Green Spots Research Articles

Phytochemical constituents of dichloromethane fraction and essential oil of Napoleonaea imperialis rind

Napoleonaea imperialis P. Beauv. (Family Lecythidaceae) is a medicinal plant predominantly found in South-Eastern Nigeria. Essential oil (1.92 g, 0.4%) was extracted from the rind of N. imperialis via hydro distillation using a Clevenger-apparatus. Thirteen compounds constituting 99.96% of the overall components were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpenoids (geranial, neral and citronellol) made up 53.46% of the total constituents. (Z,Z)-3-hexenyl-3-hexenoate (10.56%) and (Z)-9, 17-octadecadienal (7.75%) were also identified as major constituents of the essential oil. The methanol crude extract of the rind was partitioned with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol to yield n-hexane fraction (7.4%), dichloromethane fraction (23.7%) and methanol fraction (68.7%). GC-MS analysis of the dichloromethane fraction showed the presence of thirty-five compounds constituting 98.0% of the total constituents with oleic acid having the highest percentage (28.04%). n-Hexadecanoic acid was identified in both essential oil and dichloromethane fraction of the rind. Fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acids and glycosides were also present in the dichloromethane fraction of the rind. Phytochemical screening of compounds in the three fractions were carried out using thin layer chromatography with different spray reagents. Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid spray reagent produced purple, violet and grey spots confirming the presence of terpenoid, saponins and steroids respectively in the fractions. Ferric chloride spray reagent showed green spot indicating the presence of tannins in n-hexane extract while sulphuric acid-methanol spray reagent revealed five spots in n-hexane fraction, four spots in dichloromethane fraction and three spots in methanol fraction.

Morphological and cytological observations of corolla green spots reveal the presence of functional chloroplasts in Japanese gentian.

Gentian is an important ornamental flower in Japan. The corolla of the majority of cultivated Japanese gentians have green spots, which are rarely encountered in flowers of other angiosperms. Little information is available on the functional traits of the green spots. In this study, we characterized the green spots in the Japanese gentian corolla using a number of microscopic techniques. Opto-digital microscopy revealed that a single visible green spot is composed of approximately 100 epidermal cells. The epidermal cells of a green spot formed a dome-like structure and the cell lumen contained many green structures that were granular and approximately 5 μm in diameter. The green structures emitted red autofluorescence when irradiated with 488 nm excitation light. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the green structures contained typical thylakoids and grana, thus indicating they are chloroplasts. No grana were observed and the thylakoids had collapsed in the plastids of epidermal cells surrounding green spots. To estimate the rate of photosynthetic electron transfer of the green spots, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence using the MICROSCOPY version of an Imaging-PAM (pulse-amplitude-modulated) fluorometer. Under actinic light of 449 μmol m−2 s−1, substantial electron flow through photosystem II was observed. Observation of green spot formation during corolla development revealed that immature green spots formed at an early bud stage and developed to maturity associated with chloroplast degradation in the surrounding epidermal cells. These results confirmed that the Japanese gentian corolla contains functional chloroplasts in restricted areas of epidermal cells and indicated that a sophisticated program for differential regulation of chloroplast formation and degradation is operative in the epidermis.

<p><strong><em>Campylotropis albopubescens stat. nov.</em></strong><strong> (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Desmodieae): the only species in the genus reproduced via rootstocks</strong></p>

Campylotropis pinetorum is a widespread and morphologically varied species including three subspecies: subsp. pinetorum, subsp. velutina, and subsp. albopubescens. However, our recent extensive observations indicated that C. pinetorum subsp. albopubescens, the only taxon in the genus that can form dominant communities via rootstocks, is clearly distinguished from subsp. pinetorum and subsp. velutina due to its distinct morphological characters: ovate to ovate-triangular stipules; branches, inflorescence rachises, calyces, and both surfaces of leaflets densely white pubescent; longer and wider bracts; purplish-red flowers; standard without green spots; pods without net veins; and presence of both sexual and vegetative reproduction types. Therefore, C. pinetorum var. albopubescens, the basionym of C. pinetorum subsp. albopubescens, is elevated to the species rank as C. albopubscens (Iokawa & H.Ohashi) M.Liao & B.Xu, stat. nov.

