Calculating Greenhouse Gas Research Articles

Updated number forecast, russian car fleet structures by type of power plants and greenhouse gas emissions until 2050

Introduction. The results of forecast estimation of the number, structure of the Russian motor vehicle fleet by type of power units and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions up to 2050 are presented, taking into account the update of the initial data used in the calculations and the assumption that it will be decided to stop production of passenger cars with internal combustion engines starting from 2045. Materials and methods. The forecast of the level of motorization, the number of vehicle fleet by type of power plant and fuel type, environmental class were estimated taking into account the renewal of the fleet, the balance of supply and disposal of ATVs. These data are given in the forms of state statistical reporting, long-term strategies of transport industry development, partly generated by researchers themselves. The Copert 5 methodology was also used to calculate greenhouse gas emissions.Results. Compared to earlier projections, the value of total GHG emissions of the vehicle fleet in 2050 according to the current projection will be about the same as in 2045, i.e. will be 5 years behind. Discussion and conclusions. In the near term, the rate of decarbonization of road transport in Russia may slow down significantly. Vehicles with internal combustion engines using hydrocarbon fuels (liquid, gaseous) will still dominate the vehicle fleet by 2050.

Explaining Global Trends in Cattle Population Changes between 1961 and 2020 Directly Affecting Methane Emissions

Methane (CH4) emissions from agricultural sources contribute significantly to the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which cause climate change. According to the guidelines of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for calculating greenhouse gas emissions, agriculture is responsible for approximately 10% of total CH4 emissions from anthropogenic sources. CH4 is primarily emitted from livestock farming, particularly from cattle production during enteric fermentation and from manure. This article describes the results of multivariate statistical analyses carried out on data collected from 1961 to 2020 for thirty countries with the largest cattle populations. The study evaluated the trends in temporal changes in cattle populations and identified groups of countries with similar patterns during the study period. The global cattle population was highly correlated with CH4 emissions from the enteric fermentation of cattle and their manure. The countries experiencing the largest increase in cattle population were primarily developing countries located in South America, Africa and Southeastern Asia. The cattle population in these countries showed a strong correlation with the human population. On the other hand, the countries where the cattle population remained stable during the study period were mainly highly developed countries. The correlations between most of the examined variables associated with cattle production and the cattle population in these countries were inconsistent and relatively weak. In the near future, further increase in the cattle population and the associated CH4 emissions are expected, mainly in developing countries with high population growth.

Comparative Analysis and Assessment of Methodologies Applied in the Russian Federation for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Absorption by Forest Ecosystems

Comparative Analysis and Assessment of Methodologies Applied in the Russian Federation for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Absorption by Forest Ecosystems

Addressing dairy industry's scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions by efficiently managing farm carbon footprints

Corporate climate action is increasingly considered important in driving the transition towards a low-carbon economy. Especially in the food processing industry indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions upstream in a producer's value chain (scope 3 emissions) often represent the largest portion of the GHG inventory. In order to manage those GHG emissions efficiently there is a need for simple GHG calculation models ready for large scale application on supplying farms. The aim of this study is to describe a procedure for the development of a simplified GHG calculation model specific for dairy farms based on detailed GHG emission calculations. The results presented are obtained from a case study of supplying farms of a Bavarian organic dairy. The simplified model shall reduce the number of input parameters significantly while representing the variations in GHG emissions across farms and allowing the quantification of GHG mitigation measures. The median farm carbon footprint (CCF) of the case study farms calculated with the detailed calculation model is 441.7 t CO2e/a (mean number of dairy cows per farm is 57). The total GHG mitigation potential per farm ranges from 6.51 t CO2e/a to 112.29 t CO2e/a. The simplification of the calculation model results in a less complex and time consuming questionnaire covering 57 parameters instead of up to 467 in the detailed model. The total CCF results of the simplified model give highly comparable results to the detailed calculation model (R2 = 99.7% , standard error = 2.3% of the mean CCF). The correlation between the total mitigation potential calculated per farm by the simplified and detailed calculation model is also high (R2 = 98.92%, standard error = 7.0% of the mean total mitigation potential per case study farm). For the quantification of some mitigation measures with the simplified model, attention must be paid to the question whether calculated GHG emission reductions are significantly higher than the standard error of GHG emissions calculated for the relevant life cycle stage. Summarizing the procedure for the development of a simplified GHG calculation model proposed in this paper, leads to a model that meets the defined requirements.

