Green Soybean Research Articles

Introductory Condition of Tractor-drawn Harvester-threshers for the Growth of Green Soybean

秋田県内ではエダマメの作付拡大が推進されており，集落型法人や一戸一法人の作付拡大により全体として面積が拡大されている．産地規模拡大の中心的役割を担っている経営体において導入が見込まれるエダマメ収穫脱莢機の導入条件を検討した．慣行体系と同一の作付規模でトラクターアタッチ型や歩行型による収穫脱莢体系を導入した場合，10a当たり労働時間は減少するものの，所得も減少が見込まれた．トラクターアタッチ型の作業可能面積は慣行体系の2倍程度で，この規模まで拡大を伴った導入をすることで10a当たりの所得の向上が見込まれた．歩行型では作業可能面積まで規模拡大しても10a当たりの所得の向上が見込めなかった．このことから，トラクターアタッチ型による収穫脱莢体系は作業可能面積まで作付拡大することで，10a当たりの所得の向上が見込め，規模拡大する場合に推奨できる．

RESOURCE-SAVING METHODS OF LEGUMES CULTIVATION WITH THE USE OF GROWTH PROMOTING BIOPREPARATIONS

Recently such directions as biologization and ecologization of agriculture began to develop widely. Scientifically based introduction of methods of biologization and ecologization in agriculture let us consider biologization and ecologization of agrotechnological methods as one of the most important components of natural resources preservation strategy. Resource-saving agriculture can be considered as one of the elements of this direction. In connection with new agricultural technologies spreading which deal with efficient agriculture, the use of fertilizers on the basis of chelate growth promoting fertilizers, growth stimulants andfertilizers based on humic acids is of increasing importance nowadays. Studies on the cultivation of legumes were carried out on the land of federal state budgetary institution "PARRC RAS" in the 2014-2017. The study included green beans of Rubin variety and soybeans of Volgograd variety 1 cultivated with the use of growth-stimulating preparations. On average for the four years of the ongoing study, the maximum yields of green beans were obtained on the variant with the use of tank mixtures of Megavol+ Plantaphol 10:54:10 preparations and on the variant with application of humic fertilizer on the basis of chelate potassium Lignohumate AM brand - 2,8 t/ha. The coefficient of water consumption was consistent with the indicator 1492,1 m3/t. Under the cultivation of soybean varieties Volgogradka 1 the best variant was using the tank mixture of Megavol+ Plantaphol 10:54:10 preparations and in the variant with inoculation of microbial preparation of 6406 strain. The yield in this case was 2.6-2.7 t/ha. Ratio of water consumption varied from 1547,4 to 1606,9 m3/t. According to the results of the study, the best variants chosen are guaranteed to give an increase in yield relative to the control option over 0.7 t/ha and can be recommended for the cultivation of green beans and soybeans in relation to the soil and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region.

Simultaneous Analysis and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment of Fomesafen, Clomazone, Clethodim and Its Two Metabolites in Soybean Ecosystem

A commercial formulation, 37% dispersible oil suspension (DOS) (fomesafen, clomazone, and clethodim), is being registered in China to control annual or perennial weeds in soybean fields. In this paper, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method with QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation was developed for the simultaneous determination of fomesafen, clomazone, clethodim, and its two metabolites (CSO and CSO2) in soybean, green soybean, and soybean straw samples. The mean recoveries of our developed method for the five analytes in three matrices were ranged from 71% to 116% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12.6%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.01 mg/kg in soybean, 0.01 mg/kg in green soybean, and 0.02 mg/kg in soybean straw while the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.018 to 0.125 μg/kg for these five analytes. The highest final residual amount of CSO2 in green soybean samples (0.015 mg/kg) appeared in Anhui, and the highest in soybean straw samples was 0.029 mg/kg in Guangxi, whilst the terminal residues of fomesafen, clomazone, clethodim and CSO were lower than LOQs (0.01 mg/kg) in all samples. Furthermore, these terminal residues were all lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China (0.1 mg/kg for fomesafen and clethodim, 0.05 mg/kg for clomazone) at harvest. Additional chronic dietary risk was evaluated using a risk quotients (RQs) method based on Chinese dietary habits. The chronic dietary exposure risk quotients were 4.3 for fomesafen, 0.12 for clomazone, and 19.3 for clethodim, respectively, which were significantly lower than 100. These results demonstrated that the dietary exposure risk of fomesafen, clomazone, and clethodim used in soybean according to good agricultural practices (GAP) was acceptable and would not pose an unacceptable health risk to Chinese consumers. These results not only offer insight with respect to the analytes, but also contribute to environmental protection and food safety.

