Green Shell Research Articles

Synthesis and Characteristics of β-Tri-Calcium Phosphate from Green Mussel Shell

The β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a calcium phosphate compound also called whitlockite. This form is more widely used because of its chemical stability, high mechanical strength and better bio-sorption when compared with α-Tri-calcium-phosphate. β-tri-calcium phosphate in this study was obtained from reactions of calcium oxide and phosphoric acid by precipitation method. Precipitation at 50 °C while sintering at 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C, in the sintering range of 1-5 hours. Green mussel shell has calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content 60-70 % then calcined at 1000 °C to get calcium oxide (CaO). The result shows that β-tri-calcium phosphate optimum reached of 72% at sintering temperature 1000 °C for 5 hr sintering time. The crystal structure of β-tri-calcium phosphate formed is a rhombohedral crystal with a Ca / P ratio mole of 2.72

Simplex-Centroid Design and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Exoglucanase Production by Penicillium Roqueforti ATCC 10110 Through Solid-State Fermentation Using a Blend of Agroindustrial Wastes

Simplex-centroid design along with artificial neural network coupled with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) was applied to maximize exoglucanase production by Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 under solid-state fermentation (SSF), using a blend of agroindustrial wastes as substrate. The first statistical treatment determined the ideal contents of green coconut shell, corn cob, and sugarcane bagasse in the substrate, which were 0.44, 2.06, and 2.50 g, respectively. The optimum conditions by the ANN-GA were obtained as follows: 24 h, 21 °C, and 8.1 and 81.0% for the time, temperature, pH, and moisture, respectively. Moreover, the predicted and the experimental values of exoglucanase activity were 267.94 and 268.58 IU/g, respectively. The optimization process increased the enzyme activity by up to 1263% compared with the preliminary analysis using individual substrates, demonstrating the high efficiency of the algorithms on predicting and optimizing enzyme production. Biochemical characterization demonstrated good thermostability, basic pH stability, halotolerance, and increased enzyme activity in the presence of metal ions (Co2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2), solvents (ethanol and dichloromethane), and organic compounds (EDTA, Triton-X, and lactose,). These results indicate the algorithm efficiency for enzyme production purposes.

A mechanistic insight into enrofloxacin sorptive affinity of chemically activated carbon engineered from green coconut shell

Abstract The present scientific investigation deals with the sorptive expulsion of enrofloxacin molecules (ENX) through chemically activated carbon (BGCSC) developed from green coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell. Effect of six parameters viz. initial concentration of ENX (5−30 mg L−1), pH (4–9), temperature (15−40 °C), dose of adsorbent (0.5–5.0 g m L−1), agitation speed (100−180 rpm) and contact time (3−30 hours) on the adsorption of ENX- onto BGCSC has been analyzed using a successive batch study. The optimum result shows 97.58 % removal of ENX with initial ENX concentration of 10 mg L−1, pH ∼6, temperature 25 °C, dose of adsorbent 3 gm L−1, agitation speed 140 rpm and contact time 9 h. After the fifth cycle, the reusability capacity of chemically activated carbon developed from green coconut was observed to achieve to the tune of 85.76 %. The adsorbents were characterized through different instrumental analyses viz. SEM, FTIR and BET. The kinetic data of the adsorption study was best fitted into pseudo-2nd-order kinetics model. The Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich isotherm models were studied and the experimental data were best represented by the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic study on the present sorptive removal process reveals the spontaneity and exothermic nature of the process with the negative value of ΔG° and ΔH respectively. The estimated cost for the production of adsorbent material was observed to be INR 294.80 indicating the cost-effectiveness of the adsorbent and its preparation methodology as well. Finally, the ENX laden BGCSC was safely disposed following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.

