Green Shell Research Articles

The development of heterogeneous catalyst C/CaO/NaOH from waste of green mussel shell (Perna varidis) for biodiesel synthesis

This study was aimed to use green mussel shell (Perna viridis) as raw materials for CaO heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification process of palm oil into biodiesel. Green mussel shell was calcined for 3h at a temperature of 900°C to become CaO catalyst, then mixed by activated carbon with the ratio of C:CaO=2:3 and impregnated with a solution of NaOH. The catalyst was used in biodiesel production at constant reaction temperature of 65°C for 3h and methanol to oil ratio of 0.5:1 (%wt). The optimum yield biodiesel was 95.12%, which was achieved at NaOH concentration at impregnation process of 30% and the catalyst load of 7.5%. The obtained biodiesel properties were in agreement with national standard (SNI) of biodiesel.

Production of Dye from Green and Brown Walnut Shells for Leather Coloration

Nowadays, it is observed that there is an increasing approach to the use of natural substances instead of synthetic ones. As the synthetic materials and products are more complex in comparison to natural substances, it will take a long time to complete their natural cycles and return to nature, thus, causing a lot of environmental pollution. Green and brown shells of walnuts that are not only valuable crops but also important components of the Mediterranean diet are by-products of the walnut production, having scarce use (especially green shell). Thus, using shells as a source of dye will increase the value of the walnut production, as well as offering utilization for a by-product, which is produced in large quantities. The purpose of this study is to produce dye from waste green and brown walnut shells, compare quality of these dyes and apply them separately in untreated leather. Before chemical processes, the walnut shells were chopped in a grinding mill. They were dried in an oven to eliminate the humidity and extracted in Soxhlet apparatus by using ethanol solution. Then, the ethanol solution was evaporated in controlled way and the produced dyes were mordanted by using potassium aluminium sulphate (PAS). The dyes were analysed by TLC and UV-Vis, whereas dyed leathers were analysed by colorfastness test. The present study showed that brown walnut shell dye having higher color values was better for yield, dye penetration and fastness properties compared to green walnut shell dye. Luminous effect was observed when these dyes were applied in leather. It is interesting, uncommon and economically valuable for leather industry. This study would be a positive step to meet the need of leather industry in Turkey and a good example for cleaner production.

Water Quality Management of Lontar Village Coastal Waters, Banten

The coastal waters of Lontar Village is located in Tirtayasa District, Banten. The coastal waters of Lontar Village is also used for fishing activities that become the livelihood of the surrounding community. Communities around the coast of Lontar village dispose of household waste directly into the waters so that the waters become dirty. The existence of these activities can cause the condition of the waters to decrease even can lead to contamination. Decrease in water conditions will affect the living biota inside. Waters quality can be determined by measuring physical, chemical, biological and heavy metal parameters. Physical parameters include brightness, turbidity, and temperature. Chemical parameters are salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, BOD, TSS. The biological parameter is total coliform. The parameters of heavy metals are lead and copper. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of coastal waters of Lontar Village based on physical, chemical, biological and heavy metal parameters. The results showed that most of the parameters of water quality (physics, chemistry, biology and heavy metals) are still in accordance with the value of water quality standards (Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 51 of 2004) only the value of lead metals exceeding the standard quality. It must be overcome so as not to disrupt the life of biota in the waters. Management that can be done is utilize aquatic biota that can absorb heavy metal content such as green shell (shell should not be consumed), reducing oil spilled from the activity of motor boats (giving box shelter under motor boat engines so that oil does not directly spill into the waters).

OPTIMIZATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PIG-HAIR FIBERS AS FIBER REINFORCEMENT AND GREEN MUSSEL SHELLS AS PARTIAL CEMENT SUBSTITUTE

The feasibility of different waste materials as substitute to the main components of concrete isattracting attention nowadays. In relation to that, this study focuses on determining the effects of combiningtwo waste materials namely, pig-hair fibers (PHF) as fiber reinforcement and crushed green mussel shells(GMS) as partial cement substitute to the properties of concrete. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) wasused to model the relationship between the response and the factors considered. Using central compositedesign (CCD) to establish the design of experiment, the researchers was able to reduce the required numberof experimental runs to 20 from a total of 27 runs for 3 level full factorial experimental program that iscommon for responses with nonlinear behavior. Optimization was conducted to determine the optimumamount of PHF and GMS in concrete that could yield maximum compressive strength while keeping theworkability at an acceptable level. As for the results, an increase in compressive strength of concrete wasrecorded with the incorporation of PHF and GMS to concrete. However, decrease in workability wasexperienced due to the amount of fiber reinforcement present in the mix. Results of RSM suggested anoptimum combination of 0.70% PHF content and 7.81% GMS partial cement substitute at 0.47 water-cementratio (w/c) to achieve 27.40 MPa and 2.78 MPa compressive and tensile strength respectively with aminimum recommended slump of 25 mm for concrete beams and columns as per ACI. Based on these results,PHF-GMS concrete could be used in structures not requiring compressive strength above 28 MPa. With theuse of GMS as a partial cement substitute, it could reduce the overall cement requirement for a project thusincurring savings and most importantly promotes the use of environment friendly materials.

Identification of Listeria monocytogenes on Green Mussels and Cockle Shell

<p>Abstract<br />Green mussel (Perna viridis) and cockle shell (Anadara granosa) are one of many sources of animal protein which is many cultivated in Indonesia because their price is relatively affordable. This study was conducted to identify the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in 27 samples of green mussels and 3 samples of cockle shells using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time PCR) and biochemical methods. The target gene for amplification in real-time PCR was an hlyA gene because this gene was a determinant of virulence genes that produce listeriolysin O. Primers used in this study were forward primer DG69 (GTG CCG GGT AAA AGA CCA TA) and reverse primer DG74 (CGC CAC TGA GAT ACT AT) and fluorescence signals indicator using SYBR Green I. The results of analysis using real-time PCR were negative Listeria monocytogenes in all samples, while using biochemical methods there was one of 30 samples contaminated by Listeria welshimeri.</p>

Dyeing of S/J Cotton Knit Fabric with Natural Dye Extracts from Green Walnut Shells: Assessment of Mordanting Effect on Fastness Properties

In this study, aqueous extraction method is used because of its high extraction ratio, light fastness and also functional properties. In 1st phase, for dyeing S/J cotton knit fabric with green walnut power ferrous sulfate is considered as a mordant. In this study, three different mordanting methods such as pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting are conveyed the dyeing process with the state of metallic mordant and without metallic salt mordants. In 2nd phase, in dyeing for fixation ferrous sulfate was considered as mordants. Furthermore, the analysis and evaluation of each colour dyed material was done through following two terms for instance CIELAB (L*, a*, and b*) and K/S values. According to AATCC test methods, colour fastness to washing, crocking, perspiration of the dyed samples is determined whereas according to the ISO standard, the colour fastness to light was estimated and tested. When dyeing was carried out on S/J cotton knit fabric through considering optimum parameter like at 80&degC for 60 min and at pH 4 which showed optimum results. From the results we can see, very good wash fastness was obtained while there is no fading of the colour, whereas the outstanding and moderate level of colour fastness to light and crocking is achieved.

Identification of Listeria monocytogenes on Green Mussels (Perna viridis) and Cockle Shell (Anadara granosa)

Green mussel (Perna viridis) and cockle shell (Anadara granosa) are one of many sources of animal<br />protein which is many cultivated in Indonesia because their price is relatively affordable. This study was<br />conducted to identify the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in 27 samples of green mussels and 3 samples<br />of cockle shells using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time PCR) and biochemical methods. The<br />target gene for amplification in real-time PCR was an hlyA gene because this gene was a determinant of<br />virulence genes that produce listeriolysin O. Primers used in this study were forward primer DG69 (GTG<br />CCG GGT AAA AGA CCA TA) and reverse primer DG74 (CGC CAC TGA GAT ACT AT) and fluorescence<br />signals indicator using SYBR Green I. The results of analysis using real-time PCR were negative Listeria<br />monocytogenes in all samples, while using biochemical methods there was one of 30 samples contaminated<br />by Listeria welshimeri.

