• Multi-year geochemical monitoring of shallow CO2 injection site shows no sign of CO2 at monitoring well during study period. • Changes δ2H and δ13C of CH4 have been observed over the study period but cannot be directly related to CO2 injection. • Hydraulic head has been observed to decrease in some groundwater zones but is interpreted to the result of drought and not related to CO2 injection. Geological storage of CO 2 is anticipated to play a significant role in the management and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Monitoring of CO₂ injection facilities is essential to provide reassurance of the containment of the injected CO 2 . Here, we report results over six years (2018–2023) for a hydrogeological and geochemical (gas compositions, δ 13 C CH4, δ 13 C CO2, δ 2 H CH4 and noble gas concentration and isotopes) monitoring program at a small-scale CO 2 injection facility located near Brooks, Alberta, Canada with injection ∼300 m below ground. The results provide a comprehensive record of the subsurface hydrological and geochemical conditions over the six-year period. Injected CO 2 was not detected in samples from the injection zone. There was also no indication of injected CO 2 in samples collected from surface casing vents of the three ∼300 m deep wells, nor was injected CO 2 observed in samples from the six shallow groundwater wells (<105 m deep). Various compositional and isotopic changes have been observed over time which are interpreted to either be indirectly related to CO 2 injection or completely unrelated indicating non-CO 2 injection related variability in the baseline conditions of the site. Additionally, a progressive reduction in hydraulic head has been observed in some shallow aquifers consistent with drought conditions in the region. Our study implies that complex subsurface changes may occur at CO 2 storage sites which may be unrelated to human activity, complicating the monitoring of CO 2 injection.

As Global greenhouse gas emissions are largely driven by electricity production, decarbonising this sector is key to achieving sustainable development goals. The carbon profile of national grids is largely determined by the composition of their energy mixes. This paper compares Morocco’s and France’s carbon intensity rates between 1990 and 2023, highlighting the implications of their divergent national electricity strategies for decarbonisation. France’s sustained reliance in nuclear power has enabled it to maintain a low baseline level of emissions, further reinforced by the strong integration of renewable technologies. In contrast, Morocco remains heavily anchored in fossil fuels, with coal and natural gas dominating its energy mix, even though the gradual development of solar and wind resources is slowly reshaping its profile. The analysis shows that France continues to record one of the lowest carbon intensity rates in the world, while Morocco remains constrained by its ongoing dependence on fossil fuels, making it difficult to achieve deeper reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The comparison between the two countries reinforces the urgency of acceleration renewable deployment, improving energy storage capacities, and implementing long-term harmonized policy frameworks to guide both nations particularly Morocco toward low-carbon and resilient electricity infrastructures.

Abstract Limiting global temperature rise below 2°C requires significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and likely large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR). This study assesses the CO2 sequestration and efficacy of two CDR approaches, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE), applied individually and in combination. Using the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2-LM), simulations were designed to ramp up deployment of BECCS and OAE, to an additional area of 5.2 million km² by 2100 for bioenergy feedstock for BECCS, and a CaO deployment rate of approximately 2.7 Gt/year for OAE within the exclusive economic zones of Europe, the United States and China. The combined land-ocean CDR simulation revealed a largely additive carbon removal effect. Over 2030-2100, OAE sequestered 7 ppm of CO 22 with an accumulated 82.3 Gt CaO, achieving a CDR effectiveness of 0.08 ppm (~ 0.17 PgC) per Gt CaO, while BECCS reduced 16 ppm of CO2, with CDR effectiveness of 3.1 ppm per million km² of bioenergy crops. Together, the carbon removal achieved by BECCS and OAE corresponds to anthropogenic CO₂ emissions of 5.4 Gt CO₂/year by 2100, slightly more than 60% of current global transport sector emissions. Notably, the efficiency of BECCS and OAE alone was unaffected by their concurrent deployment. Nevertheless, simulations revealed distinct non- linear interactions, such as declines in land and soil carbon sinks in the combined scenario. Furthermore, all simulations show negligible effects on the global annual mean temperature. These results highlight near-additive CDR responses even under net-negative emissions, but feedback on land and ocean carbon sinks must be considered when designing CDR portfolios. This study provides new insights into CDR portfolio design and Earth system feedback under an overshoot scenario, highlighting both their potential and the need for continued emissions cuts and supportive policies.