The Impact of Urban Growth and Development Trend on Ecological Network Structure with Resilience and Landscape Approach (Case study of Hamedan)

Urban development is an inevitable subject due to the increasing population growth in cities. The city consists of open and living systems and a combination of socio-ecological systems. On the one hand, the hurried process of urban growth resulted in the land use change. Subsequently, this manner will damage to the structure, yield, and ecological processes in each city. Meanwhile, the use of ecologic knowledge with the landscape and resilience approaches can help to analyze the present situation and discover the optimal solutions. The resilience in the pattern of the natural structure of the ecological networks depends on the extent and intensity of the green spots. This research was carried out to determine the vegetation changes in Hamadan city between1982 to 2015 to achieve the evaluation of the ecological network structure in the urban development process with a resilience approach. In this study, a conceptual framework derived from ecological knowledge, resilience ideas and the use of modern technologies, such as GIS and RS, was designed to determine the bio-sensitive areas caused by the substructure urban changes. Besides, this study was performed to preserve the remaining biological resources in this area and preventing damage to the natural ecosystem of this city. A series of satellite imagery was classified in four categories such as such as open area, built land, communication paths, vegetation. After the above classification, these maps were processed and analyzed by the TerrSet software and three types of landscape metrics including creating, loosening and separating were reviewed to identify the types of land use changes in these years. The results show that the vegetated area decreased from 2820.2 hectares in 1982 to 1304.2 hectares in 2015 and, on the other hand, built lands and communication paths were degraded from 606.4 hectares in 1982 to 4274.2 hectares in 2015. In general, it can be concluded that this level of change shows a high urban development, decreases in plant vegetation, and its discontinuation so that the above changes have reduced the resilience of the city's ecology network. At the end of the study, numerous strategies were also provided for the restoration of the entire damage in the natural ecological network of Hamadan and its development.

Interconnected ecological network design using lcp algorithm and cohesion index in urban scale

The structure of interconnected ecological network in cities includes corridors and large green spots continuity which provides ecosystem services, e.g. biodiversity conservation. From a functional perspective, green infrastructure would be one of the most adapted ways of solving environmental issues caused by restricted vegetation in intensive urban areas with high density of gray infrastructures. In this study, green infrastructures of Hamadan with an area of ​​about 74.22 km2 across 75 districts, (including agricultural lands, Parks, gardens and vacant lands) were classified as Service Providing Units (SPUs). Gardens and parks classes with dense tree cover as well as high ecosystem standards, were selected as green habitat patches, including 205 patches in the study area. Considering the highest quality of habitats, 14 patches were chosen as habitat cores based on having the highest level of COHESION metric, and the area of more than 12 ha. We performed the Least Cost Path (LCP) method through QGIS software at the study area to see core habitats connectivity; using a simple algorithm to calculate the cumulative cost of moving through landscape. Results show that a total of 91 potential corridors were identified connecting the main cores. Optimal corridor selection was based on two scenarios, the shortest and the least costly route. Therefore 23 and 54 corridors were selected. By combination of two scenarios and considering the overlap of some routes, the final corridors were also identified. To keep up network connectivity, in the case of Corridor 6–9 with high costs over threshold, stepping-stones have been defined to reduce costs and distance.

Detection of Lipase Activity in Cells by a Fluorescent Probe Based on Formation of Self-Assembled Micelles.

SummaryReliable and sensitive detection of lipase activity is essential for the early diagnosis and monitoring of acute pancreatitis or progression of digestive diseases. However, the available fluorescent probes for detection of lipase activity are only implemented in a hexane-water two-phase system due to the nature of heterogeneous catalysis of lipase, thus limiting their applications in direct imaging of lipase activity in living cells and tissues. Here we designed and synthesized a “turn on” fluorescent probe CPP based on self-assembled micelles for hydrolysis of lipase. The CPP probe exhibits high selectivity and excellent sensitivity for the detection of lipase in such a homogeneous system and is successfully applied for monitoring lipase activity in pancreatic AR42J cells, tissues, and serums. Taken together, the fluorescent CPP probe not only provides a tool for diagnostic potential in pancreatic disease but also demonstrates an application potential for micelle self-assembly-based development of biological probes.