Growth and Survival Rate of The Rainbow Kuromoi Fish (Melanotaenia parva) with Addition of Green Mussle Shell in The Culture Medium

The water quality management is an important factor to increase the productivity of the fish. Optimal pH in the culture medium will make the rainbow kuromoi reproduce well. In this study the green mussel shell was used as medium to increase the water quality of the culture medium. The different concentration of green mussel shell were used namely: 0 g, 30 g, 60 g 90 g, and 120 g. The results showed that the addition of green mussel shell to the culture medium has a significant effect to the culture of rainbow kuromoi fish. The addition of 120 g of green mussel shell showed the best result in pH of water culture medium at 8,2. The best alkalinity of culture medium also found in the addition of 120 g of green mussel shell at 144,76 mg/L. The addition of green mussel shell was also affected the growth fish in term of its body length, body weight, and its survival rate. The growth of its body length were: 3,46 cm (control), B: 3.57 cm, C: 3.94 cm, D: 3.96 cm, 4.17 cm. The final weigth of the control treatment was: 0,61 ± 0.01 g, B: 0.86 ± 0.02 g, C: 1.02 ± 0.05 g, D: 1.08 ± 0.05 g dan E: 1.11 ± 0.07 g, The best SR was found at addition of 120 g shell at 82,22 ± 3,85% and the lowest SR was at control treatment at 40 ± 5.77%.

Colour change of greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata Donovan) fed formulated diets containing graded levels of dried macroalgae meal

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing dried macroalgae meal on the shell, foot and lip colour in terms of colour hue, saturation and brightness and pigment concentration in greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata. Two species of dried macroalgae meal (Ulva sp. and Gracilaria cliftonii) at four levels (0% basal diet, 5%, 10% and 20%) of dietary inclusion were fed to the abalone (2.89±0.01g; shell length 22.41±0.06mm) for 92days. The abalone fed G. cliftonii meal developed brown-red colour on the shell and the increased inclusion of algal meal resulted in darker brown shells, whereas abalone fed Ulva sp. meal or the basal diet exhibited light green shells. Although foot hue and foot brightness were not influenced by the type and level of inclusion of dried algal meal, the foot colour saturation of abalone fed ≥10% macroalgal meal was significantly higher than those fed the basal diet. Abalone developed a green lip when fed ≥10% of G. cliftonii meal, whereas lip colour did not change when fed Ulva sp. meal inclusion, compared to the basal diet, and exhibited milky lip colour. Although diet pigments varied with the species of macroalgae and inclusion level, β-carotene was the major pigment in the tissue of abalone fed all test diets and its content increased significantly with the inclusion level of macroalgae in the diet. Abalone fed the basal diet had significantly lower tissue β-carotene than those fed the diets with macroalgal inclusion. This study suggests that the inclusion of ≥5% G. cliftonii can produce a brown-red shell and the inclusion of ≥10% G. cliftonii intensifies the green colour of the lip. The brown-red colour mark on the shell by feeding macroalgal meal may be used as a harmless shell-marking method for ranching, stock enhancement or growth study in the wild. Statement of relevanceFeed manipulation can change abalone shell, foot and lip colour.