Determination of clomazone and acetochlor residues in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

ABSTRACT The Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a kind of oilseed crop and also a good source of nutrition for human beings, poultry and other animals. Clomazone and acetochlor are two kinds of pesticides of great concern that are widely used to protect soybean from weeds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food safety of soybean after applying clomazone and acetochlor. For this purpose, the contents of clomazone and acetochlor in green soybean, green straw, mature soybean, and mature straw collected from six locations in different provinces of China were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The recoveries of the compounds at different concentration levels were 86%-110% while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 2% to 31 11%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for each matrix of the two herbicides were 0.01 mg/kg. Residues of clomazone and acetochlor in soybean at harvest time were all below 0.01 mg/kg at the recommended dosage.

Effects of Shoot and Root Pruning on Growth and Yield of Green Soybean Cultivated in Osaka

Effects of Shoot and Root Pruning on Growth and Yield of Green Soybean Cultivated in Osaka

Planting Densities and Forms of Potassium Fertilization in the Development of Edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merril) Cultivation

The edamame is the soybean harvested in the R6 phenological period when the seed in green. That is the reason of its name, Green Soybean. To evaluate the influence of different planting densities and two types of potassium fertilizer on the agronomic components of the edamame cultivar BR 9452273, an experiment was conducted in the municipality of Boa Vista-RR between early 2015 and March 2016. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with four plant densities (140, 160, 200 and 240 thousand plants ha-1) and two forms of potassium fertilization in the last split-application (potassium chloride-KCl (control) and a Leaf fertilizer-K-20) on the same concentration (30 kg ha-1) for both treatments, with three replicates. Plant cultivation variables were evaluated, as well aspod productivity and the reproductive and maturation periods of the plants. Based on the results obtained, the BR-9452273 edamame lineage showed early growth and maturation under local edaphoclimatic conditions, with reproductive and maturation periods of 24 and 73 days after planting, respectively. Plant height and the insertion of the first pod, the diameter of the stem, and pod number in a sample of 500 g were affected by the joint action of the evaluated factors. Green pod yield and total biomass were favored by both higher and lower density, which alongside the application of KCl, were the most effective treatments for production of edamame in the Cerrado of Roraima.

Annual nitric and nitrous oxide emissions response to biochar amendment from an intensive greenhouse vegetable system in southeast China

Biochar impact on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions from intensive greenhouse vegetable cropping systems is not well established. Annual soil N2O and NO emissions were simultaneously measured from a typical greenhouse vegetable field treated with different biochar application rates in southeast China. Both N2O and NO emissions differed greatly across the individual vegetable cropping seasons, of which being higher in green soybean and tomato growing seasons, respectively. Over the annual vegetable cropping rotation, biochar amendment decreased soil N2O and NO emissions by 10–23% and 18–19% relative to N fertilization alone, respectively. Biochar rate of 20 t ha−1 gained the lowest N2O and NO emissions over the annual cycle. The ratio of NO/N2O was negatively correlated with soil moisture and depends on biochar addition or not. On average, annual emission factor (EF) of N2O and NO combined was accounted for 2.13% with biochar amendment, which was decreased by 22% compared with N fertilization alone (EF = 2.74%). Vegetable yield was significantly enhanced under the biochar combined with N fertilizer plots relative to control, while there is no difference among the N fertilization treatments with or without biochar amendment. Therefore, biochar could be used as an effective management mitigating soil N2O and NO emissions while maintaining crop yield in greenhouse vegetable cropping systems in southeast China.