GFP transient expression and silencing in Fragaria x ananassa

BACKGROUND: Stable transformation, transient expression, and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) are powerful methodologies that allow exploration of gene function. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to apply these methodologies to strawberry leaves. Methods: the binary vectors pBIN19-sgfp, pBICdsGFP and pBIN61-P19 were transferred into A. tumefaciens EHA105 supervirulent strain by electroporation. The sgfp gene silencing was carried out in stably transformed GFP (green fluorescent protein) F. x ananassa Duch. cultivar ‘Pájaro’ strawberry plants by agroinfiltration. GFP-fluorescence was observed using a stereomicroscope (507 nm). RESULTS: We attained a GFP transgenic F. x ananassa plant that expresses the functional protein in all the tissues during a complete and normal life cycle. In planta sgfp transient expression and silencing have also been achieved in F. x ananassa cv. ‘Pájaro’ leaves of wild type and GFP transgenic plants, respectively. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression was visualized as high intensity green fluorescent spots as early as 7 days post-agroinfiltration (dpa), peaking between 10 and 14 dpa and persisting as long as 24 dpa. A knockdown GFP phenotype was achieved by silencing using a dsGFP hairpin. CONCLUSION: This work contributes significantly to the reverse genetics field in strawberry, might help to gain knowledge in the analysis of functional promoters and thereby allow protein expression and silencing of genes. This will help to develop resistant plants expressing plant defense elicitors or silencing pathogen receptors and/or negative regulators of plant defense.

SlMYB72 Regulates the Metabolism of Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and Flavonoids in Tomato Fruit.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is accompanied by the degradation of chlorophylls and the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids. Tomato SlMYB72 belongs to the R2R3 MYB subfamily, is located in the nucleus, and possesses transcriptional activator activity. Down-regulation of the SlMYB72 gene produced uneven-colored fruits; that is, dark green spots appeared on immature and mature green fruits, whereas yellow spots appeared on red fruits. Down-regulation of SlMYB72 increased chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast biogenesis and development, and photosynthesis rate in fruits. This down-regulation decreased lycopene content, promoted β-carotene production and chromoplast development, and increased flavonoid accumulation in fruits. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that down-regulation of SlMYB72 altered the expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and flavonoids. SlMYB72 protein interacted with the auxin response factor SlARF4. SlMYB72 directly targeted protochlorophyllide reductase, Mg-chelatase H subunit, and knotted1-like homeobox2 genes and regulated chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development. SlMYB72 directly bound to phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene isomerase, and lycopene β-cyclase genes and regulated carotenoid biosynthesis. SlMYB72 directly targeted 4-coumarate-coenzyme A ligase and chalcone synthase genes and regulated the biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acid. The uneven color phenotype in RNA interference-SlMYB72 fruits was due to uneven silencing of SlMYB72 and uneven expression of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis genes. In summary, this study identified important roles for SlMYB72 in the regulation of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid metabolism and provided a potential target to improve fruit nutrition in horticultural crops.

First report of signs of infection by Coccomyxa-like algae in wild blue mussels, Mytilus spp., in the Gulf of Maine (USA, Maine).

In August 2019, visual inspection of intertidal zones of the Gulf of Maine (ME, USA) revealed young and adult wild blue mussels, Mytilus spp., in Alley Bay (Jonesport area) with the distinctive L-shaped shell deformity (LSSD) and green spots (GS) in the mantle and adductor muscle. LSSD is a characteristic sign of current or previous mussel infection by photosynthetic unicellular alga from the group Coccomyxa, while GS are algal colonies. Based on these findings, this study represents the first report of infection signs by pathogenic Coccomyxa-like algae in mussels from the coastal waters of the Northeastern United States, providing a base for future large scale monitoring of the alga in the region.

InVivo Bioengineering of Fluorescent Conductive Protein-Dye Microfibers.

SummaryEngineering protein-based biomaterials is extremely challenging in bioelectronics, medicine, and materials science, as mechanical, electrical, and optical properties need to be merged to biocompatibility and resistance to biodegradation. An effective strategy is the engineering of physiological processes in situ, by addition of new properties to endogenous components. Here we show that a green fluorescent semiconducting thiophene dye, DTTO, promotes, in vivo, the biogenesis of fluorescent conductive protein microfibers via metabolic pathways. By challenging the simple freshwater polyp Hydra vulgaris with DTTO, we demonstrate the stable incorporation of the dye into supramolecular protein-dye co-assembled microfibers without signs of toxicity. An integrated multilevel analysis including morphological, optical, spectroscopical, and electrical characterization shows electrical conductivity of biofibers, opening the door to new opportunities for augmenting electronic functionalities within living tissue, which may be exploited for the regulation of cell and animal physiology, or in pathological contexts to enhance bioelectrical signaling.

