Biomass Plants for Electric Generation. The prospects for generating electricity from biomass are highly promising. On a global scale, approximately 146 billion metric tons of biomass are produced annually, mainly from the cultivation of wild plants. In developing countries, biomass constitutes 35% of primary energy consumption, contributing to a total of 14% of global primary energy consumption. Harnessing biomass for future energy production holds significant potential in terms of affordability, sustainability, and aiding nations in achieving their targets for greenhouse gas emission reduction. Biomass refers to natural, plant-based material that can be transformed into various types of energy. It is abundantly available and can be grown in a wide range of environments. Biomass has been traditionally used for direct heating purposes and has a track record of longstanding use. It is the sole source of renewable energy for electricity generation through combustion. Due to these factors, biomass has garnered considerable interest as a potential replacement for fossil fuels. In this research we will be using Weight Sum Method (WSM). We have taken as the alternative parameter: 2015,2016 ,2017,2018,2019 and respectively. We have taken as the Evaluation Parameters: Coconut (mt), husk (mt), energy (pj), shell (mt). From the result it is seen that Candidate2 is got the first rank where as is the Candidate4 is having the lowest rank.

U.S. hospitals generate considerable food waste, contributing to environmental degradation strategies. This study evaluated the feasibility, impact, and perception of a novel composting program implemented at Rhode Island Hospital over six months beginning in December 2024. Compostable waste bins were installed in the cafeteria with educational signage. Surveys assessing composting knowledge, attitudes, and roles in waste management were distributed to staff, patients, and administrators. Collected food waste was transported to Bootstrap Compost, which provided daily weight data used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions reductions, compare composting with landfill disposal costs, and project annual outcomes. Over the study period, 490.6 kg of food waste were diverted from landfills, corresponding to a reduction of 0.35 metric tons of CO2-equivalent emissions. While composting was more expensive than landfill disposal ($6.45/kg vs. $0.24/kg), cost neutrality could be achieved with diversion rates at or above 116 kg per day. Surveys revealed strong support for composting but limited awareness of its relevance to healthcare's environmental footprint. Respondents suggested improvements in education, signage, and infrastructure. This program demonstrated how hospital-based composting initiatives align with healthcare institutions' environmental stewardship goals while highlighting financial and logistical challenges relevant for pilot-scale efforts.

The annual nitrogen (N) production from livestock manure is comparable to that of synthetic N fertilizers used globally in croplands. Despite its recognized value for crop nutrition, current inefficient manure application contributes ∼10% to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Addressing this challenge, we investigated semiliquid manure slurry, which in some regions provides up to half of the N supplied to crops. Using meta-analysis and machine learning methodology, we predicted agricultural and environmental impacts of slurry use in different climate scenarios based on 1952 paired observations in global field experiments. Current suboptimal uses of slurry generate 7% (0.1 Tg N) higher nitrous oxide emissions than synthetic fertilizers. Under future warming scenarios and without optimization, these emissions are projected to increase by an additional 3-5% (∼0.2 Tg N) and total noncarbon dioxide (CO2) GHG emissions by 30% (600 Tg CO2 equivalents year-1). Current evidence identifies the combination of subsurface slurry application and nitrification inhibitors as an effective optimization strategy. This strategy may reduce non-CO2 GHG emissions by 30%, equivalent to an 8% reduction in the total agricultural GHG emissions. We estimated that this optimization, combined with a favorable slurry N-to-total N ratio, has the technological potential to increase global cereal production by up to 20% and restore organic carbon stocks in topsoil by 5% (3400 Tg carbon). Thus, optimizing slurry use should be a priority, as it contributes to climate change mitigation, food security, and soil fertility.

The impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction on firm financial performance is increasingly contested in prior research and there remains a lack of agreement regarding this relationship. This highlights the unanswered question of whether environmental protection investment pays off. This study investigates the association between greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and firm financial performance of 58 high-polluting companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The study employed a two-step system generalized method of moment (SGMM) to analyse the relationship between GHG emissions and firm financial performance. Our study reports no statistical association between greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction initiatives and firm financial performance of high-polluting companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. This paper recommends that firms in high polluting intensify carbon emission reduction initiatives as a long-term investment that can improve competitive advantage and resilience to greenhouse gas emission related risks. We suggest that tax incentives and supportive regulatory mechanisms to offset the short-term financial costs associated with adoption of carbon emission reduction strategies to align firm pollution abatement practices with sustainable development goals.

