Green Pod Yield Research Articles

Impact of frontline demonstrations on productivity and economics of yardlong bean, Vigna unguiculata subsp sesquipedalis (L) Verde

The pulse vegetables play vital role in nutritional requirements of the farming community. Due to low level of dissemination of the technologies and adoption of the improved methods of cultivation the productivity of the pulses is low. Hence efforts are required to disseminate the technologies for higher productivity by adopting various extension approaches. Among them frontline demonstrations (FLDs) are the important extension methods to convince the farmers about improved varieties. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of FLDs on yardlong bean (variety Arka Mangala) in Hallakkavalli village in Shivamogga district, Karnataka during 2015–17 by involving 11 small and marginal farmers with an area of 2.50 ha. The mean results of two years revealed that improved technology recorded higher green pod yield of 15.75 tons/ha compared to farmers’ practices (11.50 tons/ha). The technology gap of 9.25, extension gap of 4.25 and technology index of 37.00 were observed during the demonstration period. The improved production technology gave higher benefit-cost ratio in the FLD plots (2.65) as compared to farmers’ plots (1.84).

ESPAÇAMENTO LONGITUDINAL E PRODUTIVIDADE DE FEIJÃO CAUPI COM USO DE SEMEADORA MANUAL

O uso de semeadoras de tração manual em pequenas propriedades apresenta viabilidade técnica e econômica, porém poucos trabalhos são desenvolvidos com esta tecnologia de semeadura para o feijão caupi, uma das principais culturas para a região do Cariri cearense. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente artigo foi avaliar o espaçamento longitudinal e a produtividade de feijão caupi em função da velocidade e profundidade de trabalho de uma semeadora manual. O estudo foi conduzido no Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, da Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato-CE. O delineamento adotado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com quatro repetições, totalizando 24 observações. O primeiro fator foram duas profundidades de semeadura (menor: 1 cm e maior: 2 cm); e o segundo a velocidade (2,15; 3,90 e 4,71 km h-1). Foram analisadas a população inicial e final, o índice de sobrevivência, o espaçamento longitudinal, o número de vagens por planta e de grãos por vagem, a produtividade de grãos a 11% de umidade e a produtividade de vagens verdes. Os resultados evidenciaram maiores valores de espaçamentos falhos e menores de aceitáveis com o uso da menor profundidade e das maiores velocidades, com consequente redução na população final, porém, em função do feijão caupi produzir ramos laterais e aumentar a produção por planta, os dados de produtividade não foram influenciados pela profundidade e velocidade de trabalho.

Performance of garden pea varieties for their growth and yield characteristics in Vidharbha region of Maharashtra, India

An experiment was conducted in 2013 to study the performance of different varieties of garden pea under Akola condition at Department of Horticulture Dr.Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra. Eight varieties were evaluated on black soil in replicated randomized block design and Results were found significant for all characters among these varieties. All varieties exhibited considerable variation in their performance for most of the parameters. Better growth and yield parameters in terms of plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, days to first flowering, number of green pod/plant, green pod weight, green pod length, pod yield/plant, green pod yield per plot and green pod yield per ha were noticed in all varieties. Maximum plant height was observed in Jawahar Matar-2 (72.26 cm) and minimum was in Palam Priya (28.46 cm). In case of number of pods plant-1 was maximum in PB-89 (16.43) followed by Palam Triloki (13.9) and minimum in Jawahar Matar-2 (9.83). Similarly for pod characters, average pod weight, maximum pod weight was recorded in PB-89 (6.12 g) and minimum was recorded in Arka Kartik (3.27g). Green pod yield/plant was highest in PB-89 (87.93 g), Palam Triloki (75.45 g) and Ankur (68.42 g). Whereas, maximum green pod/yield. was recorded in PB-89 (93.12q/ha) followed by Palam Triloki (76.97q/ha). Among all these varieties highest protein and Total Soluble Solid contents was recorded in Palam Triloki variety (23.06% and 17.67% respectively). PB-89, Palam Triloki and Ankur had the highest yields over the others, hence, they are recommended to farmers in semi-arid condition of Vidharba region for cultivation.