Field cage assessment of feeding damage by Halyomorpha halys on kiwifruit orchards in China

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a polyphagous pest of fruit and vegetable crops. Kiwifruit is an economically important fruit, and occasional outbreaks of BMSB have been reported in kiwifruit orchards in China, Italy, and Greece. However, information on the types of damage and damage levels on fruit that BMSB can cause during the growing season are currently lacking. To address this, we conducted field experiments using exclusion cages to investigate feeding damage caused by BMSB to three kiwifruit cultivars [Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ (green), A. chinensis var. chinensis ‘Nongdajinmi’ (yellow), and A. chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Xuxiang’ (green)]. We also investigated damage levels at different insect and kiwifruit densities on ‘Hayward’. Results indicate both nymphs and adults caused green and white damage spots under the skin of kiwifruit. Green and white spots were found mixed or singly in all three cultivars. The proportion of each type of damage spot varied with the fruit development stage and the cultivar. The incidence of fruit damage was not significantly different among the cultivars (‘Hayward’ 76.9%, ‘Xuxiang’ 82.5%, ‘Nongdajinmi’ 73.5%); however, lower intensity of fruit damage was observed on ‘Nongdajinmi’. The incidence of fruit damage in ‘Hayward’ did not differ significantly among different insect/fruit densities, while intensity of fruit damage increased with increasing ratio of insects to fruit. The intensity of fruit damage significantly increased when four or more insects were introduced to cages when compared with two. These results provide key information on the characteristics of BMSB damage in kiwifruit.

Passion Fruit Green Spot Virus Genome Harbors a New Orphan ORF and Highlights the Flexibility of the 5'-End of the RNA2 Segment Across Cileviruses.

Passion fruit green spot and passion fruit sudden death are two reportedly distinct viral diseases that recurrently affect passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) groves in Brazil. Here we used a systematic approach that interconnects symptoms, transmission electron microscopy, RT-PCR detection assays followed by Sanger sequencing, and high-throughput sequencing of the RNA of affected passion fruit plants to gain insights about these diseases. Our data confirmed not only the involvement of cileviruses in these two pathologies, as previously suggested, but also that these viruses belong to the same tentative species: passion fruit green spot virus (PfGSV). Results revealed that PfGSV has a positive-sense RNA genome split into two molecules of approximately 9 kb (RNA1) and 5 kb (RNA2), which share about 50–70% nucleotide sequence identity with other viruses in the genus Cilevirus. Genome sequences of five PfGSV isolates suggest that they have more conserved RNA1 (<5% of nucleotide sequence variability) compared to RNA2 (up to 7% of variability) molecules. The highest nucleotide sequence divergence among PfGSV isolates and other cileviruses is in the genomic segment covering from the 5′-end of the RNA2 until the 5′-end of the open reading frame (ORF) p61, which includes the ORF p15 and the intergenic region. This genomic stretch also harbors a novel orphan ORF encoding a 13 kDa protein presenting a cysteine-rich domain. High variability of 5′-end of the RNA2 in cileviruses is discussed in an evolutionary context assuming that they share putative common ancestors with unclassified arthropod-infecting single-strand positive RNA viruses, including mosquito-specific viruses of the group Negevirus (clades Nelorpivirus and Sandwavirus), and other viruses in the family Kitaviridae.