Polyethylene is the most used plastic in the world, and over 90% of this plastic is ultimately disposed of in landfills or released into the environment, leading to severe ecological implications. In this research, the technoeconomic feasibility of upcycling low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to produce ethylene is studied. The catalytic conversion of LDPE to ethylene is considered in microwave heating mode and Joule heating mode. Experimental data is obtained under conditions where most of the upcycled products are in the gas phase. A flowsheet is developed that produces industrial quantities of ethylene for both heating modes. A technoeconomic analysis and a life cycle analysis are conducted and compared with the traditional ethane cracking process for producing ethylene. Simulation results indicate that the upcycling system exhibits a lower capital expenditure and a comparable operating expenditure relative to conventional ethane steam cracking while generating additional valuable co-products, such as propylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, leading to a higher net present value potential. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the electricity price has the most significant impact on both the net present value and levelized cost of production, followed by the low-density polyethylene feedstock cost. Life-cycle assessment reveals a substantial reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions in the upcycled process compared to the fossil-based ethane steam-cracking route, primarily due to the use of renewable electricity, the lower reaction temperature that reduces utility demand, and the use of plastic waste as the feedstock. Overall, the proposed process demonstrates strong potential for the sustainable production of ethylene from waste LDPE.

Agriculture, forestry, and other land use contribute about a fifth of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Mitigation efforts have emphasized “decoupling” that sustains production while lowering emissions per unit of output. However, the underlying decoupling mechanisms have not been fully characterized. We rely on a mathematical identity to decompose agricultural GHG emission growth () into three parts: output (), emissions per unit of input (), and output per unit of input () or total factor productivity (TFP). We then rely on official country-level data to quantify the historical contribution of these components. Over 1961 to 2021, we find that TFP growth—which captures the sector’s ability to produce more output per unit of measured input—has consistently remained one of the main sources of GHG emission reduction within farms. Further decomposition reveals a key role for rising land productivity in reducing emission intensity.

Diet plays a significant role in shaping climate change, as food production accounts for a large proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions. Animal farming, particularly beef farming, generates a high carbon and water footprint, requiring large amounts of feed, energy, and water. In contrast, a diet based on plant-based products - such as vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains - is much less burdensome on the environment. In response to these challenges, experts from EAT-Lancet have proposed a so-called planetary diet that combines health and climate goals. It involves reducing meat and sugar consumption by half and increasing the share of plant-based products in the daily menu. The latest available literature in this field was analyzed and a standard diet was compared with a planetary diet in order to estimate the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from changes in dietary patterns. Climate change undoubtedly affects food production, availability, nutritional quality, and microbiological safety. Rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, and extreme weather events lead to reduced yields and contribute to more frequent malnutrition among humans. An integrated approach to food and climate policy is needed, based on sound scientific evidence, supporting both human health and the ecological stability of the planet.

As technology shifts toward more environmentally friendly alternatives, future heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in Canada are expected to transition away from natural gas heating to electrical heating. However, a relatively rapid large-scale shift from natural gas to electricity will pose issues for utilities and consumers. In order to smooth the transition from a natural gas-dominated space heating infrastructure to an electrically powered heat pump, an intermediary solution is needed to allow society to transition efficiently and cost-effectively. The proposed intermediary technology integrates a natural gas furnace (NGF) with an air source heat pump (ASHP) and utilises a smart dual fuel switching system (SDFSS) controller. In this study, an SDFSS is implemented in residential houses to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and overall operational costs. The heat-mapping analysis of the hybrid system with the SDFSS controller shows a clear seasonal shift in ASHP operation. During milder winter months, such as April, the ASHP operates significantly more, accounting for 57% of the total hours (414). ASHP usage drops dramatically in January, when it runs for only 2% of the hours (12 hours) due to higher operating costs in extremely cold conditions. This indicates that while the ASHP is a cost-effective option during moderate weather, the NGF is the preferred choice for the tested house during periods of extreme cold. The study also highlights that the SDFSS has the potential to reduce operational costs by up to 33% compared to the single-variable switching system.