Use of Green Mussel Shell as a Desulfurizer in the Blending of Low Rank Coal-Biomass Briquette Combustion

Calcium oxide-based material is available abundantly and naturally. A potential resource of that material comes from marine mollusk shell such as clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, winkles and nerites. The CaO-based material has exhibited a good performance as the desulfurizer or adsorbent in coal combustion in order to reduce SO2 emission. In this study, pulverized green mussel shell, without calcination, was utilized as the desulfurizer in the briquette produced from a mixture of low rank coal and palm kernel shell (PKS), also known as bio-briquette. The ratio of coal to PKS in the briquette was 90:10 (wt/wt). The influence of green mussel shell contents and combustion temperature were examined to prove the possible use of that material as a desulfurizer. The ratio of Ca to S (Ca = calcium content in desulfurizer; S = sulfur content in briquette) were fixed at 1:1, 1.25:1, 1.5:1, 1.75:1, and 2:1 (mole/mole). The burning (or desulfurization) temperature range was 300-500 °C; the reaction time was 720 seconds and the air flow rate was 1.2 L/min. The results showed that green mussel shell can be introduced as a desulfurizer in coal briquette or bio-briquette combustions. The desulfurization process using that desulfurizer exhibited the first order reaction and the highest average efficiency of 84.5%.

Coloristic and antimicrobial behaviour of polymeric substrates using bioactive substances

A major concern in reducing microbial contamination of healthcare and hygiene products motivated us to seek viable alternatives in order to create such barriers. The antimicrobial and anti-oxidant effects of natural extracts are well-known, their application onto polymeric supports is still challenging in terms of investigation. To our knowledge, the method of natural dyeing of different polymeric substrates using bioactive substances derived from black currant and green walnut shells, in conjunction with biomordants, and their long term effects have not been very consistently reported. The main objective of the study is based on the comparative study of different polymeric fibrous substrates dyed by means of laboratory scaled classic methodology with extracts from black currant fruits and green walnut shells, with the assistance of conventional and biomordants (copper sulphate, citric and tannic acids). The assistance of biomordant in the dyeing process seems to conduct to improved synergetic colouring and antibacterial performances. The main results demonstrated that the extract of green walnut shells reinforced by the biomordants solutions expressed the best antimicrobial behaviour. The present research is a milestone in the identification of potential technological alternatives applied in dyeing of synthetic and natural textile supports, quantified and controlled by antimicrobial response correlated with colorimetric features.

Properties of hybrid fibre reinforced shell for investment casting

In order to improve the properties of silicon sol shell for investment casting process, a varying content of hybrid fibres (aluminium silicate and polypropylene) was introduced into slurry for preparation of fibre-reinforced shell in the present work. The bending strength, self-load deformation at elevated temperature, and the permeability of fibre-reinforced shell specimens were investigated and the fracture surfaces of shell specimens were observed by SEM. The results show that the bending strength of green shell increases with content of fibres in it. The maximum bending strength of 4.96MPa was obtained in the fired shell with 0.6wt% hybrid fibres addition. The high temperature self-loaded deformation of specimens of shell reinforced with a hybrid fibre addition above 0.6wt% is higher than that of the unreinforced. However, the shell with a hybrid fibre addition up to 0.4wt% exhibits the lower self-loaded deformation at high temperature compared to the unreinforced. It is also found that the permeability of shell specimens can be improved by hybrid fibres addition. Based on the fracture surfaces observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the failure mode of the green shell reinforced with hybrid fibres is identified as fibre rupturing from the substrate of shell specimens, and/ or debonding from adhesive film surrounding it in shell. Even though the specimens of shell being fired at 900°C for 2h, the same failure features also exist in the fracture surfaces of specimens. This indicates that the specimens of shell can still be reinforced with aluminium silica fibres (residue of hybrid fibres) for their interpenetrating fibres network structure although go through firing.