Comprehensive review of constructed wetlands implemented with advanced biotechnologies for carbon-neutral treatment of urban wastewater: Enhanced removal of nitrogen and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate impacts of radiative forcing driven by agricultural land-use and land-cover changes in northern Canada.

Abstract Ports are essential to global trade, yet their high volume of ship traffic significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating urgent strategies for climate neutrality. This study focuses on medium-sized ports where climate neutrality has not yet become a priority and explores how they can achieve this through a systems thinking approach and sustainable development practices, referencing leading ports like Rotterdam and Hamburg. Using a combination of systems thinking, comparative case studies, and qualitative analysis, the study examines various decarbonization scenarios for port infrastructure. Causal loop diagrams (CLDs) are utilized to map the interactions among environmental, economic, and operational factors affecting port sustainability. Three scenarios – baseline, moderate transition, and ambitious transition – are developed and evaluated based on greenhouse gas emissions reduction, energy efficiency, infrastructure investment, alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG), and resilience enhancement. The findings demonstrate that port operations are influenced by reinforcing and balancing feedback loops, where economic growth and customer satisfaction may face challenges from regulatory pressures and climate-related operational costs. The study highlights essential areas for improvement in achieving climate neutrality in medium-sized ports. Key decarbonization techniques identified include electrification, alternative fuels, renewable energy integration, and enhancements to existing infrastructure like automated mooring systems and onshore power supply. Ultimately, the research provides insights into developing a decarbonization strategy for small and medium-sized ports, fostering sustainable development aligned with the UN SDGs and the European Green Deal.

Sustainability has long been a topic of discussion in the context of climate change, natural resource scarcity, pollution, social responsibility, and human equality. Since introducing the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) concept in 2004, sustainability has increasingly been integrated into corporate business models, particularly through adherence to principles of responsible investment, standardized reporting, and accounting practices. This study examines the impact of ESG factors on the financial performance of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), based on data from Morningstar, Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB), and European Public Real Estate Association (EPRA), analysing evidence from the reviewed literature. The primary objective is to assess the progress of green transition within the REIT sector and the influence of sustainability initiatives on returns and competitive positioning, with empirical analyses focusing on environmental sustainability (E) and its impact on European REITs' returns. The methodology employed includes comparative analysis, literature review, and OLS regression analysis. The results indicate a slowdown in ESG implementation progress worldwide, largely attributed to the substantial costs associated with compliance, including developing reporting capacity and sustainable initiatives. Despite observed capital outflows, the 2024 real estate assessment results show notable progress in key areas, including energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, water and waste management, and social engagement practices within REITs. The empirical analysis of large-cap European REITs aligns with existing research, showing progress towards reducing environmental impact in 2022-2024, positively influencing share prices. In terms of financial effects, the reviewed literature suggests that while the short-term financial impact of ESG measures varies, there is a general trend toward improved long-term performance. Although results across individual metrics remain inconclusive, findings indicate that complex sustainability strategies contribute to enhanced competitiveness and overall financial performance. Keywords: ESG, Financial Return, REIT, Sustainability.