Comparison of blasting cream anadara granosa with mytilus viridis in white rat skin(rattus novergicus)

Collagen is the result of determination from chitosan blood shells (Anadara granosa) and green shells (Mytilus viridis). Previous research, extraction was carried out to obtain collagen. The yield of collagen produced is 2.03% with a concentration of acetic acid 0.75 M. Collagen can penetrate the main components of the dermis skin layer (the bottom of the epidermis) made by fibroblast cells. Based on the results of previous studies, the collagen produced will be made into a dosage form so that it can be better utilized. Based on the description above, researchers are interested in comparing blood clam shells and green mussel shells with a study entitled the comparison of physical test blasting creams of Anadara granosa with green shells Mytilus viridis against the skin of male white rats. Laboratory experimental research using a post test control design research design in the form of post only design which is divided into 5 treatment groups with each group consisting of 5 male white rats. The negative control group by giving a base cream and the test group by giving blasting cream Anadara granosan with Mytilus viridis concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The parameter observed was skin moisture level. The results of statistical analysis using the ANOVA test. The results of this study are blasting cream Anadara granosa and Mytilus viridis can provide a moisturizing effect on rat skin. The most optimal concentration as a moisturizing effect on rat skin is a concentration of 25%

Adsorption Study of Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange Using Green Shell (Perna Viridis)

Green shell is generally disposed of and become environmental contaminants. In this study, the green shell was used as material to adsorb dyes residue: methylene blue and methyl oranges. Green shell waste from seafood was prepared by removing the dirt then dried at room temperature. It was followed by roughly crushing before being placed in the furnace at temperatures of 300, 500, 700 and 900 °C. The selected adsorbents were sieved at 200 mesh. The adsorbents were characterized by FTIR and SEM-EDX to evaluate their functional groups and morphology. Furthermore, the adsorption process was evaluated by determining the kinetic adsorption models. The results of the FTIR characterization showed the vibration of Ca(OH)2 bone at a wave number of 3400 cm-1 and morphological analysis by SEM showed a homogeneous surface. Adsorption kinetics results obtained from the variation of time with the initial adsorbate concentration showed the kinetic model of both methylene blue and methyl orange adsorption onto the adsorbent followed a pseudo-second order.

Role of amine-impregnated activated carbon in carbon dioxide capture

ABSTRACT In this work, two types of amine-impregnated activated carbons have been prepared from green coconut shell: Monoethanol amine-impregnated activated carbon (M-AC) and Diethanol amine-impregnated activated carbon (D-AC). Carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption was determined by a batch adsorption analysis. Effects of the time and relative pressure on CO2 adsorption capacity of amine-impregnated activated carbon were studied. From the result, it has been observed that amine-impregnated activated carbons have higher adsorption capacity for CO2 although there is a decrease in the surface area of activated carbon due to amine impregnation. Among the two impregnated amine activated carbon and monoethanol amine-impregnated activated carbon, impregnation ratio 0.4 shows the highest carbon dioxide adsorption capacity i.e. 36.84 mg g−1.

Investigation of acetaminophen adsorption with a biosorbent as a purification method of aqueous solution

ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical compounds are considered emerging environmental pollutants that have a potential harmful impact on environment and human health. In this study, the spiky green horse-chestnut shell was used for the biosorption and removal of acetaminophen from aqueous solution. It was analysed how the parameters, like contact time, pH, mass of biosorbent and temperature, influence the effectiveness of acetaminophen removal from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium was quickly achieved after 10 min (∼60%). The amount of acetaminophen adsorption slightly increased with the increase of the mass of biosorbent, and for example for an aqueous solution containing 10 mg/L of acetaminophen adsorption was increased from 62% to 81%. The promising results obtained at pH ranged between 2 and 9, which shows that the adsorption of acetaminophen did not depend on the pH and it may be a consequence of the predominant microporous sorbent and its surface charge. The result is better correlated to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model of type 2 (r 2 = 0.9992) than pseudo-first-order. A sorption mechanism of acetaminophen on biosorbent was also proposed. The sorption of acetaminophen over biosorbent is mainly preceded by hydrophilic interactions between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in pharmaceutical molecules and hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of biosorbent.