Elucidation of association for yield attributing traits in country bean

Twenty genotypes of country bean were evaluated to explore the association between yield and yield contributing traits in country bean in field condition. Experiment was conducted at field laboratory of department of Genetics and Plant Breeding (GPB), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Traits association through computing correlation coefficient and path coefficients were done both at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Among the twelve morphological traits, genotypic and phenotypic correlation studies showed number of raceme per plant and number of flower buds per raceme had significantly positive relationship with seed yield per plant. Genotypic correlation also showed significant positive relation between number of seed per plant and seed yield per plant. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50 per cent flowering, number of raceme per plant, green pod length, 100 dry seed weight, green shelling percentage, dry shelling percentage showed positive effect on seed yield in genotypic level . Also in phenotypic level days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of flower buds per plant, green pod length, number of seed per pod, green pod yield per plant, green test weight and dry shelling percentage showed direct effect on seed yield. The association between traits revealed in the present study shall be of great help to choose parents with desirable traits for hybridization, selection method to follow, and selection criteria towards a successful breeding program. Traits with strong association with yield can be improved easily, but with weak relationship, needs more observations to obtain the better segregates.Progressive Agriculture 28 (3): 184-189, 2017

Intercropping of Cowpea with Eucalyptus in Northern Brazil

Intercropping consist in growing two or more species with different vegetative cycles and architectures, simultaneously cultivated in same field and same period of time, not necessarily having been sown at the same time. The objective of this study was to evaluate different populations of cowpea development intercropped with Eucalyptus, in order to determine the number of rows of cowpea generates higher grain productivity. This work was carried out at Universidade Federal do Tocantins, in Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil. The treatments were arranged for different densities of cowpea rows: eight rows, six rows, and four rows of cultivars BRS Nova Era and BRS Sempre Verde, also a control in conventional cropping. The cowpea sowing occurred after 12 months eucalyptus planting. The evaluated characteristics were Flowering (FLOW), Mass of 100 grain (GM), Number of grains per green pod (NGP), Chlorophyll Index (CI) and Grain yield (GY). The density of eight rows have obtained better results for most characteristics, being the density limiting factor for bean production could unfeasible the intercropping system. The BRS Nova Era responds better on most characteristics, probably for a better adaptation to the environment and hold superior characters than BRS Sempre Verde.

Influence of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in acidic soil of NEH region of India

A field experiment was carried out on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) variety Kashi Kanchan during summer season at the experimental farm, department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in factorial complete randomized block design with 12 treatments i.e. three levels of phosphorus [control 0 kg(P0), 20 kg (P1) and 40 kg (P2) /ha] and four levels of bio-fertilizer [control (B0), Rhizobium10 ml/kg seed(B1), PSB 10 ml/kg seed (B2) and Rhizobium + PSB both 10 ml/kg seed (B3)] with three replications. The uniform dose of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) @ 20 kg/ha along with 10 t/ha FYM (Farm Yard Manure) were applied to all the treatments. Result indicated that the application of P2 (40 kg P/ha) significantly increased the plant height, leaf area index, stem girth, number of nodules per plant, number of branches per plant , total dry matter, pod yield, available soil nutrient status viz., pH, N, P, K, organic carbon and NPK content in plant after harvesting. Similarly, seed inoculation with B3 (Rhizobium + PSB) significantly enhanced the growth, yield, soil nutrient status and nutrient content in plant over single inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB. Combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium + PSB (B3) along with 40 kg P/ha (P2) significantly increased the stem girth (1.84 cm), total dry matter (13.91g/plant), green pod yield (196.37g/plant and 120.90q/ha), soil nutrient status viz., pH(6.20), available N (370.89 kg/ha), available P (38.57 kg/ha), available K (168.77 kg/ha), organic carbon (2.80%) and N, P and K (0.17%, 0.16% and 0.39%) content over rest of treatment combination.

Impact of Bio Safe Compounds and Resistance Inducers on Certain Soil Borne Diseases, Growth and Yield of Pea Plants (Pisum sativum L.)