Tele-visits for GERD: "Ecofriendly, efficient and effective".

Sars-CoV-19 pandemic necessitated a transition to telemedicine for many healthcare encounters. The environmental impact of this transition in gastroenterology (GI) combined with user experience has not been studied. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent telemedicine visits (telephone and video) at a GI clinic at West Virginia University. Distance of patients' residence from clinic ×2 was calculated, and Environmental Protection Agency calculators utilized to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that were avoided from tele-visits. Patients were reached by telephone and were asked questions to fill in a validated Telehealth Usability Questionnaire with Likert scales (1-7). Variables were also collected via chart review. A total of 81 video and 89 telephone visits were conducted for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) between March 2020 and March 2021. A total of 111 patients were enrolled, with a response rate of 65.29%. Mean age was lower in the video visit cohort compared with the telephone visit cohort (43.45±14.32years vs 52.34±17.46years). Most patients had medications prescribed during the visit (79.3%), and a majority had laboratory testing orders placed (57.7%). We calculated a total distance of 8732miles that the patients would have traveled if they were to present for in-person visits (including return trips). A total of 393.3 gallons of gasoline would have been required to transport these patients to and from the healthcare facility to their residence. A total of 3.5 metric tons of GHG's were saved by avoiding 393.3 gallons of gasoline for travel. In relatable terms, this is equivalent to burning more than 3500 pounds of coal. This averages to 31.5-kg GHG emissions and 3.54 gallons of gasoline saved per patient. Telemedicine for GERD resulted in significant environmental savings and was rated highly for access, satisfaction, and usability by patients. Telemedicine for GERD can be an excellent alternative to in-person visits.

ASSESSMENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN CRIMEAN FORESTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CROWN AND SURFACE FIRES

We present results of studies carried out from 2007 to 2020 on the assessment of the emission of the main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, mono- and nitrogen dioxide, emitted during top and bottom fires in the forests of the Republic of Crimea.
 The aim of the work was to monitor greenhouse gas emissions as a result of fires according to ground-based studies in the forests of the peninsula.
 Materials and methods. The objects of study were uneven-aged burnt forests of pine plantations and oak forests in the foothill zone (Simferopol forestry), as well as pine and oak forests of the reserve located on the southern macroslope of the Crimean Mountains. The weight indicators of carbon emissions from fires for forest stand, undergrowth, undergrowth and litter are calculated taking into account conversion factors.
 Results. The total emissions of greenhouse gases from fires of different intensities in the foothill zone during this period reached 1575.6 t in (9.87 t/ha), and the contribution of carbon dioxide to the total volume was 6.1 t/ha. In the nature reserve, the total emissions were 23227.8 t in (20.98 t/ha) and 12.8 t/ha for carbon dioxide. These higher values are due to greater age, density and stock of the forest stand. The contributions of various greenhouse gases to the total emissions were: 61.2% for carbon dioxide, 28.5% for nitrogen dioxide, 8.5% for carbon monoxide, and less than 1.8% for methane and nitrous oxide in total.
 Conclusions. The method used in this study for calculating greenhouse gas emissions released during fire impact on forest ecosystems can be considered as a good toolkit for a detailed assessment of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions generated during fires of various intensities.