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a key energy vector for achieving deep decarbonization across urban and industrial sectors. Supporting global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is essential to understand the multi-sectoral role of the hydrogen value chain, spanning production, storage, and end-use applications, with particular emphasis on smart city systems and industrial processes. Green hydrogen production technologies, including alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis, anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), are evaluated in terms of efficiency, scalability, and integration potential. Storage pathways are examined across physical storage (compressed gas, cryo-compressed, and liquid hydrogen), material-based storage (solid-state absorption in metal hydrides and chemical carriers such as LOHCs and ammonia), and geological storage (salt caverns, depleted gas reservoirs, and deep saline aquifers), highlighting their suitability for urban and industrial contexts. In the smart city domain, hydrogen is analyzed as an enabler of zero-emission transportation, low-carbon residential and commercial heating, and renewable-integrated smart grids with long-duration storage capabilities. System-level studies demonstrate that coordinated integration of these applications can deliver higher overall energy efficiency, deeper reductions in life-cycle GHG emissions, and improved resilience of urban energy systems compared with sector-specific approaches. Policy frameworks, safety standards, and digitalization strategies are reviewed to illustrate how hydrogen infrastructure can be embedded into interconnected urban energy systems. Furthermore, industrial applications focus on hydrogen’s potential to decarbonize energy-intensive processes and enable sector coupling between electricity, heat, and manufacturing. The environmental implications of hydrogen deployment are also considered, including resource efficiency, life-cycle emissions, and ecosystem impacts. In contrast to reviews addressing isolated aspects of hydrogen technologies, this study synthesizes technological, infrastructural, and policy dimensions, integrating insights from over 400 studies to highlight the multifaceted role of hydrogen in sustainable urban development and industrial decarbonization, and the added benefits achievable through coordinated, cross-sector deployment strategies. • Lifecycle review shows electrolysis as optimal for sustainable H 2 production. • Compressed and liquefied H 2 storage, with geology, enables large-scale use. • Smart city pilots show hydrogen integration needs policy and infrastructure. • Heavy industry decarbonization relies on policy, safety, and investment. • Cross-sector synthesis frames hydrogen as cornerstone of net-zero pathways.

Impact of biomethane utilization based on energy efficiency, economic feasibility, and greenhouse gas reduction in on-site facilities in Korea.

Does Transparency Enhance Environmental Justice Outcomes?

Hybrid solar-phase change material energy-storage systems for low-carbon energy infrastructure: design strategies, performance insights, and sustainability pathways

Gynecologic Surgeon Assessment of the Reprocessed Versus New LigaSure Bipolar Vessel Sealing Device in a Simulated Surgical Task: A Pilot Study.

Abstract The goal of the Paris Agreement is to prevent global temperatures from rising by more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit them to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This requires a significant reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions and achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Portfolio alignment metrics are forward-looking metrics intended to help investors understand whether their investment portfolios are on track to meet the Paris Agreement goals. They also aim to encourage capital flows towards activities needed for a net zero transition. Since 2020, several metrics have been put forward by industry groups and explored in technical papers. Companies and actuaries have been exploring the practicalities of these metrics and starting to incorporate them into investment reporting and design. But this has not been without key challenges. The Net Zero and Implications for Investment Portfolios working party aims to help actuaries improve their understanding of what net zero means for an investment portfolio and what the key mechanisms are to achieve this, as well as key challenges to date and the outlook for development.

Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO) units are electric energy intensive systems and are typically fed by gas turbine generators and, thus, have a large operational carbon footprint. Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) can be a way to generate electricity in a more sustainable way for such isolated power systems, but their feasibility depends on a number of factors, such as technology and environmental conditions. This work introduces a feasibility analysis tool designed to evaluate the energy potential of regions where FOWTs might be beneficial. The methodology is based on a statistical analysis of wind data to derive an analytical model of wind incidence. This model serves as input for the proposed tool, which integrates a detailed representation of the wind energy conversion system (WECS), including the FOWT, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), back-to-back power converter, and transmission lines. The tool outputs key performance metrics, including wind statistics, capacity factor, mechanical and electrical powers, energy generation potential, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, offering valuable insights into the economic, environmental and technical viability of wind energy resources integration into FPSO units. A case study is presented which shows the analysis of the energy potential in one of the leading oil basins of the pre-salt fields on the Brazilian coast, highlighting its applicability to future offshore renewable energy projects.