Determination of Green Spots (Trees) For Google Satellite Images Using MATLAB

Abstract This research article proposes an efficacious and remarkable strategy for image processing. A Google satellite image ascertaining by manipulating image normalized cross-correlation, grayscale image, and image thresholding todetermine the percentage of a green portion (trees) within the total area has been developed in this paper. This exertion exploited 2D image normalized cross-correlation to scrutinize a Google satellite image to trace out the green spots in it. In this proposed work an image of the University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh from Google satellite has been exerted. In this maneuver, a template image has been coincided with its prototypical image. Subsequently, correlate the template image with the main image employing image normalized cross-correlation to recognize if the template image exists in the main image or not. As a result of correlation, it has been discerned that the template image exists amid the main image. Latterly convert the main image into a grayscale image to determine the total area. The consequential step is to exert image thresholding. Then the area under two extents is enumerated along with the percentage of a green portion (trees) within the total area has been detected. Due to defective pixel quality of satellite image, it’s arduous to study satellite image hence to overcome this hindrance as well as to trace out any definite spot and its area this endeavor is proposed in this paper. This algorithm is executed in MATLAB R2016.

Post-mortem of the Kerala floods 2018 tragedy

After more than two weeks of relentless rain, in early August, 2018, Kerala, often referred as ‘God’s own country’ a State at the southern tip of India, known internationally for its scenic green landscapes, tourists spots and backwaters, is left with over 1 million people in relief camps and close to 400 reported dead- the number expected to be much higher as many areas remain inaccessible. The coastal strip wedged between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats mountain chain is prone to inundation. Unusually heavy monsoon rains have got the entire State of Kerala in the grip of a massive, unprecedented flood: the last time anything like this has happened was in 1924. Even before the rains, Kerala’s economy presented a mixed picture: relatively higher per capita income, but slow growth and high unemployment rates. As torrential rains abated in Kerala, the major question confronting the State and its unfortunate citizens is an assessment of the colossal loss of property, agriculture and infrastructure and the focus has turned towards the short-term negative implications and how will it rebuild its economy. There were evidently many political, economic, social and managerial lessons to take away from the disaster. The paper will describe the magnitude of the disaster in Kerala and the impact on the human population.

Analisis Kandungan Asam Retinoat Pada Sediaan Krim Malam Yang Beredar Di Toko X Kota Klaten Dengan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Whitening cosmetics are cosmetics that contain an active whitening ingredient to brighten the skin. Retinoic acid is prohibited from being used in whitening creams because it can cause dry, burning, carcinogenic and teratogenic skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of retinoic acid contained in night creams. The sample in this study were 5 night cream products circulating in Klaten City X Store. This study was conducted to determine the content of retinoic acid in night creams using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Five positive samples contained retinoic acid by giving dark green spots and the concentration was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The results of this study indicate that in 5 samples of night cream circulating in Store X in the City of Klaten all positive for retinoic acid, that is, the average for sample A was 0.021%; sample B 0.014%; sample C 0.016%; sample D 0.025% and sample E 0.023%.

Shell deformity as a marker for retrospective detection of a pathogenic unicellular alga, Coccomyxa sp., in mytilid mussels: A first case study and research agenda

An L-shaped shell deformity (LSSD) on the posterior shell edge is known exclusively in wild mytilid mussels infected with photosynthetic Coccomyxa-like algae. LSSD forms due to the appearance of extra shell material; it only occurs if the mussel is heavily infected with the alga. Traditionally, observation of high amount of the green spots (algal colonies) on a large area of host soft tissues (most of the mantle and in adductor muscle) has been used to indicate a high infection rate. We examined 300 Mytilus spp. (100 small, 20–30 mm; 200 large, 40–60 mm) with a high degree of LSSD (parameter “d” > 5 mm) from the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (Québec, Canada). Green spots were absent in two large mussels, and were only present along the mantle posterior edge in 14 large mussels; other individuals had high infection levels. Our observations suggest that some individuals could be in a state of remission, or, even more optimistically - mussels may be able to resist the pathogen. LSSD is the stable through-time marker for detection of mytilid mussels that are or were infected with Coccomyxa algae, and, thus, may provide information for the study of mussel immunity and control of alga distribution/migration in coastal waters worldwide.

