Green Scale Research Articles

Mechanism of freezing resistance in eco-dormant birch buds under winter subzero temperatures.

Maximum freezing resistance is a component of winter survival and is associated with the eco-dormant state. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) has shown that changes of the freezing response of the dormant buds depend not only on species and bud type, but also on cooling rates. In order to clarify the freezing adaptation at the cellular level of eco-dormant buds in Japanese white birch, birch buds cooled at a rate of 0.2 °Cmin-1 and 5 °Cday-1 were precisely examined by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Freezing responses of floral dormant buds having female inflorescent primordia and leaf primordia with high-cold hardiness were assessed for extracellular freezing patterns by DTA. Cryo-SEM observation showed freezing of viscous solution filling intercellular spaces within buds and formation of extracellular ice in a random distribution within certain tissues, including green scales, leaf primordia and peduncles. The tissues producing extracellular ice had the common property that distinct intercellular spaces were present among cells having comparatively thick primary walls. In contrast, extracellular ice was not formed within flower primordium and parts of leaf primordium. These tissues had also the common property that no detectable intercellular spaces existed around the cells having thin primary walls. Cryo-SEM observation confirmed that all cells in tissues, regardless of whether extracellular ice was formed within tissues, and also regardless of differences in cooling rates, showed distinct cellular shrinkage by freezing. Recrystallization experiments by cryo-SEM confirmed that all freezable water in cells was eliminated by cooling at 0.2 °Cmin-1 at least to -30 °C. These results confirmed that all cells in birch buds responded to subzero temperatures through rapid equilibrium dehydration. In contrast to deep supercooling associated with extraorgan freezing of other freezing resistant buds of trees in an eco-dormant state, the mechanism of freezing resistance in eco-dormant birch buds is freezing adaptations by extracellular freezing.

Inside or outside: Evaluation of the efficiency enhancement of OLEDs with applied external scattering layers

Improving the efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) by enhancing light outcoupling is common practise and remains relevant as not all optical losses can be avoided. Especially, externally attached scattering layers combine several advantages. They can significantly increase the performance and neither compromise the electric operation nor add high costs during fabrication. Efficiency evaluations of external scattering layers are often done with lab scale OLEDs. In this work we therefore study different characterization techniques of red, green and blue lab scale OLEDs with attached light scattering foils comprising TiO2 particles. Although we observe an increased external quantum efficiency (EQE) with scattering foils, our analysis indicates that areas outside the active area have a significant contribution. This demonstrates that caution is required when efficiency conclusions are transferred to large area applications, for which effects that scale with the edges become less significant. We propose to investigate brightness profiles additionally to a standard EQE characterizations as latter only work if the lateral scattering length is much smaller than the width of the active area of the OLED. Our results are important to achieve more reliable predictions as well as a higher degree of comparability between different research groups in future.

The Community Ecology of Herbivore Regulation in an Agroecosystem: Lessons from Complex Systems

AbstractWhether an ecological community is controlled from above or below remains a popular framework that continues generating interesting research questions and takes on especially important meaning in agroecosystems. We describe the regulation from above of three coffee herbivores, a leaf herbivore (the green coffee scale, Coccus viridis), a seed predator (the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei), and a plant pathogen (the coffee rust disease, caused by Hemelia vastatrix) by various natural enemies, emphasizing the remarkable complexity involved. We emphasize the intersection of this classical question of ecology with the burgeoning field of complex systems, including references to chaos, critical transitions, hysteresis, basin or boundary collision, and spatial self-organization, all aimed at the applied question of pest control in the coffee agroecosystem.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for convenient use in measurement of iodate in table salt and irrigation water

We report a convenient microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) for the determination of iodate. The µPAD was fabricated using an ink-stamp with a simple circle design. Colorimetric detection of iodate employs the oxidation of hydroxylamine by the iodate to generate nitrite which reacts with the Griess reagent producing an intense magenta color. The images were recorded by a digital camera, and converted to a green scale color intensity by ImageJ. Calibration of iodate was linear in the range of 50–400 mg L−1 with a detection limit of 38.1 mg L−1. With such a wide linear range, the method can be applied to various kinds of samples with the entire process completed in 50 s. Good precision of measurement was obtained (<2 %RSD). Iodate levels were determined using the µPADs in table salt and irrigation water samples. The measured concentrations of the samples correlated well with the values as found by the standard iodometric titration (no statistical difference at a 95% confidence level). The developed device is simple with easy fabrication and rapid operation. It is portable and cost-effective and therefore suitable for quality control of iodate levels in the manufacturing and agricultural industries.

