Green Tea Extract Research Articles

Effects of adding green tea extract on the oxidative stability and shelf life of sunflower oil during storage

This study aimed to compare different concentrations effect of green tea extract (GTE) (200, 400, and 800 ppm) with TBHQ (75 ppm) in extend the shelf-life of sunflower oil (SO) and to evaluate the protective effect of GTE on the oxidation of refined SO. The sample's peroxide value (PV), acidity value (AV), anisidine value (pAV), Totox value (TV), oxidative stability, and total phenol content (TPC) were analyzed at specific intervals during 12-month at 25 °C and 60-day at 60 °C. The optimum kinetic model corresponding to the first order for PV, TV, and pAV was obtained at 25, 35, and 45 °C. SO containing GTE (800 ppm) had a similar performance to TBHQ at 25 °C and 60 °C and possessed a longer shelf life than samples treated with TBHQ. Due to synthetic antioxidant’s health risk and toxicity, GTE can be a good substitute for TBHQ in the edible oil industry.

A green tea extract confection decreases circulating endotoxin and fasting glucose by improving gut barrier function but without affecting systemic inflammation: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial in healthy adults and adults with metabolic syndrome

Anti-inflammatory activities of catechin-rich green tea extract (GTE) in obese rodents protect against metabolic endotoxemia by decreasing intestinal permeability and absorption of gut-derived endotoxin. However, translation to human health has not been established. We hypothesized that GTE would reduce endotoxemia by decreasing gut permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation in persons with metabolic syndrome (MetS) compared with healthy persons. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in healthy adults (n = 19, 34 ± 2 years) and adults with MetS (n = 21, 40 ± 3 years) examined 4-week administration of a decaffeinated GTE confection (890 mg/d total catechins) on serum endotoxin, intestinal permeability, gut and systemic inflammation, and cardiometabolic parameters. Compared with the placebo, the GTE confection decreased serum endotoxin (P = .023) in both healthy persons and those with MetS, while increasing concentrations of circulating catechins (P < .0001) and γ-valerolactones (P = .0001). Fecal calprotectin (P = .029) and myeloperoxidase (P = .048) concentrations were decreased by GTE regardless of health status. Following the ingestion of gut permeability probes, urinary lactose/mannitol (P = .043) but not sucralose/erythritol (P > .05) was decreased by GTE regardless of health status. No between-treatment differences (P > .05) were observed for plasma aminotransferases, blood pressure, plasma lipids, or body mass nor were plasma tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, or the ratio of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein/soluble cluster of differentiation-14 affected. However, fasting glucose in both study groups was decreased (P = .029) by the GTE confection compared with within-treatment arm baseline concentrations. These findings demonstrate that catechin-rich GTE is effective to decrease circulating endotoxin and improve glycemic control in healthy adults and those with MetS, likely by reducing gut inflammation and small intestinal permeability but without affecting systemic inflammation.

Green Tea Catechins Decrease Solubility of Raloxifene In Vitro and Its Systemic Exposure in Mice.

Green tea is a widely consumed beverage. A recent clinical study reported green tea decreased systemic exposure of raloxifene and its glucuronide metabolites by 34-43%. However, the underlying mechanism(s) remains unknown. This study investigated a change in raloxifene's solubility as the responsible mechanism. The effects of green tea extract, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) on raloxifene's solubility were assessed in fasted state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF) and fed state simulated intestinal fluids (FeSSIF). EGCG and EGC represent green tea's main bioactive constituents, flavan-3-gallate and flavan-3-ol catechins respectively, and the tested concentrations (mM) match the µg/mg of each compound in the extract. Our mouse study (n = 5/time point) evaluated the effect of green tea extract and EGCG on the systemic exposure of raloxifene. EGCG (1mM) and EGC (1.27mM) decreased raloxifene's solubility in FaSSIF by 78% and 13%, respectively. Micelle size in FaSSIF increased with increasing EGCG concentrations (> 1000% at 1mM), whereas EGC (1.27mM) did not change micelle size. We observed 3.4-fold higher raloxifene solubility in FeSSIF compared to FaSSIF, and neither green tea extract nor EGCG significantly affected raloxifene solubility or micelle size in FeSSIF. The mice study showed that green tea extract significantly decreased raloxifene Cmax by 44%, whereas EGCG had no effect. Green tea extract and EGCG did not affect the AUC0-24h of raloxifene or the metabolite-to-parent AUC ratio. This study demonstrated flavan-3-gallate catechins may decrease solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs such as raloxifene, particularly in the fasted state.

