies. Special thanks to Prof. Anjas A Samsudin from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Prof. Max H. Shelton from University of Queensland, Australia; Dr. Peregrino G. Duran from Central Luzon State University, Philippines; Dr. Nurzainah Ginting from Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia; Dr. Yuan Yu-Lin from National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Dr. Parsaoran Silalahi from Universitas HKBP Nommensen, Indonesia and Dr. Desianto B. Utomo from Indonesian Feedmills Association (IFMA), Indonesia.We received 40 papers in total through the online submission system for abstract (https://ocs.usu.ac.id/arcap2023/arcap2023) and Morressier as conference submission management system for full papers from several countries in which were accepted for presentation. Selected papers (40 articles) will be published in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences by IOP Publishing (Bristol, UK). We hope that the publication will aider either academic or farmers surround Southeast Asia Region in relating with Animal Husbandry.Finally, the organizing committee would like to express our most profound appreciation to Directorate of Research, Technology and Community Service, Ministry Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia, Rector of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Vice-Rectors, Dean and Vice Deans of Faculty of Agriculture, Nusantara Plantation Limited Company 2, Charoen Pokphand Limited Company, Indoneia for their support and cooperation during the conference. We also extended our sincere appreciation to the whole 7th ARCAP 2023 organizing committee for their enthusiastic participation, diligent labor, and constructive collaboration for 7th Arcap 2023. We hope to see you again at the next 8th ARCAP 2025 event in the meanwhile.List of Organizing Committee is available in this Pdf.

Transitioning toward sustainable agriculture production is key in achieving sustainable development goals. However, quantifying the sustainability status of current agricultural mix and figuring out a future sustainable crop and livestock production mix that is nutritionally adequate, low in environmental impact and profitable to farmers, is a formidable challenge for any country. Here through a case-study on Indian agriculture, we demonstrate the application of a framework to first characterize the current agricultural mix by comparing 31 sustainability indicators with respective benchmarks across nutrition (social), environment and economic dimensions in each of the 36 Indian states. Next, we demonstrate the application of mathematical optimization algorithms to calculate the sustainable production mix in each state with the objective of maximizing the farmers’ profit under the constraint that the total national agricultural production meets the nutritional requirements of population without exceeding the current environmental footprint levels. Characterization results show that India does not produce enough of certain micronutrients (vitamin-E, and choline) and the carbon, nitrogen and freshwater footprints exceed their planetary boundaries while the farmers’ income remains below national targets. Optimization algorithm generated the sustainable production amounts of 138 crop and livestock items in each state and showed that fruits, vegetables, legumes, and oilseeds production needs to increase by 50%–100% while the cereals production amounts need to reduce to 50% of current levels in India. This will result in an increase in farmer’s income by 25% on average, fulfil the nutritional requirements of population and reduce the environmental footprint by 10%. Our approach can act as a template for other countries in collecting necessary data on sustainability indicators and determining optimum crop and livestock mix.

With nearly one-third of the UK’s total consumption of energy devoted to the domestic household sector, sustainable housing developments have an important part to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to combat climate change. This study analyses a sustainable housing development in the city of Nottingham in the United Kingdom that takes the form not merely of a sustainable housing project, but rather an experiment in developing sustainable communities. In terms of green or eco-innovation, it incorporates innovations in housing design geared to curbing the demand for energy; technological innovations in energy supply centred on a novel community energy system; and innovations in the governance models employed. The scheme is notable for the novel public–private partnership carrying out the development, which specializes in developments characterized by an emphasis on quality urban design and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.