Identification of soybean peptide leginsulin variants in different cultivars and their insulin-like activities

We have recently reported that green soybean cultivar, echigomidori, and not the yellow cultivar, fukuyutaka, is a rich source of hormone-like peptide leginsulin consisting of 37 amino acids (Leg_1_37, PDB 1JU8A) and its C-terminal glycine deletant, Leg_1_36. Green soybean is mature, but the color of the seedcoat and cotyledon remains green. Therefore, in this study, we examined the leginsulin content in different varieties of 11 colored soybeans (including green, yellow, red, brown and black) and edamame (immature soybean). Profile analysis of soybean constituents by LC-MS showed that Leg_1 (36 + 37) detected as a prominent peak in 3 green and 1 yellow soybean cultivar was the strongest contributor in principal component analysis, indicating Leg_1 is the most characteristic feature for distinguishing soybean cultivars. However, smaller amounts of leginsulin-like peptides, defined as Leg_2 and Leg_3, were detected in other samples. The cDNA sequences and LC-MS/MS analyses revealed that Leg_2 was a homologue of Leg_1 with three amino acid substitutions derived from SNPs, while Leg_3 was a Leg_1/Leg_2 paralog. Expression levels of Leg_1 were markedly higher than Leg_2 and Leg_3. Additionally, in glucose uptake assay, purified TRX-His-tag fused recombinant Leg_1_37 prepared by bacterial expression showed stronger insulin-like activities than other variants including Leg_2, Leg_3, and their Gly deletants in myotube-like differentiated L6 and C2C12 cells. These results suggest that dietary consumption of soybean seed, especially including a higher amount of Leg_1_37, could be useful for lowering of blood glucose.

RANTAI PASOKAN DAN NILAI TAMBAH EDAMAME GORENG VAKUM DI UD. RAJA KERIPIK KABUPATEN JEMBER

The success of the supply chain of vacuum fried green soybean can be seen from the supply chain flow of the raw materials and the continuity of the resulting product. Agro-industry activities that convert primary products into new processed products with higher economic value can provide higher added value and greater benefits when compared without going through the processing. The research aim to know: (1) product flow, finance flow, and information flow; (2) marketing margin of the supply chain; and value added of vacuum fried green soybeans in UD. Raja Keripik, Jember. The research was conducted in UD. Raja Keripik, Jember. Purposive method was used to determine the research location. Snawball technique was used as sampling technique based on information of UD Raja Keripik’s owner. The first aim was answered with descripton method, the second aim was answered by margin formula, and the last aim was answered by the analysis of Hayami value added. The result proves that (1) there are three flows in the supply chain of the vacuum fried green soybeans such as product flow, finance flow, and information flow (2) The margin distribution of marketing in supply chain shows that profit in each link is not equally. It can proved by the value of provit that are 51.90%; 6.78%; and 38.79%. (3) The value added of processing of one kilogram of vacuum fried green soybeans is Rp. 18.619,49

Environmental globalization

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an alternative viewpoint to better manage the global natural resources using the case of soybean international market as a baseline and water as the natural resource, although the product and natural resource could be any other.Design/methodology/approachThe case of Brazilian soya production and the international soybean market was used to illustrate the commodities and agricultural use of water, a global and finite natural resource. The water footprint analysis was applied to balance the international water trade associated to soybean exportation.FindingsThe net water balance indicates that Brazil is more efficient in the water use to soybean production considering water origin (types of water) and availability. That implies a benefit for soybean importers from Brazil who does not internalize this natural input in the cost of their products.Research limitations/implicationsThe alternatives proposed and discussed in this essay are far from being complete and definitive. The details of their implications are beyond the scope and purpose of this essay. However, it may be the starting point for a wider academic and political debate.Practical implicationsThere are externalities in the soybean market that are generating environmental and social costs. Those costs could be minimized by a fair international market that internalizes the costs of using finite natural resources. For that, adequate public policies should be designed, implemented and maintained. The monetary funds obtained from internalization of costs in water use could be addressed to research devoted to enlarge the water saving practices.Originality/valueFrom a discussion about the fundamental role of natural resources in the maintenance of mankind life and the implications of its irrational use, a global governance of natural resources is being proposed. As practical actions for global governance, a green soybean, marketed under a water seal, has been discussed.