The present work was carried out to study the effect of some saftey compounds, i.e. plant guard (Trichoderma harzianum), humic acid and compost tea and resistance inducers (salicylic acid and benzothiadiazole) besides fungicide (Vitavax-T)) on controlling soil borne diseases such as root rot and wilt of pea plants (cv. Master-B). Data comprised growth, yield and quality parameters under greenhouse and open field conditions during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. All safe compounds and inducers were evaluated to control Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliform, Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal agents of pea root rot and wilt diseases compared to fungicide. Most treatments significantly protected pea plants from pre and post-emergence damping off, increased pea growth and yield components compared to control plants. Under open field conditions, pea plants were infected naturally with F. oxysporum f.sp. pisi, wilt % was significantly reduced by all treatments compared to untreated plants (control). As a result of treatments, vegetative growth parameters (plant height, No. of leaves ∕plant, plant fresh and dry weight), chlorophyll content, yield parameters (green pod yield, total dry seed yield, pod length and weight of 100 seeds) and catalase antioxidant enzyme of pea plants were increased significantly compared to untreated plants. These results provide alternative and safe compounds to control pea wilt diseases and consequently, save the fungicide cost , reduce environmental pollution as well as improving plant growth and total yield of pea plants.

Variability, character association and path coefficient analysis of green pod yield and its related traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Genetic variability, character association and path coefficient studies were carried out for yield and yield contributing characters for twenty-four diverse genotype of pea. The results revealed a wide range of phenotypic variation, along with high heritability in pea. Highest pod yield per plant was recorded in VRP-229 followed by VRP-372 and VRP-305. The characters namely, plant height and weight of seeds per pod showed high magnitude, while number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant and pod yield per plant showed moderate magnitude for phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. The heritability and genetic advance were high for days to first pod initiation, plant height and pod yield per plant indicating its additive gene action for their expression. Character association studies revealed that pod yield per plant exhibit positive and highly significant correlation with number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant and days to fifty percent flowering. The path coefficient studies also revealed that maximum positive direct effect was observed through number of pods per plant followed by days to first flowering, single pod weight and pod length towards yield indicated that these characters may be considered as the most reliable selection indices while making selection for high yielding genotypes.

Genetic divergence in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] for yield components parameters

Thirty two cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes were evaluated for 12 quantitative characters to estimate the genetic diversity existing among them by using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. The genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. The cluster strength varied from single genotype (Clusters IV, V, VI, VII and VIII) to 12 genotypes (Cluster II). The maximum inter-cluster distance (D2 = 35.43) was observed between cluster-VI and VIII. Clusters II, III and I had maximum 100-seed weight, number of seeds per pod and seed yield respectively. Cluster VIII had the highest mean value for the characters viz., number of pod per plant, number of green pods per plant and green pod yield per hectare (kg/ha), while the cluster III had a lowest mean value for days to 50 per cent flowering. On the basis of inter cluster distances, cluster VIII was found to be more divergent. Therefore, it was concluded that the genotypes belonging to these cluster should be inter-crossed in order to generate more variability.

Effect of planting pattern and sowing dates of maize in maize with field pea intercropping system

A field experiment was conducted to study the optimum row proportion, optimum sowing time of maize and economics of maize with field pea intercropping system. It was laid out in RCBD with three replications during kharif 2015 at farmer's field in Lokur, village Dharwad district of Karnataka. There were nine treatments consisting of two planting patterns i. e. sowing of maize within and between the rows of maize in field pea with four dates of sowing for maize. Among the intercroppings significantly higher grain yield (4459 kg/ha), stover yield (6481 kg/ha), cob weight (251.83 g) and cob length (19.49 cm) were recorded when simultaneous sowing of maize with field pea. Green pod yield (1592 kg/ha), number of pods per plant (20.13) and number of seeds per pod (9.70) were higher when maize sown between rows three weeks after sowing of field pea. Higher net returns (Rs. 47636/ha), B: C ratio (2.36), LER (1.23) and MEY (5896 kg/ha) were recorded when maize was sown between the rows two weeks after sowing of field pea.