The Influences of Adherence to Tamoxifen and CYP2D6 Pharmacogenetics on Plasma Concentrations of the Active Metabolite (Z)-Endoxifen in Breast Cancer.

Tamoxifen efficacy in breast cancer is suspected to depend on adherence and intact drug metabolism. We evaluated the role of adherence behavior and pharmacogenetics on the formation rate of (Z)‐endoxifen. In 192 Brazilian patients, we assessed plasma levels of tamoxifen and its metabolites at 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment (liquid‐chromatography tandem mass spectrometry), adherence behavior (Morisky, Green, and Levine medication adherence scale), and cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and other pharmacogene polymorphisms (matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption‐ionization time of flight) mass spectrometry, real‐time polymerase chain reaction). Adherence explained 47% of the variability of tamoxifen plasma concentrations (P < 0.001). Although CYP2D6 alone explained 26.4%, the combination with adherence explained 40% of (Z)‐endoxifen variability at 12 months (P < 0.001). The influence of low adherence to not achieving relevant (Z)‐endoxifen levels was highest in patients with noncompromised CYP2D6 function (relative risk 3.65; 95% confidence interval 1.48–8.99). As a proof‐of‐concept, we demonstrated that (Z)‐endoxifen levels are influenced both by patient adherence to tamoxifen and CYP2D6, which is particularly relevant for patients with full CYP2D6 function.

Succinate-Based Dietary Supplement for Menopausal Symptoms: A Pooled Analysis of Two Identical Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials.

Background To evaluate the efficacy of a succinate-based dietary supplement (SBDS; Amberen) in symptomatic menopausal women using a larger sample size derived by pooling data from two identical trials. Methods Raw data were pooled from two identical randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 90-day clinical trials. Women aged 42–60 years with mild to moderate vasomotor and psychosomatic menopausal symptoms were included (114 in the treatment group and 113 in the placebo group). Symptoms were assessed by the Greene Climacteric Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Changes in body mass index, body weight, waist and hip circumferences, and plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, leptin, and apolipoproteins A1 and B were also evaluated. Results SBDS use resulted in significant improvements in several endpoints including alleviation of 16 of 21 menopausal symptoms (p ≤ 0.05, Greene Scale) and a decrease in anxiety (p < 0.0001, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) when compared to placebo. Significant reductions were observed in weight, body mass index, and waist and hip circumferences in the supplement cohort. Evaluation of physiological parameters showed a significant increase in serum estradiol levels compared to baseline (p < 0.0001) among users of the SBDS. Levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone decreased slightly in both groups, without significant differences between the groups. Leptin levels decreased with statistical significance in the SBDS cohort compared to placebo (p=0.027). For those with initial leptin concentrations above the reference range, leptin decreased significantly in the SBDS group compared to the baseline (p < 0.0001) and to placebo (p=0.027). Conclusions The pooled analysis reaffirms the outcomes from the individual trials. A nonhormonal, succinate-based dietary supplement is shown to relieve menopausal symptoms when compared to a placebo regimen in a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial.

Application and Development of Green Scale Inhibitor: A Mini- Review

Green scale inhibitor has the characteristics of high-efficiency, multifunctional, non-toxic and biodegradable, so it is widely used in water treatment. Some scale inhibitors such as polyaspartic acid type, polyepoxysuccinic acid type and poly Valley are reviewed in this paper. By investigating green scale inhibitors, it is proposed that the complexes of amino acid scale inhibitors and their copolymers should be the focus of future research. The development direction of new green scale inhibitors is pointed out, which provides reference and basis for the research and development of new water treatment scale inhibitors in the future.