CO2 flooding is a promising method for greenhouse gas emission reduction and enhancing oil recovery rate. Due to the significantly higher production of CO2 miscible flooding compared to nonmiscible flooding, enhancing the affinity between CO2 and surfactants is the key to achieving efficient injection into the formation, promoting the formation of miscible flooding, and improving the geological sequestration efficiency of CO2. Experimental studies were conducted to investigate the impact of the quantity of CO2-philic ester groups and the hydrophobic tail chain length on the dissolution performance in CO2. Combined with molecular dynamics simulations, the interactions between each atom of the surfactants and CO2 atoms were analyzed in depth, and the correlations between the surfactant molecular structures and their CO2 dissolution performance were established. The microscopic mechanism was revealed at the molecular scale. The results indicate that the solubility of surfactants strongly depends on the quantity of CO2-philic groups and the length of the hydrophobic tail chain. CO2-philic ester groups can enhance the affinity of surfactants for CO2. However, when the number of ester groups exceeds eight or the tail chain length exceeds C12, their solubility can decrease due to internal spatial effects and conformational limitations. The simulation further reveals that the intermolecular interactions of ester groups with CO2, along with Lewis acid-Lewis base (LA-LB) interactions, are key factors enhancing the dissolution performance. After adding the multiester surfactants, the uniformity of the mixture of CO2 and white oil was significantly improved, indicating that this surfactant can effectively promote the mixture of oil and gas, thereby enhancing the oil recovery rate. This study provides an important basis for the optimal design of surfactant structures, which is helpful to realize efficient miscible flooding and promote the development of CO2 geological storage technology.

Purpose This study investigates how firms set environmental goals, focusing on greenhouse gas emission (GHGe) reduction targets. Unlike traditional goals such as profit or growth, environmental goals are typically voluntary, lack standardized metrics and are not subject to regulatory oversight. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the aspiration-level adaptation process outlined by the Behavioral Theory of the Firm (BToF), we examine how prior goals, prior performance and social comparison influence current environmental goals, and whether operational performance (OP) moderates the relationship between attainment discrepancy and goal setting. Using a dynamic panel of 312 firms from 2013 to 2020, we estimate a system generalized method of moments (GMM) model to address endogeneity concerns. Findings Results indicate that environmental goal setting follows BToF mechanisms and is contingent on firms' OP. Firms with strong OP set more ambitious goals after exceeding prior targets and more feasible goals when underperforming. Originality/value This study extends the BToF to the environmental sustainability context by linking aspiration-level mechanisms to environmental goal setting and by adding OP as a moderator.

Abstract Decarbonizing the global energy system requires clean fuel pathways that are low carbon at the point of use and sustainable throughout their lifecycles. This review compares green hydrogen (H 2 ), green ammonia (NH 3 ), and synthetic electrofuels (e‐fuels). It focuses on integrating advanced monitoring technologies and standardized life‐cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks. We critically examine contemporary monitoring techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), fiber‐optic sensing, and AI‐enabled digital twins with SCADA systems. Their effectiveness is assessed for leak detection, fuel quality, emissions quantification, and operational safety across production, storage, transport, and end‐use phases. A synthesized cradle‐to‐grave and well‐to‐wheel LCA, consistent with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 and ISO 14044 standards, quantifies environmental performance and shows key sources of variability among the three energy carriers. The literature shows greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potentials from about 70% to 98%, depending on electricity carbon intensity, production pathways, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sourcing, and system boundary definitions. H 2 offers the greatest decarbonization potential for industrial and grid‐scale applications. NH 3 is useful for long‐distance transport and seasonal energy storage. E‐fuels, though less energy‐efficient, help facilitate near‐term adoption in hard‐to‐electrify sectors like aviation and maritime transport. Combining operational monitoring data with life‐cycle carbon accounting enables transparent, certification‐ready sustainability governance that aligns with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 7, 9, and 13.

This study aims to evaluate the economic and environmental advantages of solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) in drought-impacted regions of Bangladesh, utilizing primary data gathered from the northern districts of Rajshahi and Bogura. For analysis, this study assessed economic feasibility, examined cost effectiveness, and identified environmental benefits of adopting SIPs in the study area. Using the problem confrontation index approach, the study also identified the key barriers to SIP adoption. Estimated results indicated that the shift from diesel to SIPs has led to considerable fuel savings and cost reductions, demonstrating that SIPs are financially viable with high returns on investment and net present value. Environmental advantages encompass a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as decreases in carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and black carbon emissions. This study indicates that obstacles such as elevated installation prices, substandard and insufficient equipment, absence of financial and institutional support, lack of awareness, and risk of severe climatic events hinder the adoption of SIPs in the drought-affected regions of Bangladesh. This paper proposes that solar irrigation system as a climate-smart and environmentally sustainable irrigation technique should receive substantial subsidies. Private investors ought to engage in promoting solar irrigation and increasing incentives.