Camphor-Soothed Banana Stem Biowaste in the Productivity and Sustainability of Solar-Powered Desalination

The increasing need for clean water can be attributed to a number of reasons, such as population growth, industrial development, and climate change. As a result of modern industrial and agricultural methods, the amount of trash generated daily is also on the rise. Waste management and increasing demand for freshwater are two of the most pressing problems facing the human race today and in the future. This study makes an attempt to strike a balance between these two concerns by repurposing a common biowaste, the banana stem, to collect solar energy for a desalination application. Banana stems work well for interfacial solar desalination because of their capillarity and the fact that they float. Camphor-soothed banana stems were placed in a solar still to collect solar thermal energy and to transfer it to the water surrounding them, speeding up the evaporation process and resulting in more freshwater. Over the course of three days, measurements were taken with the water level held constant and the stem thickness of the bananas varied between 0.5 and 1.5 cm. Enviro-economic studies and water quality analysis were used to calculate greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide mitigation, and the carbon credits obtained. Compared to a standard still, a maximum yield of 934 mL was achieved at an efficiency of 36.35 percent. The CPLs (costs per liter) for the MSS (modified solar still) and the CSS (conventional solar still) were USD 0.0503 and USD 0.0665. In comparison to its CSS counterpart, the MSS had a CPL that was 32.21 percent lower. The treated water retained a 95.77% reduction in TDS compared to salt water. The MSS is predicted to release 219.62 kg of carbon dioxide, 1.67 kg of sulfur dioxide, and 0.69 kg of nitrous oxide over its lifetime. In addition, the MSS saved USD 20.94 in carbon credits after avoiding the emission of 2.09 tonnes of CO2.

Real-Time Measurement of Atmospheric CO2, CH4 and N2O above Rice Fields Based on Laser Heterodyne Radiometers (LHR)

High-precision observations provide an efficient way to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural fields and their spatial and temporal distributions. Two high-resolution laser heterodyne radiometers (LHRs) were deployed in the suburb of Hefei (31.9°N 117.16°E) for the remote sensing of atmospheric CO2, CH4 and N2O above rice paddy fields. The atmospheric transmittance spectra of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured simultaneously in real time, and the atmospheric total column abundance was retrieved from the measured data based on the optimal estimation algorithm, with errors of 0.7 ppm, 4 ppb and 2 ppb, respectively. From July to October, the abundance of CO2 in the atmospheric column that was influenced by emissions from rice fields increased by 0.7 ppm CH4 by 30 ppb, and by 4 ppb N2O. During the rice growth season, rice paddy fields play a role in carbon sequestration. CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields are negatively correlated. The method of baking rice paddy fields reduces CH4 emissions from rice fields, but N2O emissions from rice fields are usually subsequently increased. The measurement results showed that LHRs are highly accurate in monitoring atmospheric concentrations and have promising applications in monitoring emissions from rice paddy fields. In the observation period, rice paddy fields can sequester carbon, and CH4 and N2O emissions from rice fields are negatively correlated. The LHRs have strong application prospects for monitoring emissions from agricultural fields.

Estimation of Greenhouse Gases in The Agricultural Sector at Rice land of The Central of Food Production Zones in Merauke Regency

Merauke Regency is the main rice-producing center in the southern region of Papua and the largest rice contributor for the provinces of South Papua and Papua, with 55,674.75 hectares of paddy field area, 76 percent (42,387 hectares) of which located in three districts, namely Kurik, Semangga and Tanah Miring District. This study aims to inventory and estimate Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and scenarios for reducing GHG emissions in order to find the mitigation and adaptation methods. The sources of GHG emissions include CH4, CO2, and N2O. The data used for GHG estimation in the paddy field agricultural sector comes from primary and secondary data. The data analysis to determine the value of potential GHG emissions generated by the 2006 IPCC calculation method, based on the guidelines for GHG Calculation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. The analysis results shows that the total value of potential emissions (CH4 ) from the management of paddy fields produces 9,35 Gg CO2eq/year (264,5 Emisi CO2 e/tahun (Gg) CO2eq/year. The total potential value of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) emissions from the application of urea fertilizer on paddy fields produces 4.10 Gg CO2eq/year. Meanwhile, the total potential value of direct and indirect nitrous oxide gas (N2O) from soil management activities in paddy fields produces 39,15 and Emissions from incinerated straw 0,295 Gg CO2eq/year. Mitigation efforts can be applied by choosing the right and low emissions rice varieties, appropriate land and fertilizers management systems. Adaptation strategy can be carried out with innovative technology, namely a development system in the form of an integrated land management system.