Hysteresis and critical transitions in a coffee agroecosystem

Seeking to employ ecological principles in agricultural management, a classical ecological debate provides a useful framing. Whether ecosystems are controlled from above (predators are the limiting force over herbivores) or from below (overutilization of plant resources is the limiting force over herbivores) is a debate that has motivated much research. The dichotomous nature of the debate (above or below) has been criticized as too limiting, especially in light of contemporary appreciation of ecological complexity-control is more likely from a panoply of direct and indirect interactions. In the context of the agroecosystem, regulation is assumed to be from above and pests are controlled, a way of using ecological insights in service of an essential ecosystem service-pest control. However, this obvious resolution of the old debate does not negate the deeper appreciation of complexity-the natural enemies themselves constitute a complex system. Here we use some key concepts from complexity science to interrogate the natural functioning of pest regulation through spatially explicit dynamics of a predator and a disease operating simultaneously but distributed in space. Using the green coffee scale insect as a focal species, we argue that certain key ideas of complexity science shed light on how that system operates. In particular, a hysteretic pattern associated with distance to a keystone ant is evident.

Green competencies: Construct development and measurement validation

Abstract The organisations formulate and implement green human resource management practices to achieve competitive advantage. In green human resource management literature, green competencies has evolved to a significant construct in the recent years. The state-of-the-art literature on green human resource management considers green competencies as an essential requirement for organisation to achieve environmental performance. However, literature lacks construct development and measurement validation regarding the concept of green competencies. In this regard, the study developed a Green Competencies Scale in accordance with the Natural Resource-Based View. Initially, an extensive literature review was conducted to identify the six dimensions of the construct. Subsequently, through fifteen qualitative interviews, the authors matched the literature review with the statements of the respondents and finalised a total of forty items. Later, the Q-sort procedure was conducted to refine the results. Exploratory Factor Analysis was completed to determine the factor structure of the green competencies construct, which is comprised of six dimensions and twenty nine items. After finalising the scale, the partial least square structural equation modelling tool was tested to prove the construct's precision, which reasserted its reliability and validity. To examine the nomological validity, the direct effect of green training on green competencies was examined and the relationship was affirmed. The key finding of the study is that green competencies is a reflective, multi-dimensional scale which comprises of dimensions such as green knowledge, green skills, green abilities, green attitudes, green behaviour and green awareness. The direct relationship between green training and green competencies was evaluated. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed followed by the future scope and limitations.

Developing green energy measurement tool for elementary school students

지속가능한 지구사회를 구축하기 위해서 에너지와 환경문제는 당면한 중요과제이다. 이처럼 인류의 생존을 위협하는 환경과 에너지 문제로 인해 친환경에너지인 그린에너지에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 초등학생의 그린에너지 소양 구성 요소의 확인 및 측정도구 개발, 그리고 개발된 그린에너지 소양지의 신뢰도와 타당성 확보를 목적으로 진행되었다. 이를 위해 문헌분석 및 델파이 조사를 통해 그린에너지 소양의 구성요인과 구성요인별 문항을 찾아내고, 개발된 그린에너지 척도의 타당화를 위해 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 12명의 대학교수 및 현직 초등학교 교사를 대상으로 2차에 걸친 델파이 분석을 실시하였고, D광역시와 G도 소재의 초등학생 1,000명을 대상으로 구글 설문지를 활용하여 설문조사를 실시 하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 문헌분석과 델파이 분석을 바탕으로 지식, 기능, 태도 등 3개의 영역 및 11개의 하위 영역을 만족시키는 30문항의 그린에너지 소양 초기 척도를 개발하였다. 둘째, 탐색적 요인분석 과정인 구인타당도, 공인타당도, 준거타당도 및 신뢰도 분석을 통해 적합하지 않은 문항 4개를 제외하여, 최종적으로 3개의 영역, 총 26문항으로 구성된 그린에너지 소 양 척도를 완성하였다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 그린에너지 척도는 초등학생의 그린에너지 소양을 측정할 수 있는 타당성과 신뢰성이 확보된 도구라고 평가할 수 있다.Energy and environmental issues are important challenges to build a sustainable global society. Due to the environmental and energy problems that threaten the survival of humankind, interest in green energy, an eco-friendly energy, is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and measure the elements of elementary school students green energy literacy and to ensure their reliability and validity. To do this, the researchers examined the constituent factors and constituent factors of green energy literacy through literature analysis and Delphi survey and conducted exploratory factor analysis to validate the developed green energy scales. We conducted a second-level Delphi analysis of 12 university professors and elementary school teachers. A questionnaire survey using 1,000 questionnaires for 1,000 elementary school students in D City and G City was conducted. The results of the study are as follows. First, based on the literature analysis and Delphi analysis, we constructed the initial scale of green energy literacy for 30 items considering 3 areas including knowledge, function, and attitude and 11 sub-areas. Second, we excluded four items that were not suitable through the exploratory factor analysis process: job validity, validated validity, validated validity, and reliability analysis. As a result, we completed the Green Energy Literacy Scale consisting of 26 questions in three areas. The Green Energy Scale developed through this study is a validated and reliable tool to measure the green energy potential of elementary school students in Korea.