This paper presents an improved System Dynamics (SD) model to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction measures between 2023 and 2050 at the container terminal of the Port of Koper. The new model builds on previous models and includes several subsystems that take into account many decarbonisation instruments such as the electrification of facilities, the introduction of alternative fuels (ammonia, methanol, hydrogen, biofuels) and onshore power supply (OPS). The simulation results show that emissions can be reduced by 88.6% by 2050, mainly through harbour equipment. The model follows the dynamics of the S-curve in the introduction and estimation of throughput growth in reality. Decarbonisation has not been fully completed but can be advanced with future technologies such as carbon capture for additional emission reductions. The study proves that dynamic modelling is efficient in long-term sustainability planning and provides a scalable model that can be used by other ports wishing to meet the IMO 2050 targets.

Floc image-driven deep learning enhanced by temporal windows and transformers for carbon emission reduction in drinking water treatment plants.

This study aims to investigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector in Thailand's upper southern region, and to project future emissions through 2030 under two scenarios: Business-as-Usual (BAU) and the National Target (NT) scenario. The study area includes five provinces—Ranong, Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, and Trang—characterized by abundant natural resources, including carbon-sequestering ecosystems such as mangrove forests. However, ongoing deforestation and agricultural expansion in these provinces have become major sources of GHG emissions, particularly methane (CH 4 ) from rice cultivation and livestock, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from forest conversion. The study employs IPCC guidelines to assess current emissions and project future emissions up to 2030. Results indicate that the current GHG emissions from AFOLU are primarily from livestock (938,149 tons CO 2 -eq) and rice cultivation (261,745 tons CO 2 -eq). Under the BAU scenario, these emissions are projected to increase to 1.59 million tons CO 2 -eq and 292,793 tons CO 2 -eq, respectively. Net methane emissions are expected to rise, as reductions in rice emissions are outweighed by increases from livestock. Meanwhile, CO 2 emissions from deforestation are also projected to grow significantly. Implementation of mitigation measures under the NT scenario is projected to reduce emissions from livestock and rice cultivation by approximately 5 % and 17 %, respectively. Furthermore, to achieve the national GHG emission reduction targets, the application of regional and provincial-specific mitigation strategies—such as alternate wetting and drying techniques in rice paddies, improved manure management, and sustainable land-use practices—must align with both the local context and consistent national policies. • First sub-national assessment of GHG emissions from Thailand's AFOLU sector in the upper southern region using IPCC Tier 1 and localized activity data. • Integrated spatial analysis across five provinces reveals livestock as the dominant emission source, with methane emissions projected to increase by 70 % under BAU. • Forest land under BAU still functions as a net carbon sink, but sequestration potential improves significantly under NT with a projected 27 % increase in carbon removal. • Application of NT scenario results in measurable mitigation outcomes: 5 % reduction in livestock emissions, 17 % in rice cultivation, and 865,958 tCO 2 eq/year additional carbon sequestration from forests. • AWD rice techniques, biogas adoption, and forest expansion can aid Thailand's 40 % forest area target.

Sanitation service chains (SSCs) often consist of a complex mix of different components, frequently involving the coexistence of non-sewered sanitation (e.g., septic tanks) and sewered sanitation. Poorly-maintained components within these chains can lead to substantial, yet potentially avoidable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we developed a model for estimating the impact of GHG mitigation measures along SSCs that feature overlapping and poorly maintained non-sewered and sewered sanitation, taking the interdependencies of the GHG emissions of these components into account. To this end, we employed mass balance, empirical emission equations, and a carbon footprint estimation model to estimate GHG emissions by component at baseline and under four mitigation scenarios using an example SSC in Hanoi. The results showed that the SSC is predominantly methane-emitting, with poorly-maintained septic tanks and sewers being the primary contributors to the GHG emissions. Annual septic tank emptying was also identified as an effective strategy for reducing GHG emissions and it accounted for a 31-38 % decline in total emissions relative to baseline emission level. Scenario comparison further showed that removing septic tanks and upgrading sewers, even though associated with a slight increase in N2O emissions from the wastewater treatment plant, offer the greatest long-term mitigation potential, yielding 15-24 % lower emissions than annual emptying septic tanks with sewer upgrades. Additionally, if septic tanks are not removed, they will remain the primary source of GHG emissions even after upgraded sewer and centralized treatment is established. However, in cases where septic tank removal poses social challenges, frequent emptying remained a robust and immediately applicable mitigation option. Overall, this study provides a framework for identifying and quantifying major GHG emission reduction strategies for complex SSCs. Additionally, the results obtained indicated that managing septic tanks and sewers are important climate action strategies for ensuring sustainable city-wide inclusive sanitation.