Simple SummaryDue to the increase in global demand for animal-derived products, it is essential to make livestock production more ethical and sustainable. This review focuses on the welfare of small ruminants in the context of climate change and heat stress. High temperatures negatively impact animals’ health, reproduction, and productivity. Precision livestock farming technologies, including sensors and automated systems, can detect in real time early signs of stress or disease and milk quality, allowing faster responses for predicting animal welfare. However, considering that animal responses to heat are complex, future models should include several environmental and physiological factors, such as wind, solar radiation, and body temperature measured with wearable or contact-free sensors. Integrating these data into automated systems could enable continuous monitoring and support timely interventions, such as nutritional adjustments or cooling strategies. Overall, combining climate adaptation, welfare management, and advanced digital tools offers a pathway toward more ethical, sustainable, and resilient livestock production systems.In recent years, animal welfare has become a high priority in livestock production systems owing to the pressure to balance environmental sustainability, productivity, and ethics as demand continues to grow. This review presents the latest advances in small ruminant welfare, with emphasis on the effects of climate change, the main new innovative managerial and husbandry methods, and the use of precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies. In the first part, this review will examine how climate change is already re-shaping environmental and physiological conditions for farmed sheep and goats, with rising heat stress and negative impacts on both productive and reproductive performance. Secondly, more recent advances in small ruminant management will be presented, including improved housing systems, nutritional strategies, and behavioral monitoring, aimed at enhancing animal resilience and performance. Finally, particular focus will be given to the use of PLF tools for assessing milk quality and monitoring animal welfare. Evidence suggests that real-time monitoring technologies and sensor systems can accurately capture physiological and production parameters and provide an early sign of stress or health issues. Overall, the findings suggest that an integrated approach, combining climate adaptation strategies, welfare management, and the integration of precision technologies can serve as a key driver toward more ethical, sustainable, and resilient livestock production systems.

Livestock is a dominant agricultural activity in Sub Saharan Africa, which is generally considered a key asset for most rural population and contribute to the livelihoods and nutrition of purely subsistence households. This discussion is a synthesis of possible strategies to consider for sustaianble livestock production, focusing on issues of climate change, gender, smallholder livestock support and use of indigenous knowledge systems, and how these may influence livestock production. There are many measures which need to be explored with the aim of making the livestock systems become driving forces of sustainable agricultural development. One of the major factors responsible for the declining livestock productivity in the region is the relegation to the background of the contributions of women in the issues of livestock production. On the other hand, climate change and variability is now widely regarded as the most serious challenge facing Sub Saharan Africa, with consequences that go far beyond the effects on the environment, hence affecting most communities indiscriminately. Despite the negative impact of climate change on livestock production and biodiversity conservation, poor resources peasant famers are incentivized to engage in these activities because of the wide spectrum of benefits accrued, such as cash income, food, manure, draft power and hauling services, savings and insurance, and social status and social capital. Since time immemmorial, indigenous livestock knowledge systems have been used in smallholder livestock farming sector, while strengthening livestock productivity. These are some of the key aspects in promoting livestock development, through economically and socially empowering local communities, and consequently providing a way to enable rural communities to break the cycle of poverty. In this discussion, some of the strategic steps that can be adopted for future sustainable livestock production, include and not limited to the following: promotion of gender equality and equity in livestock production systems in terms of equal access to livestock productive resources, boosting climate change mitigation startegies, and empowering women in livestock production decision making.

Global warming caused by climate change can increase heat stress and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to food problems and livestock crises. Thus, pre-emptive responses are required to mitigate the food problems and livestock crises. The potential of a livestock crisis caused by global warming highlights the need for sustainable livestock production in response to climate change using a farm animal algorithm in order to address the population increase and avoid food problems in the future. In particular, the demand for animal-based foods has increased. Such a climate change threatens the livestock environment, production, reproductive efficiency, animal behaviour and welfare, while increasing the heat stress, livestock malodours, and GHG emissions. For these reasons, it is necessary to understand the concurrent mechanisms related to these effects of global warming, animal nutrition, animal feeding and management, animal heat stress and in ovo injection, and carbon neutral livestock. Climate-smart livestock systems are being implemented to overcome the livestock crisis caused by climate change and to maintain sustainable livestock production. This review emphasises the importance of sustainable livestock production using farm animal algorithms in response to a future livestock crisis caused by climate change in 2050.