Green Organizational Behavior Scale: A Study in Scale Development

Bu calismada, calisanlarin yesil orgutsel davranislarini olcmeye yonelik gecerli ve guvenilir bir olcme aracinin gelistirilmesi amaclanmistir. Arastirmada Schwab (1980) tarafindan onerilen uc asamali olcek gelistirme sureci (onerme havuzu olusturulmasi, olcegin yapilandirilmasi, olcegin degerlendirilmesi) takip edilmistir. Konya Mustakil Sanayici ve Is Adamlari Dernegi (MUSIAD) uyesi farkli isletmelerdeki 50 yonetici ve 100 calisan ile yapilan yari yapilandirilmis mulakatlardan elde edilen verilerin icerik analizi sonucunda 102 maddelik onerme havuzu olusturulmustur. Ikinci asamada olcegin yapilandirilmasi icin oncelikle gorunus gecerligi ve kapsam gecerligi icin uzman goruslerine basvurulmustur. Yapilan elemeler sonucunda elde edilen 40 maddelik taslak olcek, pilot calisma icin 20 calisana uygulanmis ve olcekte yer alan bazi maddelerde anlam bakimindan bazi duzeltmeler yapilmistir. Sonrasinda anketler arastirmanin orneklemi olan Konya MUSIAD uyesi farkli isletmelerdeki 500 calisana Mart 2018’de uygulanmistir. Elde edilen veriler, SPSS 21 ve Amos 21 programlarinda cozumlenmistir. Acimlayici faktor analizi sonuclarina gore, yapi gecerligi saglanmis olan 27 madde ve 5 faktorden olusan bir model ortaya cikmistir. Olcegi olusturan faktorler; cevresel duyarlilik, cevresel katilim, ekonomik duyarlilik, yesil satin alma, teknolojik duyarlilik olarak etiketlendirilmistir. 5 faktorlu yapinin dogrulayici faktor analizi ile dogrulamasi yapilmis ve olcegin kabul edilebilir duzeylerde uyuma sahip oldugu tespit edilmistir. Olcegin guvenilirligi icin faktorlerde sirasiyla .813, .766, .710, .724 ve .701, olcegin tamami icin .818 cronbach alpha ic tutarlilik katsayisi belirlenmistir. Sonucta gelistirilen olcek modelinin (yesil orgutsel davranis olceginin) kuramsal ve istatistiksel olarak uygun oldugu, gecerli ve guvenilir bir olcme araci oldugu gorulmustur.