Ozone bleaching of cotton fabrics with the aid of ultrasonic humidifier

Cotton is an important industrial commodity for textile production. Its finishing is complicated and requires energy, chemicals and water. In this respect, for its sustainable production, some precautions should be taken. Today, due to consumer’s awareness of environmental issues, studies on ecologic alternative finishing processes have attracted much attention. In this study cotton, which is a natural cellulosic fiber, was bleached via the use of ozone gas and ultrasonic humidifier. Then the coloration of the fabrics was conducted by using green walnut shells (husks). In this way, it was planned to introduce alternative sustainable methods for cotton fabric finishing. It was found that ozone can be used for bleaching of cotton fabrics and even when no mordanting was applied; good colors with sufficient fastnesses were obtained from the cotton fabrics dyed with green walnut shells (husks). Moreover a way to utilize green walnut shells (husks), which are in fact cellulosic waste, was also introduced.

Phenotypic variation of Prunus scoparia germplasm: Implications for breeding

Knowledge of the genetic diversity and structure of tree species across their geographical ranges is essential for sustainable use and management. Prunus scoparia (Spach) is a wild almond species native to Iran. It is naturally widespread as a forest resource in many regions of Iran. In the present study, the phenotypic diversity of 198 accessions of this species was evaluated using morphological characters. Significant phenotypic diversity was detected among the studied accessions based on morphological traits. Simple correlation coefficient analysis showed the existence of significant positive and negative correlations among characteristics. The majority of significant correlation coefficients were to be found between the characteristics representing nut and kernel sizes. Principal component analysis showed that 73.37% of the phenotypic variability was explained by all of traits for the studied accessions where green fruit dimensions, nut dimensions, nut weight, shell weight, kernel dimensions and kernel weight contributed most of the total variation. Cluster analysis confirmed considerable variation in the studied germplasm and identified two major clusters with several sub-clusters. P. scoparia shows great tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, low soil fertility and low winter temperatures; therefore it may present an important genetic resource to be used in breeding programs and/or directly as a rootstock for almond that is more adapted to climate change. The present results provide important new information for gene pool conservation and screening for superior germplasm and breeding.

Removal of CO2 in a multistage fluidized bed reactor by diethanol amine impregnated activated carbon

ABSTRACTTo mitigate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), we have developed and designed a four-stage fluidized bed reactor. There is a counter current exchange between solid adsorbent and gas flow. In this present investigation diethanol amine (DEA) impregnated activated carbon made from green coconut shell was used as adsorbent. This type of adsorbent not only adsorbs CO2 due to the presence of pore but also chemically reacts with CO2 and form secondary zwitterions. Sampling and analysis of CO2 was performed using Orsat apparatus. The effect of initial CO2 concentration, gas velocity, solid rate, weir height etc. on removal efficiency of CO2 have been investigated and presented. The percentage removal of CO2 has been found close to 80% under low gas flow rate (0.188 m/s), high solid flow rate (4.12 kg/h) and weir height of 50 mm. From this result it has been found out that multistage fluidized bed reactor may be a suitable equipment for removal of CO2 from flue gas.

Bending strength and fracture surface topography of natural fiber-reinforced shell for investment casting process

In order to improve the properties of silica sol shell for investment casting process, various contents of cattail fibers were added into the slurry to prepare a fiber-reinforced shell in the present study. The bending strength of fiber-reinforced shell was investigated and the fracture surfaces of shell specimens were observed using SEM. It is found that the bending strength increases with the increase of fiber content, and the bending strength of a green shell with 1.0 wt.% fiber addition increases by 44% compared to the fiber-free shell. The failure of specimens of the fiber-reinforced green shell results from fiber rupture and debonding between the interface of fibers and adhesive under the bending load. The micro-crack propagation in the matrix is inhibited by the micro-holes for ablation of fibers in specimens of the fiber-reinforced shell during the stage of being fired. As a result, the bending strength of specimens of the fired shell had no significant drop. Particularly, the bending strength of specimens of the fired shell reinforced with 0.6wt.% fiber reached the maximum value of 4.6 MPa.