Monitoring dan Mitigasi Gas H2s Limbah Organik Tambak Intensif dengan Menggunakan Biomarker Sederhana

Monitoring dan mitigasi bahan limbah organik menjadi hal penting untuk dilakukan dalam menjaga kelestarian lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) yang terkandung di air limbah dan indeks kondisi kerang sebagai biomarker. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode rancangan faktorial yaitu sebanyak 10 kerang hijau yang berukuran panjang kurang lebih 6 cm dimasukkan ke dalam akuarium yang berisi 5 liter air laut yang telah dikontaminasi dengan limbah organik yang bersumber dari tambak supra intensif sesuai dengan seri konsentrasi perlakuan yaitu; 50%, 35%, 15% dan 0 (kontrol) limbah orgnik. Pemaparan dilakukan selama 96 jam. Untuk keperluan data indeks kondisi dilakukan pengukuran morfometri kerang dan pengeringan daging kerang dengan suhu 800C selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p<0.05) penurunan hydrogen sulfide pada air media pemaparan kerang serta perbedaan indeks kondisi kerang berdasarkan seri konsentrasi perlakuan.

Get Out of Your Shell: Protein Extraction from Carcinus maenas

The European green crab, a species that is native to Europe and northern Africa, is an invasive species that has overpopulated the coast of Maine. These crabs end up in fisherman’s nets but presently harbor no economic value. Yet, crab shells in general contain some of the highest protein content among shelled organisms. If the proteins and peptides extracted from Carcinus maenas can be extracted from shells inexpensively, it is possible that the European green crab shell could be transformed from a waste to an economic product. The purpose of this research is to examine the peptide and protein content from the European green crab (Carcinus maenas), using SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis.Protein extraction from shells is a non‐trivial task. The major component of crab shell is calcium carbonate, deposited within a protein/chitin matrix. Challenges to protein purification abound, particularly because calcium is prone to precipitating out when changes to pH or ionic strength are employed to enrich the proteins. This work expands upon our efforts to optimize extraction conditions. We chose to focus on 24‐hour extractions using hydrochloric acid; conditions ranging from 1 M to 0.25 M HCl were tested for efficacy. Protein precipitation using ammonium sulfate was then performed in order to fractionate proteins. Here we present data on the success of this ammonium sulfate‐based approach which resulted in isolation of a solution that was roughly 0.3 microgram/microliter protein.This research may identify novel bioactive peptides; little work has been done on uses for the European green crab and this approach may generate value‐added economic ideas.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by a University of Wisconsin‐Stout Student Dissemination Grant to LK.

Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Indonesian Green Mussels <i>(Perna viridis)</i> via Precipitation Methods

Based on the X-Ray Fluorescence test it was identified that the calcium content in green mussel shells was very high with concentration about 93.83%. The calcium is the main constituent of hydroxyapatite besides phosphorus, so the purpose of this study is to identify a very good potential for synthesized hydroxyapatite from green mussel shells, which is considered the waste of shells that cause environmental pollution. Hydroxyapatite synthesized from green mussels using precipitation method, calcium from green was reacted with phosphate obtained from phosphoric acid. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum show that the functional group in powder is a functional group of hydroxyapatites. The FTIR chart of shellfish hydroxyapatite soaked in acetone and after the precipitation process is heated again to 900°C is the most similar graph to the FTIR commercial HA graph. The results of the X-Ray Diffraction test also prove that the clam shell with this treatment has a diffraction pattern resembling standard hydroxyapatite.

Crustaceous wastes as growth substrates for insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium majus UICC 295

The genus Metarhizium consists of a diverse group of species, which have a global distribution and a wide range of insect hosts. Metarhizium majus was reported to inflict 100 % mortality on Oryctes rhinoceros beetle. Feeding activity of the O. rhinoceros beetle causes major crop loss in many coconut and palm oil plantations. This study investigated the use of crustaceous wastes and colloidal chitin as substrates for Metarhizium majus UICC 295 and the fungal virulence on O. rhinoceros larvae. Morphology of M. majus was observed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with Yeast Extract (SDAY) added with 5, 10, and 15 % (w/v) powder prepared from crab shell, green mussel shell, shrimp shell, or colloidal chitin and without addition as control. Fungal cultures in 10 % (w/v) crustaceous wastes or colloidal chitin were selected and virulence of M. majus UICC 295 was assayed by dripping the larvae with cell suspension. Untreated larvae were dripped with sterile distilled water and served as control. Mortality was recorded daily for 15 days. Fungal culture prepared from powder of colloidal chitin, green mussel shell and crab shell inflicted 100 % larval mortality in 10, 12, and 13 days, respectively, compared to fungal culture prepared from SDAY in 11 days.