Consumption of green tea infusion causes loss of nutrients through faeces in Wistar rats

Relationship between consumption of green tea infusion and faecal nutrient content was studied. Twelve male Wistar rats (aged 10 to 12 weeks and weighed 87 to 120 g) were divided into two groups of six rats each. The control group was placed on tap water, while the test group was placed on green tea infusion (0.20 g/50 ml) daily as the only source of fluid; for 28 days. Both groups consumed rat feed ad libitum. Phytochemicals detected in the infusion were tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phytosterols. The infusion increased test animals’ appetite for food (% coefficient of variation, % CV = 5.44) but decreased their appetite for the infusion (% CV = 72.41). Animals placed on the infusion (test group) did not gain more weight (% CV = 3.86) nor had better feed conversion ratio (% CV = 1.41). Faecal ash and fibre contents were not affected by tea consumption (% CV = 3.38 and 2.03, respectively). Control rats lost more carbohydrate and moisture (% CV = 27.58 and 9.58, respectively) but test rats lost more protein and lipids. Energy lost by test rats through faecal matter was not appreciably higher (101.31 vs 96.24 kcal/ 100 g sample; % CV = 2.56). Loss of certain nutrients in the test rats may have been triggered by the inhibitory action of polyphenols such as tannins present in the infusion on their digestive enzymes. In conclusion, the tea infusion elicited increased feacal excretion of proteins and lipids in treated animals.

Silica Grafted Imprinted Mesoporous Polymer for the Development of SPE Coupled FAAS Method of Nickel Determination, Removal, and Spent Polymer for Reduction of Permanganate: Multivariate Optimization

AbstractA novel silica fabricated allyloxy ethanol based imprinted polymer is synthesised with surface area of 333 m2 g−1 and average pore size of 6.5 nm by an environment friendly one pot surface imprinting process. It was employed for the selective solid‐phase extraction (SPE) of trace Ni(II) in real samples prior to FAAS determination. The factor settings produced via central composite design in response surface methodology (RSM) (pH: 3.6; initial concentration; 800 mg L−1 and time; 15 minute) provide adsorption capacity of 176 mg g−1. Artificial neural network model employed on the RSM data, provided better predictability. Sips isotherm model and BSf kinetic model describes best the sorption phenomena of the homogenous binding terrain. The developed SPE‐coupled FAAS method demonstrate a detection limit of 1.62 μg L−1, quantification limit of 4.17 μg L−1, and Linear dynamic range of 20–8000 μg L−1. It was successfully applied to determine nickel in food (Spinach, Radish, Green tea infusion, Black tea infusion, Coffee, Soya milk, Chocolate Soya milk, Tobacco) and wastewater samples (&gt;99 % removal). For five replicate determinations, the method‘s relative standard deviation was 2.3 %. The method was validated by analysing two certified reference materials, and the outcomes were well‐congruent with standard values. For the synthesised polymer Ni(II) exhibits higher distribution ratio than other competing ions (Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II)) with the imprinting factor; β values of 5.73, 4.98, 6.80, and 5.04 respectively. The reusability experiments revealed that APS@Ni‐IIP retains a strong adsorption efficacy even after 15 cycles and after its exhaustion it was employed as catalyst for reducing permanganate ions, further reducing pollution. The rigid structure of mesoporous silica contributes to its acid resilience and reusability, which can lead to a relative increase in polymer performance in absorption rate and selectivity. Apart from the novelty in the synthesis, thorough examination of the method and material selectivity (in binary, ternary and multielement system), multi fold applications of determination, removal of Ni(II) and reduction of permanganate ions, makes APS@Ni‐IIP a promising candidate for environmental remediation.

Mitigating Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Oxidative Status in Rats Treated with Catechin and Polyphenon-60.

Aging is a normal physiological process influenced by the combination of multiple mechanisms, primarily oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which impact general physiology and brain function. Phenolic compounds have demonstrated the ability to slow down the aging process of the brain due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study assessed the protective properties of catechin and polyphenon-60 in non-pathologically aged rats regarding visuo-spatial learning and the oxidative status of the frontal cortex. Old animals were treated with catechin or green tea extract (polyphenon-60) for 36 days, daily. Healthy old and young rats were used as controls. During the first training phase, treated rats executed the test better, locating the target in less time compared with the controls. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase activities, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase) were reduced in the brain of old animals, although their activities were partially improved after both antioxidant treatments. Furthermore, the rise in the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels-a marker of lipid peroxidation-in the frontal cortex of aged animals was significantly ameliorated after the interventions. In conclusion, old rats exhibited enhanced cognitive function and reduced stress levels following the administration of catechin and polyphenon-60.