Towards a Refined and Open Model for Calculating Flight Specific Greenhouse Gas Emissions

There are many tools available for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from aviation. However, not all of them are transparent about their methodological choices and not all of them are relevant for certain purposes (e.g., comparison between different flights with the same origin-destination). In this paper, we propose an improved and open protocol (The Treep protocol), based on the improvement of existing protocols (principally myclimate protocol). In The Treep method, we replace the generic parameters in myclimate formula with aircraft or flight specific parameters and rely on more recent recommendations for the consideration of non-CO2 effects. The results show the relevance of greater granularity in GHG emissions calculations, and the variability of these results depending on the flight and the aircraft, among others.

How can we estimate carbon emissions and reduction of buildings at the local government level in South Korea?

Background and objective: Carbon neutrality must be achieved across societal sectors through carbon neutral policies. Therefore, local governments, which realize the actual greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, must develop GHG reduction strategies. This study aims to present information on the GHG reduction of the building sector (BS) at the local government level, for the carbon neutrality by 2050 (CN).Methods: The gross floor area (GFA) of all buildings and the total floor area of household (HBs), business (BBs), and public buildings (PBs) and by 2050 were predicted using building and demographic information from Jeollanam-do. Buildings were classified as over or under 10 years old. GHG emissions projection by 2050 were combined the GFA prediction results with public information on building energy consumption (BEC). After adjusting the nationwide CN goal for the BS in Jeollanam-do, the pathways for two scenarios were to estimate GHG reduction.Results: HBs showed the steepest increase in GFA, while BBs and PBs showed a very modest increase. About 30% of HBs and BBs were under 10 years and about 70% were over 10 years. The HB's GHG emissions increased remarkably, reflecting the GFA results, while the emissions of BBs and PBs didn't raised much. GHG reduction targets by 2030 were calculated as 1.4, 0.7, and 0.35 million TOE for HBs, BBs, and PBs, respectively. Reduction Scenario 1 shows a straight-line path with a negative slope from 2023. Reduction Scenario 2 shows an increase in emissions after 2023, which begins to decrease from 2028, falling with a curved steep slope until 2035, followed by a very modest decline until 2050.Conclusion: This study calculated GHG emissions from the BS by 2050 using the latest information on BEC and GHG calculation guidelines. The method in this study helps establish regional/local GHG reduction targets, setting scenarios, and estimating GHG reduction.

Effect of Different Fertilization Treatments on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-Vegetable Rotation in a Tropical Region, China