Synthesis of Nanobentonite–Poly(vinyl alcohol)–Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposite by Electrospinning for Wound Healing Applications

Polymer‐based composites are used for wound healing applications. This work aims to prepare an inorganic‐polymer nanocomposite based on bentonite, poly(vinyl alcohol), and bacterial cellulose by electrospinning for wound healing. The nanocomposite is synthesized using a solution intercalation technique, with 1–2 wt% nanobentonite concentration variation. The effects of commercial and laboratory‐synthesized nanobentonite as well as the extract of the green walnut shell (EGWS) are examined and characterized by different techniques. The addition of nanobentonite increases the average size of fibers and tensile strength up to 200 nm and more than 15 MPa, respectively, due to the presence of hydrogen bonding formed between the nanobentonite sheets and polymer matrix. By the addition of synthetic nanoclay and EGWS, moderate elongation and strength are achieved. The hydrophilicity shows a decreasing trend up to 2 wt% of commercial nanobentonite; however, the laboratory‐synthesized nanobentonite is not significantly effective. Effects of extracts on the viability of cultured human adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are quantitated, where the samples containing 1–2 wt% of commercial nanobentonite have less toxicity than others. Antibacterial activity is tested against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria according to the agar diffusion test for 72 h, in which EGWS‐based mats exhibit strong antimicrobial activity.

Waste green coconut shells: Diagnosis of the disposal and applications for use in other products

Information about the quantities of green coconut shells disposed of in areas where the coconuts are consumed is not precise, which can make it difficult to arrange the management of these residues. Assessing the amount of coconut husk disposed of in a region, and the potential of this material for producing other products, will not only improve the environment, but will also contribute to the economic development and health of the population. Based on a structured face-to-face survey in a representative sample of seven municipalities in the southern coastal region of Bahia, this study identifies and maps the main points of consumption where the disposal of green coconut shells occurs, with an evaluation of the uncertainty of the data. The results show that the region annually wastes the equivalent of 1.7 M shell units with a standard uncertainty (u) of 1.2 k, and the amount of fibers that could be extracted for the manufacture of products is 632 t (u = 59 t). The use of the green coconut shells wasted in this region to create other products would lead to an annual reduction in emissions of between 10.2 t and 20.9 t of CH4. A survey conducted over the past ten years of the general framework for possible uses of the shells, and an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT), have shown that green coconut shells have potential for use in the production of gardening products, handicrafts, and briquettes. Valuation based on gardening products reveals that the region could produce 34 M (u = 47 k) units of biodegradable tubes for planting seedlings annually and could therefore generate a gross annual revenue of R$ 170 000 (u = 2 350). With regards to briquettes, considering only the municipality of Ilhéus, production could generate a gross value between R$ 2 190 and R$ 3 650 per month.

Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Microwave-Extracted Phenolic Compounds from Biomass Residues

The present work deals with the extraction of phenolic compounds from biomass through microwave-assisted processes. In this case, green walnut shell residues have being studied for the extraction o...

Shell structure investigation and utilization of bio-extract fermented from green mussel shell

Shell structure investigation and utilization of bio-extract fermented from green mussel shell

Characteristics composite of wood powder, coconut fiber and green mussel shell for electric motorcycle brake pads

The brake pads mostly consist of asbestos fiber with polymeric matrix and other ingredients. The use of asbestos fiber is been avoided due to its carcinogenic nature. The main purpose of this study was to determine characteristics of the composite made from wood powder, coconut fiber, and green mussel shell that will be used for electric motorcycle brake pads. Composites were made with three variations. Specimen A consisted of 30% wood powder, 10% coconut fiber, 10% green mussel shell and 50% polyester resin. Specimen B consisted of 20% wood powder, 20% coconut fiber, 10% green mussel shell and 50% polyester resin. Specimen C consists of 10% wood powder, 30% coconut fiber, 10% green mussel shell and 50% polyester resin. All specimens were characterized by hardness testing according to ASTM E 92 by Vickers FV-300e test equipment. Each specimen was tested three times and taken data-average. Decomposition testing used TGA NETZSCH TG 209F3. The results of the characterization were compared with commercial brake pads. Specimens with the closest characteristics to the commercial brakes were shown by specimens A with 33.1 VHN and decomposition temperature 90 °C.