Foliar applications of alpha-tocopherol improves the composition of fresh pods of Vigna radiata subjected to water deficiency

Alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc), so-called vitamin E, is a low molecular weight lipophilic antioxidant that generally protects plants from stress-induced cellular oxidation. It is well known that exogenously applied α-Toc is effective in improving plant growth and developmental processes under adverse environmental conditions. The current study was performed to determine the best concentration of α-Toc [0 (no spray), 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1] that could improve the biological yield and chemical constituents of fresh green pods of mung bean (Vigna radiata) and hence their quality under varying water regimes. Foliar spray of α-Toc significantly improved total soluble proteins, chlorophyll a and b, total soluble sugars, proline, phenolics, total free amino acids, nonreducing sugars, and activities of SOD, POD, and CAT under water stress conditions. However, no prominent change was observed in reducing sugars and biological yield due to externally applied α-Toc in either mung bean cultivar subjected to either water regime. Both mung bean cultivars (Cyclone 7008 and Cyclone 8009) showed similar behavior in chlorophyll a and b, while cv. Cyclone 7008 was superior with respect to the concentrations of total soluble sugars and total free amino acids, whereas Cyclone 8009 was better in activities of CAT, SOD, and POD. Overall, externally applied 200 and 300 mg L-1 α-Toc considerably enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT), chlorophyll a and b, proline, and total phenolic contents in both mung bean cultivars.

Correlation and Path Analysis of Green Pod Yield and Its Components in Snap Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Genotypes

Correlation and Path Analysis of Green Pod Yield and Its Components in Snap Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Genotypes

Bioefficacy of some insecticides against Bihar Hairy Caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua walker on COWPEA

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of some insecticides against Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spodoptera obliqua on cowpea in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during kharif 2013. The results revealed that significantly maximum larval mortality (81.70%) was obtained with thiodicarb 75 WP @ 0.015% followed by chlorphyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% (69.78%) and fenvalerate 0.4 DP (69.46%). In the field experiment thiodicarb 75 WP @ 0.015% was found to be significantly superior with the least larval population (1.00 larvae/plant). Fenvalerate 0.4 DP 25 kg/ha and chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.04% were found to be the next effective. Maximum green pod yield was obtained with thiodicarb 75 WP, 0.015% (94.97 q/ha) and fenvalerate 0.4 DP 25 kg/ha (84.07 q/ha). Maximum net realization was obtained from thiodicarb 75 WP, 0.015% treated plots followed by fenvalerate 0.4 DP and chlorpyriphos 20 EC, 0.04%.

Genetic divergence in vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Twenty one genotypes of vegetable cowpea including checks were planted in Randomized Block Design at the experimental farm of Pt.K.L.S.College of Horticulture and Research Station, Rajnandgaon, during 2015-16. The data recorded on twenty one characters were subjected to analysis of variance. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied except pod width. It indicates that sufficient variability exhisted among the genotype for the mentioned characters. The GCV value was higher for plant height, pod yield per plant indicated that these characters exhibited variability among the genotypes. The highest heritability was recorded for the characters plant height (60DAS), days of maturity , fruiting duration, 50 per cent flowering ,pod setting per cent per plant, 100 dry seed weight, 100-green seed weight. The genetic divergence in the present study observed among 21 genotypes of vegetable cowpea, showed low quantum of divergence and was grouped into five clusters On the basis of D 2 analysis. Maximum number of genotypes (9) was accommodated in cluster - II. The average inter and intra cluster divergence (D) values had also been calculated. The intra-cluster distance varied from 0.00 to 5.04. The maximum intra cluster distance was shown by cluster I (5.04) followed by cluster V, cluster II, cluster III and cluster IV. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed in between cluster I and V (5.04). The cluster III showed maximum value for mean green pod yield (146.820g.) followed by cluster IV (146.156g). Crossing between the genotypes of maximum two clusters appeared to be most promising to combine the desirable characters.