The study of the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in rice-vegetable rotation systems is of great significance to supplement the research gap on greenhouse gas emissions in tropical regions of China. In this study, four fertilization treatments were set up during the pepper season:phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application (PK); nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) application; half application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium plus half application of organic fertilizer (NPK+M); and application of organic fertilizer (M). There was no fertilizer application during the following early rice season. The objective of our study was to investigate the rules of CH4 and N2O emissions under different fertilization treatments in the pepper growth season, and the effects of different fertilization treatments in the pepper growth season on rice yield, and CH4 and N2O emissions in the following early rice growth season. The close static chamber-gas chromatography method was applied to determine soil CH4 and N2O emissions. We measured crop yield, estimated global warming potential (GWP), and calculated greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI). Our results showed that:① the cumulative CH4 emission under the four fertilization treatments ranged between 0.9 kg·hm-2 to 2.7 kg·hm-2 during the pepper growth season and between 5.5 kg·hm-2 to 8.4 kg·hm-2 during the early rice growth season. Compared with NPK, NPK+M and M reduced the cumulative CH4 emission in the pepper growth season by 35.3% and 7.6%, respectively; however, NPK+M and M increased the cumulative CH4 emission in the early rice season by 37.5% and 55.1%, respectively. There was a significant difference in cumulative CH4 emission between M and NPK in the early rice growth season. ② The cumulative N2O emission under the four fertilization treatments varied from 0.5 kg·hm-2 to 3.0 kg·hm-2 in the pepper growth season and from 0.3 kg·hm-2 to 0.5 kg·hm-2 in the early rice growth season. The cumulative N2O emission was significantly decreased by 33.7% in NPK+M and by 16.0% in M, compared with that in NPK. In the early rice growth season, the cumulative N2O emission was decreased by 23.5% by NPK+M but was increased by 9.1% by M. There was no significant difference in the cumulative N2O emission among the four fertilization treatments. ③ The yields of pepper and early rice under the four fertilization treatments were 3055.6-37722.5 kg·hm-2 and 5850.9-6994.4 kg·hm-2, respectively. Compared with that in NPK, NPK+M and M significantly increased pepper yield. The GWP under the four fertilization treatments in the pepper-early rice rotation system varied from 508.0 kg·hm-2 to 1864.4 kg·hm-2. Compared with NPK, NPK+M significantly decreased GWP by 25.7% and M insignificantly decreased GWP by 5.7%. The pepper growth season with the four fertilization treatments contributed to 69.2%-78.1% of the total GWP, and N2O contributed to 77.3%-85.3% of the total GWP. The GHGI ranged between 0.03 kg·kg-1 and 0.09 kg·kg-1 in the pepper growth season and between 0.04 kg·kg-1 and 0.24 kg·kg-1 in the early rice growth season. Compared with that in NPK, both M and NPK+M significantly reduced the GHGI by 71.5% and 54.7%, respectively, in the pepper growth season. In the early rice season, NPK+M significantly decreased the GHGI by 44.0%, but M non-significantly decreased the GHGI by 20.8%. The peak in N2O emission in the tropical pepper-early rice rotation system appeared after fertilization, and N2O emissions primarily occurred in the pepper growth season. However, CH4 emission was mainly concentrated in the early rice season. Considering the overall enhancing effects on crop yield and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, the co-application of chemical and organic fertilizers (NPK+M) can be recommended as an optimal fertilization practice to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and maintain crop yield in pepper-rice rotation systems of Hainan, China.

Devising a method for estimating the share of electricity consumption by a given consumer, which is provided from renewable energy sources

One of the tools to confirm the origin of electricity sold in the retail market are the so-called Guarantees of Origin. They are the basis for calculating greenhouse gas emissions and reporting on carbon emissions and are the most sought-after by European enterprises. The object of this study is the mechanism of labeling guarantees of the origin of electricity in electrical networks with renewable energy sources, taking into consideration their location and schemes of connection to the power grids. Existing solutions for electricity labeling based on the certificates of Guarantees of Origin have a number of problems. They often do not accurately reflect carbon emissions, do not provide transparency and verifiability for end users because they do not take into consideration the physical processes of electricity transmission in the labeling system. To solve this problem, a method has been developed that makes it possible to isolate from the flow of energy in each power transmission a component due to each connected energy source. As a result, the proportion of the load of each node of the electrical network supplied by a certain source of electricity is determined. To take into account the nonlinearity of the ratio between voltages in the nodes of electrical networks and flows in power transmissions, piecewise-linear approximation is used. The algorithm for issuing guarantees of the origin of electricity has been improved. It takes into consideration not only indicators of the balance of electricity but also the results of assessing the volume of electricity supply to each consumer from renewable sources. Thus, the volume of sales of guarantees of origin is limited depending on the placement of consumers and their connection to the power grid. Directing proceeds from the sale of guarantees of origin to the guarantors of «green» subsidies will provide them with additional financial support to compensate for the costs of the «green» tariff

A Highly Sustainable Timber-Cork Modular System for Lightweight Temporary Housing