Livestock farms rely heavily on fossil fuels to achieve a suitable indoor climate. Only 4 % of this on-farm energy demand is currently provided by renewable energy sources (RES). In order to reach the European Union’s ambitious Fit-for-55 climate goals, a higher renewable energy integration is crucial. This work aims to assess the financial and environmental effects of RES integration on an individual livestock farm. Therefore, a methodology is presented that allows the selection of different combinations of RES technologies and sizes, based on technical, financial and environmental considerations, accompanied by a sensitivity analysis on the implemented assumptions. As a case study, 92,650 different scenarios containing various renewable energy sources and different sizes are simulated on a pig barn in Belgium. The RES technologies selected are (thermal) photovoltaic panels, solar collectors, small wind turbines, heat pumps, electrochemical batteries and a thermal storage tank. Within the explored solution space, 84 % of the scenarios have a lower life cycle cost (LCC) and all of them result in lower – down to 85 % – fuel-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. If the investment cost is, for example, limited to five times the cost of the reference scenario – a natural gas boiler for € 5,500 – an installation of 100 m 2 photovoltaic (PV) panels in combination with a 60 kW th boiler is most effective at reducing the LCC (10 % reduction in LCC, 6 % fuel-related GHG emission reduction) while a combination of two heat pumps of (12 + 48 kW th ) and 25 m 2 PV reduce the most fuel-related GHG emissions (46 % GHG reduction, but increasing the LCC by 5 %). For a limitation of 10 times the investment cost, a minimum LCC is obtained with 500 m 2 PV and 60 kW th boiler (24 % reduction in LCC, 15 % fuel-related GHG emission reduction), while fuel-related GHG emissions are most effectively reduced by an installation of 200 m 2 PV, two heat pumps (12 + 48 kW th ), a 5,000 Liter thermal storage tank, and 5 kWh battery (56 % fuel-related GHG reduction, 11 % reduction in LCC). Sensitivity analyses indicate that these optima are highly dependent on the emission factor of the electricity grid, as well as the (projected) electricity and gas prices.

The universal access to clean and affordable energy goal (Sustainable Development Goal 7) is essential for sustainable development. For Ghana and several other developing countries, especially those within Sub-Saharan Africa, the transition to renewable energy is a non-negotiable approach to achieving sustainable development through energy security and promoting a green economy (GE). However, the transition to renewable energy presents several challenges, including supply chain uncertainties, which may significantly affect implementation and raise environmental, economic, and social concerns. Ghana, a case study in this research, has established ambitious targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions to achieve net zero CO2 emissions by 2060. The targeted 10% integration of biofuels into national transportation energy for 2020 has not been achieved, and the 20% target for 2030 appears increasingly unlikely. This research aims to analyze the challenges associated with Ghana’s biofuel transition supply chain, with a key objective of proposing how mathematical modeling and optimization can facilitate Ghana’s sustainable energy transition. Bibliometric analysis was employed to assess the biofuel landscape in Ghana over the past decade (2014-2024) to understand the current state of research. The study results indicate a growing interest in biofuel research; however, applying mathematical modeling and optimization to address Ghana’s specific transitioning challenges has been limited. The study recommends advancing technologies such as computer simulations and mathematical optimization models in research and expanding knowledge in these areas to enhance the likelihood of achieving sustainable biofuel transition goals in Ghana.