Modelling the orange-peel texture for chromatic and achromatic samples

The aim of this study was to quantify orange-peel texture with an instrumentally based single-number index highly correlated with equivalent visual assessments. We prepared 3 achromatic (black, grey, and white) and 4 chromatic (red, green, blue, and yellow) scales, each with 8 different levels of orange-peel texture. Each scale had a sample with a minimum degree of orange peel, which was considered to be the standard sample. The visual differences between the standard sample and the remaining ones with progressively increasing degrees of orange peel in each scale were assessed by a panel of 28 observers using a prepared one dimensional lightness scale based on CIELAB. The usual parameters for surface texture provided by the BYK instrument were measured for each of the 56 paint samples and used to develop different models under the assumption of the additivity principle. The coefficients of these models and their performance with respect to visually assessed equivalent differences in orange peel were determined. Ridge regression was used to address multicollinearity between parameters. The validity of the models derived as well as other indices were further tested using the ACT (Advanced Coating Technologies) standard panels. ANOVA analyses indicate that chromatic samples have no adverse significant effects on the orange peel. Predictions of visual orange peel texture results by one of our models are considerably good [R2 = 0.98; STRESS (Standardized Residual Sum of Squares) = 6.3] and therefore, this index is recommended as an index of orange peel.

Evaluation of Polyether Copolymer as Green Scale and Corrosion Inhibitor in Seawater

AbstractA novel environmentally friendly type of corrosion and scale inhibitor, maleic anhydride-allylpolyethoxy carboxylate copolymer (ML10), was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The anti-scale property of ML10 in seawater was also studied by static tests for scale and the scale deposits were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM, respectively. The results showed that the scale deposits surface morphology and size were changed in the presence of ML10. The performance of the synthesized copolymer as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The experimental results indicate that ML10 has a good corrosion inhibition performance and the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase of the ML10 concentration. The adsorption of ML10 obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm with relatively high value of free energy of adsorption ΔGadsθ. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the corrosion inhibition is due to the formation of a chemisorbed film on the mild steel.

Comparison of Vitex agnus-castus Extracts with Placebo in Reducing Menopausal Symptoms: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.

BackgroundMenopausal symptoms have remarkable negative effects on women’s quality of life, justifying the need to assess various therapeutic options. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of Vitex agnus-castus extracts in alleviating menopausal symptoms in comparison with that of placebo.MethodsThis study was a randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial with a study group of 52 women referred to a clinic in Kermanshah in 2017. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Vitex group (26 subjects) and placebo group (26 subjects). Menopausal symptoms were assessed using the Greene Scale before and 8 weeks after the intervention.ResultsAfter the intervention, the mean scores for total menopausal disorder, anxiety, and vasomotor dysfunction were significantly lower in the Vitex group than in the placebo group (P<0.05). The mean scores of the variables of somatic complications, depression, and sexual dysfunction did not show significant differences between the Vitex and placebo groups (P>0.05).ConclusionAdministration of Vitex agnus-castus extracts as a phytoestrogenic medicine can alleviate menopausal symptoms in women.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Government Incentive Mechanism for Green Buildings

With the increasingly serious environmental pollution problem, the development of green building scale has become the fundamental way to transform urban development, and this development is the result of continuous game between government, public consumers and developers. In order to analyse the evolutionary equilibrium between the initial strategy and the incentive and constraint adjustment, this paper constructed a three-party evolutionary game model between government, developers and public consumers, and under different subsidy levels, inspection frequency and pollution tax, the government. The behavioural changes of developers and public consumers were simulated. The study found that government financial subsidies, irregular inspections and pollution taxes will have a positive effect on the scale of green buildings. Moderate financial subsidies, low frequency inspections and high pollution taxes have the most obvious effect on the development of green houses.

A new species of Entimus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)from southeastern Brazil.

Entimus serpafilhoi, a new species of the weevil genus Entimus from southeastern Brazil is described. It is distinguished from other species of the genus because it lacks the green, blue and gold iridescent scales typical of most other species. Superficially this species is similar to E. arrogans, which also lacks such scales, but the phylogenetic analysis shows it to be more closely related to E. excelsus and E. nobilis. The new species inhabits the 'restinga' forest, in contrast to other species from the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) that are found in the Atlantic forest further from the coast.