In recent years, global society has been subjected to great change due to unpredictable events such as pandemics, migrant flow, urban homeless, wars, and natural disasters. There has been an increased demand for fast and easily constructed buildings characterized by limited space and used for a limited time, modular and flexible self-assembly homes that are reusable without compromising comfort and environmental sustainability. A highly sustainable timber-cork modular system for lightweight temporary housing (LTH) is proposed in this paper. The structure of the proposed LTH was designed as a succession of modular timber portal frames composed of spruce boards hinged together. The concept of the prototype was a full modular shelter. It was possible to interchange every piece of the building, the structural elements, and the walls with each other. Due to the modularity of the elements of which the shelter was composed, this system could offer different solutions to the events above. The proposed LTH was analyzed in terms of its structural, thermal, and environmental performance. The structural system is very reminiscent of the platform frame, characterized by a light load-bearing frame consisting of solid timber uprights and crosspieces connected to the internal frame by means of a mechanical connection. The structural FEM analysis highlighted the structure’s capacity to withstand wind with a velocity of 72 m·s-1, corresponding to the F3 of the enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale) of tornado damage intensity. The thermal analysis highlighted a yearly energy use of 430.49 kWh to maintain a set-point temperature indoors of 20-26°C compared with a yearly energy use of 625.93 kWh for a common container house (CH) with the same dimensions under the same environmental conditions. Finally, a Life Cycle Analysis comparison between the proposed LTH and the CH was carried out by means of the One Click LCA software. Two different scenarios of service life were considered: one of 10 years and the other of 5 years. The results highlighted the higher sustainability of the proposed LTH than that of the CH for the required service life (Req SL) period. In particular, the calculated greenhouse gas emissions of the LTH (3.52ž103 kgCO2 eq) were less than 1/2 of the gas emissions of the CH (8.53ž103) for a Req SL of 10 years and about 1/3 for a Req SL of 5 years. Furthermore, the LTH showed a value of biogenic carbon storage (7.76E2 kgCO2) about 6 times bigger than the temporary house container (1.31E2 kgCO2). Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-10-020 Full Text: PDF

Carbon Footprint Calculation of Different Building Typologies under Construction and Operation Stages

In line with the calculation of carbon footprint (CF), the direct and indirect sources of emissions arising from two different building typologies in Turkey, a hospital and a complex building covering shopping mall, offices and residences were determined representing the construction stage, and another hospital and a shopping mall were selected as examples of operation stage to cover the entire sector. The scope was determined according to classifications specified in ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gas Calculation and Verification Management System. The calculations were done by multiplying the emission factors obtained from international sources with the actual consumption values gathered from a Contractor Company established in Turkey. As studies on national emission factors have not yet been completed, internationally accepted and recognized values were used. In the light of determined emission sources and scopes, the CF of the hospitals and complex building projects for at least 2 years were calculated and the changes were evaluated. The findings obtained within the scope of the projects built and/or operated representing different building typologies in the construction sector indicated that electricity consumption had the largest share regarding the CF calculations. In addition, worldwide examples on mitigation applications were referred and underlined in the study.

Energy efficiency comparisons of electric vehicles

This paper reviews the extent to which electric cars can effectively address global climate change and fossil fuel depletion. Moreover, the paper proves that comparing electric vehicles and vehicles with an internal combustion engine is much more complicated than generally accepted. Uncertainties arise both when using primary energy and when calculating greenhouse gas emissions. In general, it must be concluded that the benefits of using electric vehicles for energy and greenhouse gases are less than usually expected. Keywords: carbon emissions, electric cars, energy efficiency, energy storage, spillover effects

Prospective life cycle assessment for designing mobile thermal energy storage system utilizing zeolite

The decarbonization of industrial heat, especially utilization process heat over 100 °C, is important for the transition to a sustainable society, including climate change mitigation and the transition to a circular economy . This study focused on a mobile thermal energy storage system for industrial use using a zeolite water vapor adsorption and desorption cycle that can utilize waste heat not only in space but also over time, and a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) to design the system and provide feedback for further development. A numerical model was developed to predict the performance of the system using a moving bed indirect heat exchange system as the heat-discharging system and a moving bed countercurrent contact system as the heat-charging system, coupled with mass, energy, and momentum conservation equations for obtaining the foreground data for the prospective LCA. A prospective LCA was conducted to calculate greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and resource consumption. The results showed that the m-TES reduces lifecycle GHG, and there are conditions for zeolite flow rates that minimize GHG emissions. It was also found that the resource consumption of m-TES increases as the system size increases, but is less than that of batteries. The hot spots are the fuel-saving effect at the heat-discharging side, auxiliary power at the heat-charging side, and the zeolite manufacturing stage. • A mobile thermal energy storage using zeolite was designed by numerical analysis. • A prospective LCA provides feedbacks to further development required. • There are conditions for zeolite flow rates that minimize lifecycle greenhouse gas. • Abiotic resource consumption is lower than other energy storage.