Presentation of a suitable approach for green programming of urban ways through integrative method\xa0CA-Markov: case study\u2014Azadi Street of Tehran, Iran

Greenways are networks of some connected linear elements that are designed and programmed for a variety of recreational, cultural, aesthetic, and some other purposes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to check out the land cover changes around the Azadi Street in past and to predict its future changes. This is done in order for checking the connections of the green spaces around the street, connecting Azadi Street and its surroundings, providing solution for future planning and management, and applying greenway principles. For this purpose, using remote sensing techniques, we extracted land cover maps from satellite pictures of years 1986, 2000, and 2016. We used CA-Markov integrated model to predict future changes—in year 2032. The results demonstrate a decrease of 474 ha of the green spots’ area while there is an increase of 658 ha of the built lands during 1986–2016. If the security and management plans on the street area are not going to be changed, this area will transform to a machine-centered space and the limited level of the existing walking-oriented area will disappear soon. The results of this research are effective in reviewing the management approaches of the region so that by providing effective solutions, they can lead the policy makers and planners to follow some of the principles of greenways.

Upregulation of OPA1 by carnosic acid is mediated through induction of IKKγ ubiquitination by parkin and protects against neurotoxicity

An imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics is strongly associated with Parkinson's disease. The fusion protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) is up-regulated through the activation of parkin-mediated IκB kinase γ (IKKγ)/p65 signaling. This study investigated whether the neuroprotection of carnosic acid (CA) from rosemary is involved in mitochondrial dynamics and OPA1 protein induction by parkin/IKKγ/p65 signaling. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated with SH-SY5Y cells decreased OPA1 and mitofusin 2 fusion proteins, but increased fission 1 and dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1) fission proteins. By immunofluorescence, 6-OHDA induced the fluorescence of green spots outside the mitochondria, indicating that cytochrome c was released to the cytoplasm. Except for the effects on DRP1 protein, CA pretreatment reversed these effects of 6-OHDA. Additionally, CA treatment increased the ubiquitination of IKKγ, nuclear p65 protein, OPA1-p65 DNA binding activity, and OPA1 protein. However, transfection of parkin small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated these effects of CA. Furthermore, transfection of OPA1 siRNA abolished the action of CA to reverse 6-OHDA-increased cytosolic cytochrome c protein, apoptotic-related protein cleavage, and cell death. In conclusion, the mechanism by which CA counteracts the toxicity of 6-OHDA is through modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and upregulation of OPA1 via activation of the parkin/IKKγ/p65 pathway.

Characterization and physicochemical properties of chlorophyll extract from Spirulina sp.

Spirulina sp. is a group of microalgae which has a number of pigments with diverse bioactivities. Chlorophyll is one of the dominant pigments in Spirulina sp. that play an important role in capturing light as a crucial element for photosynthesis. This study aims at investigating the characteristic of chlorophyll extract from Spirulina sp. and its physicochemical properties. The effects of light exposure (white, yellow, and UV-C) and metal ions (Sn2+, K+, and Fe3+) on chlorophyll stability were investigated. The green spots with RF 0.45 and 0.37 values were observed in the TLC experiment, indicating the chlorophyll a and b, respectively. The UV-Vis analysis was employed to identify the presence of chlorophyll and FTIR was utilized to detect the typical absorbance of characteristics functional groups for chlorophyll. The results show the chlorophyll was less resistance to all kinds of light (white, yellow, and UV-C). Metal ions of Sn2+, K+, and Fe3+ exhibited no obvious effect on the chlorophyll stability in the dark condition, but some metal ions gave a noteworthy effect in the presence of light.

Analisa Kualitatif Asam Retinoat pada Sediaan Krim Malam di Pasar Klaten dengan Metode Kromatografi Lapis

Some cosmetics are still found chemicals that are harmful to the skin, such as Mercury, Hydroquinone, Retinoic Acid. These materials have been banned. so researchers are interested in researching Retinoic Acid. Retinoic acid is a hard drug and can only be purchased by prescription from a doctor, but in reality many cosmetics containing retinoic acid are sold freely. Side effects caused include: making the skin feel burned, carcinogenic and teratogenic. The purpose of this study was to carry out a qualitative analysis of retinoic acid compounds in night creams using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. The research method was an observational study with the silica gel 60 F 254 nm stationary phase and the n-hexane: ethanol mobile phase (6: 4). From the research that has been done shows the average Rf price of creamA is 0.94; cream B that is 0.90; C cream that is 0.92; creamD is 0.94; cream that is 0.89; while the standard Rf is 0.97. when observed under UV light 254 nm has a dark green spot that corresponds to a standard retinoic acid has a dark green spot so that it can be stated that A, B cream, C cream, D cream, and E cream contain positive retinoic acid.