Treatment of electronics industry effluent using low-cost and commercial adsorbents: A comparative study

In the present study, the potential of two low-cost adsorbents namely kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) bast fiber and golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) shell to treat heavy metals concentration in electronics industry effluent has been investigated. The physicochemical properties and adsorption mechanisms were determined using several analytical instruments such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectrometer. With an initial metal ion concentration of 50 mg/L, the adsorption of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) was optimized at acidic media (solution pH of 4.0-6.0), 60 minutes of contact time and 0.5 g of adsorbent dosage. The equilibrium data of metal ions adsorption onto kenaf bast fiber and golden apple snail shell followed the Langmuir isotherm model. Based on Langmuir isotherm model, the adsorption capacity of adsorbents for metal ions was in the order of Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) > Cd(II) > Cr(VI). Golden apple snail shell was able to remove Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions from the electronics industry effluent at a higher capacity as compared to kenaf bast fiber and commercial mangrove stem derived activated carbon. The presence of carbonate functional group in green apple snail shell favored the adsorption of metal ions. Overall, results from this study suggest that kenaf bast fiber and golden apple snail shell have great potential to be used as alternative adsorbents to treat industrial effluents.

Superior Self-cleaning and Antimicrobial Properties on Cotton Fabrics Using Nano Titanium Dioxide along with Green Walnut Shell Dye

In this study, functional cotton fabrics were prepared through applying nano titanium dioxide as photocatalyst and using green walnut shell dye as both natural dye for coloration and agent capable of modifying TiO2 nanoparticles. Natural dye extract of green walnut shells was used as photo sensitizer to fabricate titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Surface modification and coloration of cotton fabrics were performed by adding modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles in exhaustion bath. Produced cotton fabrics were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results indicated that all properties such as self-cleaning, antibacterial and antifungal of treated cotton fabric were superior with modified titanium dioxide compared to treated sample with TiO2 alone. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide has no negative effect on fabric color.

Study on the Suitability of Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Culture in North Sea Waters of Java, Ketapang Village, Tangerang District, Banten Province

Green mussel is one of the fisheries resources have to be developed to prospective higheconomically valuable commodities .This is proportional to the nutrition beef , eggs and chicken .This indicates that green shell are mostly potential can be developed through the cultivation .The study is done at july until august sea north of java in 2019 , the village Ketapang , Mauk district , Tangerang , Banten .The data under the four station representing village ketapang waters .The methodology used by approaching purposive sampling method uses the data analysis by the ratings point .The village ketapang skoring waters that is both life and research sites support green shell that could be used as the green mussel cultivation .

Assessment of the Use of Epicarp and Mesocarp of Green Coconut for Removal of Fluoride Ions in Aqueous Solution

Fruit consumption and processing result in considerable volumes of residual biomass. Transformation of this biomass into biosorbents offers an alternative for its reuse and disposal. As the green coconut shell is a waste often discarded in landfills and dumps, generating gases and leachate, two biosorbents were developed from the epicarp and mesocarp of green coconut to adsorb fluoride ions in aqueous solution. The kinetic experiments showed that sorption of fluoride ions reached equilibrium at 300 min for both epicarp and mesocarp at temperatures of 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C. The removal efficiency of fluoride ions varied from 66.25% (at 25°C) to 77.50% (at 45°C) for the epicarp and from 90% (at 25°C) to 97.50% (at 45°C) for the mesocarp. The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process showed that adsorption is a spontaneous, endothermic process for both biosorbents. The adsorption was classified as chemical, with the Langmuir isotherm model best suited to the adsorption isotherms data.