Reproductive biotechnology encompasses powerful tools to enhance the efficiency and profitability of livestock reproduction, production, and product quality. These technologies include genomic selection, evaluation of semen (from bulls, bucks, and rams) using advanced cell and molecular technologies, semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination, estrus synchronization, superovulation of the females (cows, dams, and ewes), ovum pick-up, in vitro fertilization and embryo culture, embryo transfer, and pregnancy detection. The extent of applications of these modern technologies and their economic impacts for livestock production in Turkey are elusive. As a result, there is an urgent need for sound economic analyses, research and education, training of animal producers to facilitate technology transfer, and informing of the public of the benefits of animal biotechnology. The objective of this study was to provide a review of key reproductive technologies and economic analyses of them, followed by an outlook on the future production of cattle, goats, and sheep in Turkey. This review is an important resource for students, researchers, and producers for a better understanding and for the application of cutting-edge biotechnology in efficient, sustainable, and profitable livestock production.

In the very recent history of livestock and animal production, the genetic intervention has become not just important but also very necessary. To achieve sustainable livestock production, it must be economically viable, environmentally sound, and socially acceptable. Keys to ensuring this include management planning, feed formulation, animal fertility, price incentives, and government policies, among others. The various ways genetic modifications have been employed to improve productivity in this sector start at the choice of the method of gene introduction, breed selection, breed combination, cross breeding, and management strategy. The basic available, reliable, and achievable biotechnology methods in livestock production that have revolutionized livestock production include artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), in vitro fertilization (IVF), assisted reproductive technology (ART), and estrous synchronization. There are however constraints to the application of these biotechnological methods. Technological innovations geared at improving animal production and increased availability of animal protein especially in Nigeria are not readily available to the end-users. Several factors ranging from the cost of technology, government policies, adoption of technology, diseases, and environmental factors could be attributed to the constraints in the use of new technological advancements. Reducing these constraints will drastically increase and sustain livestock productivity in Nigeria.

Background: Globally, safeguarding food and nutritional security of ever increasing population demands sustainable crop and livestock production. While urbanization, decrease in cultivable land and stiff feed-fuel-food competition accompanied with skyrocketing price of conventional feedstuffs hinders the sustainable livestock production. Hence, it necessitates search and exploration of alternative feed resources along with judicious utilization of existing feed resources. In this context, Cashew nut meal (CNM) is one such alternative feed resource but the studies pertaining to its optimum level of inclusion in animal diet is scanty. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the effect of incorporating varying levels of cashew nut meal (CNM) as a supplement on in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics and digestibility. Methods: Seven distinct compounded feed mixtures (CFM) were formulated, with CNM progressively replacing 0 (C0), 10 (C1), 20 (C2), 30 (C3), 40 (C4), 50 (C5), and 60 (C6) per cent of the soybean meal (SBM) protein present in the control CFM. Additionally, seven experimental complete diets (T0 to T6) were prepared by blending these CFM with Super Napier (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum glaucum) hay in a 40:60 ratio. These diets were subjected to rumen in vitro gas production (RIVGP) study with cumulative gas production measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h post-incubation. Subsequently, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of the diets were determined using a modified in vitro two-stage technique. Later, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) were estimated using gas chromatography. Result: Analysis of chemical composition revealed that CNM contains good protein of 256.5 g/kg. The potential gas production (D) and the rate and extent of gas production (c) for diets containing CNM ranged from 54.63 to 60.24 mL and 0.036 to 0.043 h-1, respectively. IVTDMD and NDFD analysis of the seven diets fell within the range of 79.12% to 80.80% and 64.72% to 66.47%, respectively. The estimated TVFA for seven diets ranged from 17.87 to 23.65 mM. Further, the metabolisable energy (ME) of diets ranged from 7.89 to 8.08 MJ/kg DM. Importantly, no significant differences were observed in rumen fermentation kinetics parameters, IVTDMD, NDFD and TVFA among treatments (T0 to T6). In conclusion, cashew nut meal could be used as an alternative to soybean meal in compounded feed mixtures of ruminants up to 30% (w/w) without any adverse effect on rumen fermentation pattern and digestibility.