575 Topical minoxidil adherence in alopecia patients

Poor patient adherence to topical minoxidil for the treatment of scarring and non-scarring alopecia is a major concern among dermatologists managing these conditions. Although there are a sufficient number of studies evaluating adherence to oral and topical therapies in patients with psoriasis, acne, atopic dermatitis and urticaria1-3, adherence to topical minoxidil among alopecia patients has not been well studied. The primary endpoint of this study is to identify characteristics associated with topical minoxidil adherence and non-adherence among alopecia patients. 100 subjects were recruited from a busy, hair loss clinic. All participants had a diagnosis of hair loss and a history of topical minoxidil use, including current and previous users. Hair loss diagnoses included: androgenetic alopecia, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, traction alopecia, frontal fibrosing alopecia or lichen planopilaris. Other forms of alopecia were excluded. The study outcomes, patient characteristics and adherence levels were evaluated by a self-administered socio-demographic survey and the Morisky, Green, and Levine (MGL) Adherence Scale. The latter stratifies patients as high (0 out of 4), medium, (less than or equal to 2 out of 4) or low (greater than or equal to 3 out of 4) for adherence performance. This observational study is the first of its kind to evaluate minoxidil adherence, based on a number of factors (e.g. age, sex, race, marital status, educational level) in patients diagnosed with alopecia.

Paranoia and risk of personality disorder in the general population.

We hypothesized that paranoia is associated with personality disorder (PD) in the general population. This was a population-based cross-sectional survey carried out in Andalusia (Spain) using a representative sample of 4507 participants. Paranoia was measured using the Green Paranoid Thought Scale, and risk of having a PD was screened using the Standardized Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale whilst borderline personality disorder (BPD) was measured with the CEPER-III Exploratory Interview of Personality disorder. Adjusted Pearsons' correlations between paranoia and PD or BPD were calculated. Paranoia was associated with the risk of having PD and, more robustly, with BPD. Both associations held true for both personality outcomes (PD and BPD) when tested for two Green Paranoid Thought Scale paranoia subtypes (persecutory and reference) after accounting for the effects of age, sex and child abuse. Paranoia seems to either augment the risk for, or be part of, PD/BPD. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Water-soluble carboxymethylchitosan as green scale inhibitor in oil wells

A water-soluble carboxymethylchitosan (CMC) was prepared in water/isopropanol (2/8) medium, at 10 °C, and characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR and NMR techniques. Its performance as an environmentally friendly scale inhibitor in oil wells was evaluated under the physicochemical conditions of oil wells in northeast of Brazil, by using SEM, visual compatibility and dynamic tube blocking test. The synthesis conditions led to a degree of carboxymethylation of 0.45 and water-solubility in all pH range studied (1–11). CMC acted as a scale inhibitor of CaCO3 under synthetic brine medium, presenting a minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) of 170 ppm (1000 psi, T = 70 °C). SEM images showed that CaCO3 crystals were deformed by CMC, which was attributed to effective interactions of CMC through its carboxylate ions and lone pair of electrons on OH and NH2 groups with calcium ions, preventing scale deposition.

Why Is Green Finance Important?

In 2017, global investment in renewables and energy efficiency declined by 3% and there is a risk that it will slow further; clearly fossil fuels still dominate energy investment. This could threaten the expansion of green energy needed to provide energy security and meet climate and clean air goals. Several developed and developing economies are still following pro-coal energy policies and the extra CO2 generated by new coal-fired power plants could more than wipe out any reductions in emissions made by other nations. Finance is the engine of development of infrastructure projects, including energy projects. Generally financial institutions show more interest in fossil fuel projects than green projects, mainly because there are still several risks associated with these new technologies and they offer a lower rate of return. If we want to achieve sustainable development goals, we need to open a new file for green projects and scale up the financing of investments that provide environmental benefits, through new financial instruments and new policies, such as green bonds, green banks, carbon market instruments, fiscal policy, green central banking, financial technologies, community-based green funds, etc., which are collectively known as “green finance”.