Concentrations and health risks of heavy metals in soils and crops around the Pingle manganese (Mn) mine area in Guangxi Province, China.

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural fields and their ecological risks are a source of extensive concern worldwide. A field survey was conducted to investigate the present situation and health risks of heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd) and crops (corn, green soybean, sweet potato, persimmon, cassava, and Chinese chestnut) around the Pingle manganese (Mn) mine site in Guangxi Province, China, which was abandoned 20years ago. The results showed that the ranges of Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd were 2706.54-6760.16, 229.37-275.84, 160.39-215.48, 58.11-75.30, and 5.78-6.98mgkg-1, respectively, which were approximately 15.38-38.41, 11.76-14.15, 2.12-2.85, 2.09-2.71, and 21.64-28.75 times greater than their respective background values. Most of these concentrations exceeded the national standard for soil quality (grade 2) developed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (1995). Contamination assessments based on the single contamination index (Pi), Nemerow multi-factor index (Pcom), and potential ecological risk index (RI) showed that the sampled soils were severely polluted with these heavy metals, especially Pb and Cd. Similarly, the crops were enriched with Pb and Cd, with concentrations of 10.22-41.78 and 2.33-5.37mgkg-1, respectively, which were much higher than the threshold values of the national food standards. Contamination assessments with Pi and Pcom also showed that the crops were severely polluted with Pb and Cd. The bioaccumulation factor values for Cd were highest among the heavy metals, with an average mean of 0.66 in these six crops, demonstrating that Cd readily accumulates in these crops. An assessment showed that the health risk for adults living in the mining-impacted areas was significant. Our study strongly recommends that heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils and crops grown around the Pingle Mn mining-affected areas should be treated to mitigate the health risks.

Worm wounding increases levels of pollen-related food allergens in soybean (Glycine max)

The levels of food allergens in worm-wounded or non-wounded green soybeans (edamame) and mature soybeans were investigated by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using allergen-specific antibodies. Non-wounded and worm-wounded soybeans showed similar total protein profiles after Coomassie brilliant blue staining, but some protein bands were observed to have been changed by worm wounding. Immunoblotting with specific antibodies for major soybean allergens (Gly m 5, Gly m 6, Gly m Bd 30K, and Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor) revealed that protein band profiles and intensities were not significantly changed by worm wounding. In contrast, levels of the pollen-related soybean allergens Gly m 4 and Gly m 3 were strongly increased by worm wounding in both green and mature soybeans, as detected by immunoblotting and ELISA. These results suggested that the pollen-related food allergen risk (i.e., oral allergy syndrome; OAS) from soybeans might be enhanced by worm wounding of soybeans.

Enhancement of Pesticide Peak Response in GC-MS in the Presence of Multiple Co-Existing Reference Pesticides

We carried out a collaborative study in six laboratories to confirm the universality of the enhancing effect of co-existing reference pesticides on the GC-MS peak response to a target pesticide (malathion, procymidone, or flucythrinate). First, we confirmed the response enhancement of the target pesticides with increasing numbers of co-existing reference pesticides in solution. Then, using diluted green soybean matrix, we analyzed the target pesticides with two types of matrix-matched calibration, containing the target pesticides or 166 other pesticides. In both cases, the response-enhancing effect of co-existing pesticides was confirmed in all laboratories. The enhancement was reduced by addition of green soybean matrix to the sample and calibration solutions. Our results show that it is necessary to estimate the peak response-enhancing effect of co-existing pesticides in the calibration solution to obtain accurate results with GC-MS determination. The enhancing effect could be reduced by addition of food matrix to the sample and calibration solutions.