SPRAYING NANO CHITOSAN LOADED WITH NPK, NETTEL AND GREEN TEA EXTRACTS AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVEMENT POTATO PRODUCTIVITY

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of spraying nano chitosan loaded with NPK fertilizer and nettle leaf and green tea extracts on the growth and productivity of potato for the spring and fall seasons of 2021.It was conducted at private farm in Wasit Governorate, Iraq, as a factorial experiment (5 × 5) within randomized complete block design using three replicates. The first factor included spraying with four concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with NPK fertilizer 0, 10. 15 and 20% in addition to chemical fertilization treatment, the second factor was spraying nettle leaf extract 25 and 35 gL-1 and green tea extract with 2 and 4 g.L-1, in addition to the control treatment, spraying with distilled water only. The results showed a significant superiority of the interaction between spraying with Nano chitosan loaded with NPK at a concentration of 15% and spraying green tea extract at a concentration of 4 g L-1 significantly in producing the highest plant height 62.77 and 60.86 cm, number of main stems of the plant 4.45 and 4.36 stem for the both seasons respectively and mean of tuber weight (111.0 g tuber-1) for the spring season which increased the productivity of tuber yield (56.3 and 51.6 in ton ha-1 for both seasons, respectively).

Development of an adsorption-enhanced heterogeneous Fenton process for abatement of natural organic matter by kaolin-supported phytogenic nanoscale zero-valent iron

Abstract Natural organic matter (NOM) serves as a precursor for the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products when not adequately removed by conventional water treatment processes. The degradation of NOM by heterogeneous Fenton processes is particularly attractive because it results in prospects of zero sludge discharge. This work reports on NOM degradation and adsorption via the heterogeneous Fenton process using phytogenic zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) synthesised from green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) and supported on kaolin (fK-nZVI). The synthesised material was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Morphological analysis of SEM images and BET values revealed an increase in the surface area from 11.64 m2 · g−1 for kaolin to 27.07 m2 · g−1 for the kaolin-supported nZVI (K-nZVI), thus presenting an ideal modification for effective adsorption. Fenton process parameters were optimised, that is, H2O2 concentration (5 mM) and pH (4.5). At equilibrium, the adsorption by the fK-nZVI system was 0.127 mg · g−1, a value higher than reported in other adsorption systems at equivalent adsorbent dosage and NOM concentration. The promising results obtained in this study indicate heterogeneous Fenton degradation and adsorption can be a viable and effective method for NOM removal from aqueous media.

A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of oral green tea epigallocatechin 3-gallate on erythropoiesis and oxidative stress in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients.

β-Thalassemia patients suffer from ineffective erythropoiesis and increased red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis. Blood transfusion, erythropoietic enhancement, and antioxidant supplementation can ameliorate chronic anemia. Green tea extract (GTE) is comprised of catechin derivatives, of which epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant, presenting free-radical scavenging, iron-chelating, and erythropoiesis-protective effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of GTE tablets on the primary outcome of erythropoiesis and oxidative stress parameters in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) patients. Twenty-seven TDT patients were randomly divided into placebo and GTE tablet (50 and 100mg EGCG equivalent) groups and assigned to consume the product once daily for 60days. Blood was collected for analysis of hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters. Accordingly, consumption of GTE tablets improved blood hemoglobin levels when compared with the placebo; however, there were more responders to the GTE tablets. Interestingly, amounts of nonheme iron in RBC membranes tended to decrease in both GTE tablet groups when compared with the placebo. Importantly, consumption of GTE tablets lowered plasma levels of erythroferrone (p < 0.05) and reduced bilirubin non-significantly and dose-independently. Thus, GTE tablets could improve RBC hemolysis and modulate erythropoiesis regulators in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients.