A comprehensive review， synthesis， and systematic summary of research on the coordinated promotion of reducing carbon emissions and pollution， expanding green development， and pursuing economic growth are essential for ensuring sustainable economic development while achieving long-term reductions in pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions， as well as the continuous restoration of natural ecosystems. However， existing review studies exhibit certain limitations， particularly in terms of conceptual frameworks， coordination mechanisms， quantitative analysis， evaluation methodologies， and pathway planning. These studies have yet to fully integrate diverse perspectives and systematically consolidate key research findings. To address this gap， this study employs Citespace bibliometric analysis software to systematically examine relevant literature from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and Web of Science databases from 2000 to 2024. Through this analysis， we identify the fundamental knowledge base， thematic evolution patterns， and research hotspots related to multi-factor coordination in carbon reduction， pollution mitigation， ecological restoration， and economic growth. Furthermore， we provide a systematic review of cutting-edge applications in this field， exploring the integration of different research paradigms and methodologies. The results indicate that： ① Against the backdrop of rapid industrialization and urbanization， which have exacerbated climate warming and ecological degradation， research on the coordinated promotion of reducing carbon emissions and pollution， expanding green development， and pursuing economic growth has experienced a significant upward trend in the 21st century， with a particularly rapid surge in recent years. The majority of publications originate from East Asia， North America， and Europe. At the institutional level， the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University rank as the top two contributors， while the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China， along with its affiliated research institutions， also plays a leading role in advancing research in this field. This highlights the crucial influence of both policy and scientific institutions in driving the discourse on coordinated environmental and economic development. ② Hot research areas mainly focus on the coordination mechanism of multiple factors， comprehensive evaluation， and coordinated development path. The research framework can be divided into comprehensive evaluation based on multi-dimensional indicator system， multi-factor coordination research under the framework of ecosystem service value realization， and simulation optimization of a complex multi-factor giant system. ③ Future research on the coordinated promotion of reducing carbon emissions and pollution， expanding green development， and pursuing economic growth is likely to focus on three key areas： further refinement of conceptual definitions， along with the establishment of a theoretical and methodological foundation based on Xi Jinping's Ecological Civilization Thought and interdisciplinary theories； multi-scale and regional policy evaluations to examine the synergistic effects of policy implementation across different spatial scales； and in-depth studies on legal mechanisms， policy frameworks， and development pathways to clarify how multi-factor coordination can effectively support China's "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" strategy and the "Beautiful China" initiative. Additionally， cross-sectoral research integrating industry， regional， and policy synergy is expected to become more specialized and refined， further advancing the transition towards green， low-carbon， and high-quality development.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the environmental performance of selected listed companies across diverse sectors, focusing on their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction, resource consumption, waste management, and sustainability reporting practices. By examining key environmental performance indicators and corporate commitments, the analysis highlights progress toward decarbonization, operational efficiency, and circular economy integration. The findings reveal sector-specific strengths and challenges, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive metrics and governance in driving sustainable business practices. The study underscores the need for ongoing innovation and digital integration to enhance environmental outcomes and corporate transparency.

Rising greenhouse gas emissions have led to extreme weather events, which have become increasingly frequent in recent years. These have serious consequences for people's lives and the global economy. In 2023, the European Union was the fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world. It is against this background that the Union is proposing a European Green Deal, aiming for climate neutrality, resource efficiency and economic competitiveness by 2050. This paper studies the impact of the European LIFE program which is one of the funding mechanisms of the Green Deal on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, focusing on the case study of Romania and Spain. The main aim is to determine whether LIFE funding contributes significantly to emission reductions by using econometric modeling to analyze various factors influencing emissions in the two selected countries, taking into account their socio-economic differences. The results of such a comparison between an economically developed country in Western Europe and an emerging economy in Eastern Europe may provide valuable insights into the impact of the EU's efforts to transition to a green economy, as well as the factors that continue to influence emissions in these distinct economies.