Estimation of genetic parameters in cowpea

An experiment was carried out in the fields of Agriculture College-Baghdad University during spring and autumn of 2015 by using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first season hybridization was established among three pure cultivars of cowpea (Vigna uniguiculata L.) which: Ramshorn, California black eye and Rahawya in full diallel crosses according to Griffing with first method and fixed model (3 parents+ 3 diallel hybrids +3 reciprocal hybrids) and a comparison experiment was in autumn season. The result of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference among the parents and their hybrids for all the studied characters. The parent 1 was the higher for root nodules number , leaf number, pod number average pod weight , and pod yield per plant .The diallel cross 1*2 was the higher to pod number 33.27 pod/plant and 2x3 to average pod weight 8.10 g pod-1 and the reciprocal cross 2*1 was higher for green pod yield 285.40 g plant-1. The values of average degree of dominance was 0.873 cm/plant for plant height in diallel crosses while it was more than one for plant height and pod weight average in reciprocal crosses. The heritability in broad sense was high to all characters while in narrow sense it was high to plant height in diallel crosses 68.78% while it's values were high to moderate for most the traits in reciprocal crosses.

Application of SNPs to improve yield of Pisum sativum L. (pea).

Nanotechnology opens an enormous scope of novel application in the fields of biotechnology and agricultural industries, because nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties, i.e. high surface area, high reactivity, tunable pore size and particle morphology. Present study was carried out to determine the role of silver NPs (SNPs) to improve yield of Pisum sativum L. SNPs (10-100 nm) were synthesised by green method using extract of Berberis lycium Royle. Pea seeds were soaked and seedling were foliage sprayed by 0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm SNPs. The experiment was arranged as split-split plot randomised complete block design with three replicates. The application of SNPs enhanced significantly number of seeds pod-1, number of pods plant-1, hundred seed weight, biological yield and green pod yield over control. The highest yield was found when 60 ppm SNPs were applied. However, exposure to 90 ppm SNPs, the yield of the pea decreased significantly as compared with 30 and 60 ppm. This research shows that SNPs have definite ability to improve growth and yield of crops. Nevertheless, a comprehensive experimentation is needed to establish the most appropriate concentration, size and mode of application of SNPs for higher growth and maximum yield of pea.

Response of Pea Plant (Pisum sativum L.) for Levels of Nitrogen, Rhizobium Inoculation and Spraying of Molybdenum on Growth, Green Pods, Dry Seed Yield and its Components

The current study was carried out at Qaha Vegetable Research Farm (Qalubia Governorate), Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (A. R. C.), Egypt, during the two consecutive winter seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 to study the influence of different nitrogen fertilization levels i.e. 20, 35 and 50 Kg N/ fed., an inoculation of pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Master B with compatible strain of the nodule bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum,foliar spraying with molybdenum twice at the rate of 10 Mg/ L. and its combinations on vegetative growth, total fresh green pod and dry seed yield (ton/ fed.). Increasing nitrogen fertilization levels from 20 to 50 Kg N/fed. alone led to significant increased plant pea growth, fresh green pod yield, green pod characters, dry seed yield, nitrogen, protein, phosphorus and potassium (%) presenting contents for dry seed. However, the earliest germination rate (days) were obtained with adding 35 Kg N/fed. during the two winter seasons, as compared with the other two levels (20 and 50 Kg N/fed.).Results showed that the Rhizobium inoculation gave better pea growth, green pods yield, dry seed yield and its quality as well as germination ratio, rate (days) and sprout length (cm) with adding 35 Kg N/fed. compared with the same treatments with other two N fertilization levels(20 and 50 kg N/fed). But the foliar spraying by molybdenum twice at the rate of 10 Mg/ L. led to significant increased with nitrogen level from 20 up to 50 Kg N/fed. for all traits under this study. On the other hand, adding 50 Kg N/fed. with the foliar spraying by molybdenum gave significant increased on all parameters for this study compared with other treatments. The results showed that adding 35 Kg N/fed. with Rhizobium inoculation and molybdenum foliar spraying twice at the rate of 10 Mg/L. led to significant increased for total green and dry pea seed yield as well as its characters compared with the same combination under other two nitrogen levels (20 and 50 kg N/fed). In generally, the combination between adding 35 kg N/fed, Rhizobium inoculation and molybdenum foliar spraying twice at the rate of 10 Mg/L was the highest economic return and led to provide 30% of nitrogen fertilization. Fedan = 4200 m2.