Green tea-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Enhanced anti-cancer activity and reduced cytotoxicity melanoma and normal murine cell lines

BackgroundGreen tea has been extensively studied as a therapeutic agent in various types of cancer, demonstrating its potential through its antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-collagen production and accumulation, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing properties. Another promising field of research is the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are utilized for antimicrobial and anticancer therapies. In this study, we explore the green synthesis of AgNPs using an extract derived from Green tea. Additionally, we investigate the cytotoxic effects of these nanoparticles on both malignant murine melanoma cell lines (B16F10) and normal murine cell lines (L929). Material and methodsGreen tea extract-mediated natural synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was verified using UV–vis spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, and AFM techniques. The MTT assay was also used to study the cytotoxic effect of Green tea-AgNPs. The apoptosis rate was determined using anexin/PI and real-time PCR was performed for cellular and molecular levels. ResultsThe obtained results demonstrate the successful synthesis of uniformly distributed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Green tea extract, yielding nanoparticles with an average size of 91 nm. MTT results showed Green tea-AgNPs reduced B16F10 cell viability with an IC50 of 20.2 but had no effect on L929 cell lines. Furthermore, Green tea-AgNPs enhanced the percentage of apoptosis in B16F10 but decreased the rate of apoptosis in L929 when compared to AgNPs. The BAX/BCL2 ratio increased after B16F10 was exposed to Green tea-AgNPs, however it reduced in L929. ConclusionThe findings of the study reveal that the Green tea-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Green tea-AgNPs) exhibit enhanced anti-cancer activity specifically against melanoma cells, while concurrently reducing the cytotoxic effects on normal cells. This suggests that the Green tea-AgNPs produced through this method hold great potential for further exploration and application in anti-cancer research.

Protective effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract against cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) brain tissues

Protective effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract against cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) brain tissues

Phytocompounds-based therapeutic approach: Investigating curcumin and green tea extracts on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) has transcended lung cancer as the most common cancer in the world. Due to the disease's aggressiveness, rapid growth, and heterogeneity, it is crucial to investigate different therapeutic approaches for treatment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Plant-based therapeutics continue to be utilized as safe/non-toxic complementary or alternative treatments for cancer, even in developed countries, regardless of how cutting-edge conventional therapies are. Despite their low bioavailability, curcumin (CUR) and green tea (GT) represent safer therapeutic options. Due to their potent molecular-modulating properties on various cancer-related molecules and signaling pathways, they are considered gold-standard therapeutic agents and have been incorporated into the development of one or more therapeutic strategies of BC treatment. MethodsWe investigated the modulatory role of CUR and GT extracts on significant multi molecular targets in MCF-7 BC cell line to assess their potential as BC multi-targeting agents. We analyzed the phytocompounds in GT leaves using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The mRNA expression levels of Raf-1, Telomerase, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) genes in MCF-7 cells were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the released Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a valuable marker for identifying the programmed necrosis (necroptosis). Additionally, the concentrations of the necroptosis-related proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-8) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ResultsIn contrast to the GT, the results showed the anticancer and cytotoxic properties of CUR against MCF-7 cells, with a relatively higher level of released LDH. The CUR extract downregulated the oncogenic Raf-1, suppressed the Telomerase and upregulated the TNF-α and IL-8 genes. Results from the ELISA showed a notable increase in IL-8 and TNF-α cytokines levels after CUR treatment, which culminated after 72 h. ConclusionsAmong both extracts, only CUR effectively modulated the understudy molecular targets, achieving multi-targeting anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the applied dosage significantly increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, which represent a component of the cytokines-targeting-based therapeutic strategy. However, further investigations are recommended to validate this therapeutic approach.

EFFECT OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND TOTAL FLAVONOID LEVELS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT POWER OF WATER EXTRACT, ETHANOL AND CHLOROFORM OF GREEN TEA LEAVES (Camellia sinensis L)

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) was originally used as a refresh drink. Tea has many benefits, especially for health and beauty. The most widely used tea in the market is green tea, because its properties can be used as a daily drink to improve the quality of life in carrying out daily activities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the relationship between total phenolic and total flavonoid levels in water extract (EA), ethanol (EE), and chlorophorom (EK) of green tea leaves on antioxidant power. This experimental study used the extraction method, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis using the colorimetric method, and antioxidant power using the DPPH method. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPPS and Microsoft Excel. The results obtained in The extraction process yielded extracts: EA (21.44%), EE (11.20 %), and EK (3.58 %). Qualitative analysis of flavonoid and phenolic compounds in all the extracts revealed the presence of these compounds. In the total phenolic test, the levels were: 229.07 ± 0.99 (EA); 573.70 ± 3.93 (EE); 45.27 ± 0.73 mg/g (EK) GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent). Meanwhile, the flavonoid content was 13.10 ± 0.31 (EA); 40.49 ± 0.67 (EE); 20.94 ± 0.50 mg/g (EK) QE (Quercetin Equivalent). The antioxidant results have an IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) value of 34.64 ± 0.74 (EA); 7.02 ± 0.15 (EE); 99.11 ± 1.23; positive control 5.94 ± 0.07 µg/mL (vitamin C) ...