Abstract Biofuel mandates can impact the environment in multiple ways that may be positive or negative, including affecting life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by displacing fossil fuels, affecting soil carbon stocks due to accompanying land use change, and water quality due to changes in fertilizer requirements and the mix of crops used as feedstocks. To achieve desired environmental outcomes in the presence of a biofuel mandate, additional policy instruments must be adopted to supplement the mandate. We develop an integrated and spatially explicit ecosystem-economic modeling framework to analyze the cost-effectiveness of alternative policies to achieve desired targets for GHG emissions reduction from the agricultural and fuel sectors in the USA and nitrate leaching reduction in the Gulf of Mexico below the levels that would be achieved by a corn ethanol and/or a cellulosic ethanol mandate in the USA. We find that while a corn ethanol mandate lowers GHG emissions, it increases nitrate leaching due to the expansion of corn production; a cellulosic ethanol mandate lowers both GHG emissions and nitrate leaching relative to a corn ethanol mandate, but the additional carbon and nitrate prices are needed to achieve anticipated GHG reduction and nitrate reduction targets. We also find that accompanying a biofuel mandate with a GHG reduction target alone leads to substantial nitrate reduction co-benefits, but a nitrate reduction target alone is less effective in reducing GHG emissions. Combining a GHG standard with a nitrate standard can achieve GHG and nitrate reduction targets at lower carbon and nitrate prices as compared to implementing each of these policies independently. Our findings show that disregarding policy co-benefits can overestimate the GHG and nitrate prices needed to achieve policy targets and higher policy costs.

ABSTRACT Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the Norwegian manufacturing industry has declined significantly relative to 1990 levels; however, the industry remains the third emitter of GHGs. This implies that achieving “a low‐emission society” target (detailed in the Norwegian Climate Act) depends on sustaining industrial emission mitigation efforts. To advance knowledge on the heterogeneity of GHG emission reduction progress across the country's manufacturing industry, the study examines whether the industry's output and energy structure impact carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and GHG (excluding CO 2 ) emissions disproportionately both at the industry's aggregate level and subsector levels of the industry. As such, panel‐corrected standard errors (PCSEs) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approaches are respectively employed for the industry's aggregate level and subsector levels analyses. At the industry's aggregate level: (i) output improves environmental quality by mitigating CO 2 emission while showing no significant impact on GHG (excluding CO 2 ) emissions, (ii) the use of oil, natural gas, and electricity energy sources worsens environmental degradation by increasing carbon emission while biofuels exert a desirable environmental effect by mitigating CO 2 emission, and (iii) electricity and biofuels sources spur other GHG emissions (excluding CO 2 ) while oil exerts a reverse effect. Meanwhile, at the subsector levels, environmental quality is worsened in each of the 13 manufacturing industries (by oil consumption), 9 subindustries (by natural gas consumption), 8 subindustries (by electricity consumption), and 6 subindustries (by biofuel consumption). However, the energy mix also improves environmental quality in a few subindustries. These results furnish industry practitioners and decision makers with useful policy inference.

Coal mining releases large amounts of low-concentration methane. Its global warming potential per unit mass is about 21 times that of carbon dioxide. Approximately 13.5 billion cubic meters are directly emitted each year without utilization. This results in both energy waste and environmental issues. Technologies for utilizing methane with concentrations ≥8% are already mature. However, stable treatment of low-concentration methane remains challenging. Issues include unsustainable combustion and interference from impurities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the catalytic combustion of low-concentration methane, systematically examining reaction mechanisms, catalyst development (including noble metal catalysts, non-noble metal catalysts, and the role of supports), combustion methods, and numerical simulations. The analysis reveals that current research faces challenges such as mismatched catalyst performance under real conditions, insufficient combustion system stability, and gaps between numerical simulations and practice. Future work should focus on molecular-level catalyst design, integrated system innovation, and enhancing simulation predictive capabilities, thereby strengthening the link between basic research and engineering applications. This will promote the industrialization of efficient low-concentration methane utilization technologies, ultimately achieving both energy recovery and greenhouse gas emission reduction.

Higher education institutions generate considerable waste, making campuses strategic environments for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through improved waste management. This study evaluates the potential reduction in GHG emissions from adopting the 4R framework. The objective was to analyse student participation in 4R practices and estimate their impact on waste-related emissions. A total of 315 first-year engineering students completed a structured questionnaire measuring awareness and implementation of 4R behaviours. To validate the survey data, direct field observations of waste generation and composition were conducted across campus waste collection points. Emission estimates were calculated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach with emission factors sourced from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) and the IPCC. Results show that participation in 4R practices ranged from 68% to 70%, indicating similar behavioural readiness across programs. Waste generation averaged 50 g per student per day, equivalent to 15.75 kg/day campus-wide. Plastic waste produced the highest emissions at 7.88 kg CO₂-eq/day, contributing to a total estimated baseline emission of 16.01 kg CO₂-eq/day. Based on these findings, strengthening plastic reduction, improving recycling compliance, and implementing behaviour-driven interventions are recommended to support progress toward a low-carbon, zero-waste campus.

Optimizing water allocation in irrigation districts for enhanced sustainability and climate resilience.