Transition from traditional energy to renewable energy: assessment of the contribution of renewable energy in greenhouse gas emissions reduction on the example of the Yereimentau wind farm

Kazakhstan has a high potential for creating international-class green energy, but at the moment alternative energy resources are used in a small amount due to various technical, administrative, social and economic obstacles. This work is devoted to the analysis of the share of renewable energy generated in the total volume of electricity production in Kazakhstan, the amount of electricity produced by renewable energy facilities is estimated. Also in this paper, an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions reductions was carried out on the example of the largest wind power plant in Kazakhstan with a capacity of 45 MW in the city of Yerementau. The share of renewable energy sources in the country’s energy balance was estimated by comparison. The annual data on the generation of electric energy by renewable energy facilities for 2016-2021 are compared according to the statistical data of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A methodological approach to the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions reductions based on a baseline scenario is proposed, which can be used as a methodology for calculating greenhouse gas emissions reductions at renewable energy facilities. Assessment of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the implementation of renewable energy projects is important both for calculating the national carbon balance of the country as a whole and for accurately calculating the units of reductions planned to be issued as a result of the implementation of these projects. The Yerementau wind power plant will help the Republic of Kazakhstan in achieving the goals set ahead – increasing the share of renewable energy sources and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Key words: renewable energy sources (RES), emission reduction, wind power, greenhouse gases, emission factor.

CARBON EMISSION INTENSITY FOR MELAKA GREEN TECHNOLOGY CITY STATE

The study analyzes the carbon emission absolute number and intensity for Melaka state as a response to the Malaysia voluntary reduction target of up to 40 percent in terms of emissions intensity of gross domestic product, GDP by the year 2030 compared to 2005 levels. It is manifested in the vision of Melaka Green Technology city state by 2020. The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions, GPC method deploys to calculate greenhouse gas, GHGs emission resulted from the various development activity in Melaka. This method classified GHG emissions into four (4) mains sectors: stationary energy, transportation, waste, and agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) by using secondary data from related government agencies at the state level. The computation by BASIC+ reporting level resulted from an output of GHGs emission translated into carbon emission. Steady increase of GHG emissions was captured from 8,859,802 tCO2e (2013) to 8,911,173 tCO2e (2017). Further, carbon emission intensity calculates by gathering the carbon emission absolute number to Melaka’s population. The emission per-capita increase from 6.19 tCO2e (2013) to 6.88 tCO2e (2017), indicates each person contributes to the increment of GHGs emissions for Melaka state. However, the decrease of emission intensity records from 0.189 tCO2e (2013) to 0.176 tCO2e (2017) compared to an increase in population growth. The study concludes certain influences of the aggressive green technology initiative effect, such as renewable energy, LED street lighting, solar valley, smart metering in the building, electric public bus, no plastic bag, waste recycling to the overall carbon emission intensity of Melaka Green technology City State.

Evaluation of Economic Benefits and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Data Center Waste Heat for the Use of District Heating

As carbon neutrality emerges as a global challenge, the government announced the “Data Dam” as one of the ten major projects of the Korean New Deal. Accordingly, the number of data centers and the amount of power usage for equipment operation are expected to increase due to the acceleration of the data economy. In this study, the costs of existing heating systems and district heating systems using data center waste heat are compared according to the life cycle cost analysis using the payback period method. However, the payback period method has difficulty reflecting future value, so the value was complemented using the present value method. When the data center waste heat is used as district heating, assuming that the energy cost is frozen (scenario 1), the benefit is about KRW 4 billion for 1,000 households, and the investment cost recovery takes 18 years. On the other hand, if the energy cost goes up by 5% every five years from the start of the project (scenario 2), the resulting energy savings is about KRW 30 billion, and the time to recoup the initial investment is shortened by eight years. The study calculated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions according to energy consumption for each scenario in accordance with the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines. The results are 14.9 tCO₂-eq for scenario 1 and 0.006 tCO₂-eq for scenario 2 (a reduction of more than 99% in GHG emissions compared to scenario 1).