Combined treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells and green tea extract on retinal ganglion cell regeneration in rats after optic nerve injury

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal loss cause irreversible vision loss upon optic nerve (ON) injury. We have independently demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and green tea extract (GTE) promote RGC survival and axonal regeneration in rats with ON injury. Here we aimed to evaluate the combined treatment effect of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) and GTE on RGC survival and axonal regeneration after ON injury. Combined treatment of hBM-MSCs and GTE promoted RGC survival and neurite outgrowth/axonal regeneration in ex vivo retinal explant culture and in rats after ON injury. GTE increased Stat3 activation in the retina after combined treatment, and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor secretion from hBM-MSCs. Treatment of 10 μg/mL GTE would not induce hBM-MSC apoptosis, but inhibited their proliferation, migration, and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro with reducing matrix metalloproteinase secretions. In summary, this study revealed that GTE can enhance RGC protective effect of hBM-MSCs, suggesting that stem cell priming could be a prospective strategy enhancing the properties of stem cells for ON injury treatment.

Determination, Manufacturing and application of a nanoparticle lead ion-selective electrode as a sensor in flow injection systems

This study involves the construction of ion-selective electrodes for the determination of lead (II) ions and their utilization as sensors in a flow-injection analysis (FIA) system. The electrode was constructed using a simple environmentally friendly method from a green tea extract, and a Lead acetate solution of the cited ions as a cylindrical disc. A vertical, side-to-side cylinder, the whole is created in its centre and another lateral hole is created for the electrical attachment of the electrode, so the prepared electrode is suitable for use with the FIA system. The electrode was studied surface properties and characteristics of this electrode were analysed using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTR). via selection of the optimum conditions (i.e. linear calibration range, lowest Nernstian response, lowest detection limit, degree of dilution, and precision and accuracy of their analytical uses). Electrode which gave the best Nernstian response1.00×10&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; to 1.00×10&lt;sup&gt;-10&lt;/sup&gt; M, a correlation coefficient of 0.9980, with lower Nernstian response of 1×10&lt;sup&gt;-10&lt;/sup&gt; M and detection limit of 1×10&lt;sup&gt;-11&lt;/sup&gt; M. The sampling rate was 120 samples per hour the calculated time of the contact of the sample with the electrode surface is 6 seconds and the degree of dilution is 2.37625.

Determination, Manufacturing and application of a nanoparticle lead ion-selective electrode as a sensor in flow injection systems

This study involves the construction of ion-selective electrodes for the determination of lead (II) ions and their utilization as sensors in a flow-injection analysis (FIA) system. The electrode was constructed using a simple environmentally friendly method from a green tea extract, and a Lead acetate solution of the cited ions as a cylindrical disc. A vertical, side-to-side cylinder, the whole is created in its centre and another lateral hole is created for the electrical attachment of the electrode, so the prepared electrode is suitable for use with the FIA system. The electrode was studied surface properties and characteristics of this electrode were analysed using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTR). via selection of the optimum conditions (i.e. linear calibration range, lowest Nernstian response, lowest detection limit, degree of dilution, and precision and accuracy of their analytical uses). Electrode which gave the best Nernstian response1.00×10-1 to 1.00×10-10 M, a correlation coefficient of 0.9980, with lower Nernstian response of 1×10-10 M and detection limit of 1×10-11 M. The sampling rate was 120 samples per hour the calculated time of the contact of the sample with the electrode surface is 6 seconds and the degree of dilution is 2.37625.

Bathing in Atopic Dermatitis in Pediatric Age: Why, How and When.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment plays an important role in influencing the patients' quality of life. The basic management consists of appropriate skin cleansing, including bathing and eventually using bathing additives. Recommendations regarding frequency and duration of bathing, water temperature and usefulness of bathing additives are widely different, often leading to confusion among patients. This review aims to give insights into the best bathing practices and the use of bathing additives in atopic dermatitis in children. Several bathing additives, including bleach baths, commercial baby cleansers, bath baby oils and bath salt, appear to be promising adjunctive therapies for atopic dermatitis due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-pruritus and skin barrier repair properties through different mechanisms of action. However, their efficacy and safety are not fully understood in some cases. The usefulness of other bath additives, such as acidic and more natural substances (green tea extracts, pine tar, sodium bicarbonate), is still under investigation. Further studies are needed to determine their optimal use to achieve clinical benefit safely.