Green coconut shell extract and boric acid: new formulation for making thermally stable cellulosic paper

Green coconut shell extract and boric acid: new formulation for making thermally stable cellulosic paper

Extraction of p-coumaric acid from agricultural residues and separation using ‘sugaring out’

We investigated the extraction of para-coumaric acid (pCA) from different agriculture residues (corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, sorghum stalk, pearl millet stalk, green gram shell, groundnut shell, sesame shell) using sugarcane bagasse alkaline hydrolysis and separation of pCA using sugaring out - a new phase separation method. Primary screening of different feed stocks was by alkaline hydrolysis with 2M NaOH for 6 h at room temperature. Sugarcane baggase resulted into significant amount of pCA (1.1 g/L) and small amount of ferulic acid (FA) (0.23 g/L). The optimized alkaline hydrolysis conditions (2 M NaOH and 16 h) resulted into maximum pCA release of 2.0 g/L. The pCA was separated from alkaline hydrolysate using sugaring out, a two phase separation method that results in aqueous phase and the organic solvent (acetonitrile) phase. Sugaring-out separated more than 90% of the pCA from the alkaline hydrolysate. Results of HPLC using standard pCA and FA showed that the main component of the separated top (organic solvent) phase was pCA rather than FA.

Solid-state production of cellulase by Melanoporia sp. CCT 7736: a new strain isolated from coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.)

The use of residues in industrial processing is expanding due to their low cost and abundant availability. Coconut shell is generated in large amounts in tropical areas due to the fruit processing and the coconut water consumption. In the present work, a new microbial strain was isolated from the coconut shell powder, molecularly identified as Melanoporia sp. CCT 7736 and applied for cellulase production in solid-state fermentation using the green coconut shell powder as substrate. The complete production process was optimized. Fermentation time was only 24 h, and the enzyme produced presented maximal activity at neutral pH (6.5) and 60 °C. The maximal enzyme activity after extraction optimization was 7.5 IU/gds (international units of enzyme activity per gram of dry solid). For the enzyme extraction, the rotation velocity, the extraction time, the temperature, and the solvent volume (buffer) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The best results for the enzyme extraction were obtained at 250 rpm (orbital shaker) at 30 °C using 13.79 mL of a sodium acetate buffer (200 mM) at pH 6.5 after 10 min. Delignification pretreatment was not necessary since this fungus strain was able to degrade the lignin. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first report of cellulase production by Melanoporia sp. CCT 7736. Good results were obtained without the need for expensive pretreatment usually applied to lignocellulosic residues because the strain was isolated from coconut shell powder, and it is well adapted to this kind of substrate. The enzyme presented maximum activity at neutral pH instead of acidic pH as reported for the majority of industrial cellulases. The use of lignified coconut shell and the optimal pH at neutral values are the main advantages of the enzyme produced by Melanoporia sp. CCT 7736. In addition, the enzyme showed good stability during storage even at the crude broth and without any cryoprotection.

Bioethanol production from coconuts and cactus pretreated by autohydrolysis

The use of coconut fiber mature, green coconut shell, mature coconut shell and cactus is an important alternative as substrates for bioethanol production, since these lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) are abundant in Brazil, mainly in the Northeast Region. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the autohydrolysis pretreatment (AP) on these LCMs and the susceptibility of the treated materials to enzymatic hydrolysis (EH). The second part of the work deals with the application of semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using Zymomonas mobilis, Pichia stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and as substrate the green coconut shell (selected according to the results obtained in the first part of the work). The LCMs after AP using the highest severity factor (4.64) showed changes in the chemical composition in comparison to the untreated LCMs: between the LCMs the cellulose increase was 48.55%, the hemicellulose decrease was 76.77% and an increase of 62.26% was observed for lignin. The green coconut shell was characterized by SEM, X-ray and FTIR after AP and its EH conversion into glucose was 92.52%. The best results on ethanol yield (90.09%) and ethanol productivity (0.21g/(Lh)) from green coconut shell were obtained by S. cerevisiae using SSSF. Overall, an efficient process for the bioethanol production from green coconut shell was developed.