Optimum Harvesting Time of the Black-seeded Soybean “Tambaguro” for Edamame (Green Soybean) “Murasakizukin 2” by Appearance of Pods

Optimum Harvesting Time of the Black-seeded Soybean “Tambaguro” for Edamame (Green Soybean) “Murasakizukin 2” by Appearance of Pods

High angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Alcalase-digested green soybean (Glycine max) hydrolysates

As a protein-rich, underutilized crop, green soybean could be exploited to produce hydrolysates containing angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. Defatted green soybean was hydrolyzed using four different food-grade proteases (Alcalase, Papain, Flavourzyme and Bromelain) and their ACE inhibitory activities were evaluated. The Alcalase-generated green soybean hydrolysate showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.14 mg/mL at 6 h hydrolysis time) followed by Papain (IC50: 0.20 mg/mL at 5 h hydrolysis time), Bromelain (IC50: 0.36 mg/mL at 6 h hydrolysis time) and Flavourzyme (IC50: 1.14 mg/mL at 6 h hydrolysis time) hydrolysates. The Alcalase-generated hydrolysate was profiled based on its hydrophobicity and isoelectric point using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and isoelectric point focusing (IEF) fractionators. The Alcalase-generated green soybean hydrolysate comprising of peptides EAQRLLF, PSLRSYLAE, PDRSIHGRQLAE, FITAFR and RGQVLS, revealed the highest ACE inhibitory activity of 94.19%, 99.31%, 92.92%, 101.51% and 90.40%, respectively, while their IC50 values were 878 μM, 532 μM, 1552 μM, 1342 μM and 993 μM, respectively. It can be concluded that Alcalase-digested green soybean hydrolysates could be exploited as a source of peptides to be incorporated into functional foods with antihypertensive activity.

Green Soybean Extract Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis

Green-mature soybean ( Glycine max) extract (GSE) inhibits the progression of immunoglobulin E-mediated inflammation more than the ordinary yellow-pigmented soybean extract (YSE). The inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by GSE in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells has been found to be lower than that by YSE. However, this inhibitory ability became markedly pronounced by visible light irradiation. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of GSE and visible light-irradiated GSE (L-GSE) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, immunoglobulin E-independent inflammation, and assessed whether light irradiation affects their anti-inflammatory properties. The severity of DSS-induced colitis was moderated by the ingestion of any of the soybean extracts, and L-GSE was the most effective in moderating the progression in colitis. GSE and L-GSE, except for YSE, inhibited the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine in mice colons. All soybean extracts suppressed the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas GSE and L-GSE also inhibited the expression of the iNOS protein in the early phase of colitis. These results suggest that GSE is likely to suppress NO production, unlike in vitro results. Unfortunately, a significant difference in the anti-inflammation ability of GSE and L-GSE was not observed in the DSS-induced colitis mice. However, GSE and L-GSE are likely to become new candidate agents for the inhibition of inflammation and excessive NO production.

京都府の早生丹波黒大豆系エダマメ商品『京 夏ずきん』の開花特性に基づく作型の開発

京都府の早生丹波黒大豆系エダマメ商品『京 夏ずきん』の開花特性に基づく作型の開発

京都府の早生丹波黒大豆系エダマメ商品『京 夏ずきん』における外観品質と食味成分からみた収穫適期の解明

京都府の早生丹波黒大豆系エダマメ商品『京 夏ずきん』における外観品質と食味成分からみた収穫適期の解明

京都府の早生丹波黒大豆系エダマメ商品『京 夏ずきん』の開花特性に基づく作型の開発

京都府の早生丹波黒大豆系エダマメ商品『京 夏ずきん』の開花特性に基づく作型の開発

Improvement of Machine Harvesting Accuracy and Management Evaluation by Pinching Cultivation for Aomori Local Green Soybean “Kemame”

Improvement of Machine Harvesting Accuracy and Management Evaluation by Pinching Cultivation for Aomori Local Green Soybean “Kemame”