Unveiling the presence of fluoride in commercial tea infusion: Factors influencing its release and its adsorptive elimination by indigenously developed nanoadsorbents

Drinking tea, which is globally one of the most widely consumed beverages, is a potential source of fluoride toxicity. This research aimed at fluoride estimation in the infusions of commercial black tea and green tea samples, purchased from the local Indian market, systematic evaluation of the factors influencing the fluoride release and the adsorptive removal of fluoride using the indigenously developed nanoadsorbents. All the prepared infusions had fluoride content above the permissible WHO limits. Various factors, which affect the release of fluoride from tea leaves into the infusion include type of water, tea dosage and brewing time. The investigations revealed that, the fluoride content in the black tea infusions was much higher than the green tea infusions. Further, it also depended on the amount of tea leaves used for brewing. The fluoride, present in tea leaves, is released gradually and within just 1 min of brewing, the concentration of fluoride in the infusions was well above the permissible WHO limits. It was also observed that, the dried unprocessed tea leaves, when brewed in water, had high fluoride content. This further confirmed the presence of fluoride in tea infusion, which demands an efficient remediation technique. The developed nanoadsorbents exhibited efficient defluoridation of groundwater, and were therefore tested for their efficiency in defluoridating tea infusions as well. These nanoadsorbents could efficiently eliminate fluoride from both green and black tea infusions, bringing down the fluoride content below the WHO limits, thereby rendering the infusions safe. They exhibited rapid kinetics with high efficiency in adsorbing fluoride from tea infusions. These properties make them potential adsorbents for defluoridating tea infusion, which provides a probable solution to the problem of fluoride toxicity from drinking tea. This is one of the first reports on a technique for eliminating fluoride from tea infusions.

The Prospective Effect of Green Tea versus Pomegranate Peels Extracts on Submandibular Salivary Glands of Albino Rats after Methotrexate Administration (Histological and Immunohistochemical Study).

There is curiosity in the use of substances that can stop cell damage. Antioxidants are substances that can prevent free radicals from damaging cells, and they can be used to treat and avoid a wide variety of illnesses. The current investigation set out to evaluate the histological changes brought on by a single high dose of methotrexate in the submandibular glands of rats treated with green tea and pomegranate peel extract, both are well-known as antioxidants. Forty-eight healthy Albino rats were used in the current study. Animals were divided into six groups. Group 1: Vehicle group which is control group, Group 2: methotrexate treated group, Group 3: green tea control group, Group 4: pomegranate peel extract control group, Group 5: green tea + methotrexate group, and Group 6: pomegranate peel extract + methotrexate group. Rats of all groups were left 1 week after the end of the treatment. Cervical dislocation was used to kill all of the rats. Samples were gained from the rats' submandibular salivary glands of different groups for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Green tea + methotrexate group showed improvement in the histological picture of the submandibular salivary gland compared to methotrexate group and the pomegranate peel extract + methotrexate group. The antioxidant activity of green tea is more potent than that of pomegranate peels extract in blocking methotrexate that induced cytotoxicity in the submandibular salivary glands of rats. As a result, it can be administered to people undergoing cancer treatment as a safeguard for their salivary glands.

Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of green tea extract and Triphala as root canal irrigants against Fusobacterium nucleatum using real-time polymerase chain reaction – An in vitro study

Aim: Fusobacterium nucleatum has gained attention in the endodontic literature as it is a predominant microorganism in primary, secondary, and persistent root canal infections. Current irrigants have lot of drawbacks and are unlikely to predictably achieve a bacteria-free root canal system, which can lead to these failures. Herbal alternatives are now gaining popularity in the field of endodontics, paving a new way in the disinfection of root canals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea extract and Triphala as root canal irrigants against F. nucleatum using real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Extracted teeth were taken and inoculated with F. nucleatum, which was grown in a Mueller–Hinton agar plate under anaerobic conditions. The samples were cleaned and shaped and irrigated with green tea extract, Triphala extract, and dimethyl sulfoxide, which were compared to the widely used irrigant, sodium hypochlorite. Cycle threshold value was used to calculate the efficacy of the irrigant against F. nucleatum after which the samples were subjected to reverse transcriptase PCR. The data were analyzed and the data between the group were compared using the one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test. Results: Triphala extract demonstrated high antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum1. It revealed statistically significant differences between Triphala extract and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) (P = 0.001). Green tea extract also displayed antimicrobial activity. Both the Triphala and green tea extracts showed a significant difference (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Triphala extract showed better antibacterial efficacy when compared to 3% NaOCl and green tea extract against F. nucleatum.