Genetic Improvement for Yield and Quality Characters in Pea By Using Selection

The present study was carried out at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag Governorate during five winter growing seasons (2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2014/2015 and 2015/2016) using two F3- populations stemmed from two breeding methods for cross between two varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and pedigree selection procedure was applied to obtain new pure lines of pea having intermediate vegetative growth and desirable yield traits. The mean values for each of all the studied traits after the third cycle of selection (F6 generation)were higher in population II than each of population I, parents and check cultivar. The broad sense heritability was high and ranged from 82.24 to 98 % in all studied traits of all selected generations in population I and population II except number of seeds/pod which seriously was affected by the changes in the environmental factors, so it was low and ranged from 43.45 to 54.35. Also, the actual selection response was high compared with the expected response in F6 generations for number of days to 50% flowering and number of seeds per pod in both populations I&II as well as both number of pods/plant and dry weight of seeds yield/plant in population II only. The realized gains relative to the parents and check were higher in F6-population II than population I for most studied traits. Estimated coefficient of variance (CV%) for the studied characters in the new selected lines of population I was the lowest value for most the genotypes compared with parents and check cultivar and the lowest one was observed for the new line p-21of pop. I in all studied traits except number of seeds/pod. On the whole, in selected new pure lines, data revealed that the line p-21 and line p-24 were the highest homogeneous ones, since they showed the lowest variation within their plants. The obtained CV % values in these pure lines for green pods yield/plant ranged from 2.70 in selected pure line p-24 to 3.79% in line p-21, while were 5.83, 9.42 and 4.68 for parent 1, parent 2 and check cultivar, respectively indicating that these selected pure lines(p-21and p-24) were more uniform than all selected pure lines. The highest green yield were observed for line-p24 followed by line-p25 (215.33 and 193.00 g/plant, respectively). It's clear from the results that some pure lines such as the pure line-p18 line-p21, line-p24 and line-p25 were highest homogeneous for most traits and have desirable traits i.e. earliest, pod length, number seeds/pod and yield/plant. Both lines p21 and p24 were superior for yield of green pods compared with all lines, parents and check variety cultivated in this study. Therefore, It could be recommended to be grown and given special name as a new pea promising cultivars for cultivation in Upper Egypt.

Influence of chemical and bio fertilizer on growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Moench

A field experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research Farm Department of Horticulture, J. V. College, Baraut, Bhagpat during the year 2011 with the cultiver “Arka Anamica” was done in Randomized Block Design (R.B.D) with three replication. The experiments consisted of 16 treatments viz. N1 (80:60:60) NPK (Kg.)/ha, N2 (60:40:40) NPK (Kg.)/ha, N3 (40:20:20) NPK (Kg.)/ha, B1 (Azotobacter) 7kg/ha, B2 (Phosphate Soluble Bacteria) 7kg /ha, B3 (Azotobacter + PSB) and B0 (Control). The Maximum results an different attributes viz. Plant Height (67.30 cm.), No. of leaves per plant (63.95), No. of green pod per branch (3.87), and Area of green pod (48.69 cm2), Days to 50 % germination (7.25) and Days to 50 % flowering (20.06) were recorded under the treatment B3, where as Azotobacter 7 kg/ha + Phosphate Soluble Bacteria 7 kg./ha. Compression to the treatment B1, where as Azotobacter 7 kg/ha and better results like, Number of branches per plant (4.58), leaf area (267.57 cm2), Number of green pod per plant (3.87), Fresh weight per green pod (8.11 gm.) and Green pod yield per plot (3382.56gm.) were recorded under the treatment B3 (Azotobacter 7kg/ha + PSB 7kg/ha), followed by N1 (80:60:60) NPK (Kg.)/ha and minimum results were found under the control.

Influence of exogenous application of some phytoprotectants on growth, yield and pod quality of snap bean under NaCl salinity

Snap bean is a salt sensitive plant and suffers from losses in yield and pod quality with any little increase of salt concentration in irrigation water. In order to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA), spermidine (Spd), and glycine betaine (GB) as phytoprotectants on enhancing growth, yield and pod quality of snap bean under different levels of NaCl salinity, an outdoor pot experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 seasons. Salinity was applied as NaCl form at 0 and 2000ppm. The concentrations of foliar treatments were two levels for each treatment; the first level was 0mM which served as control, and the second level was 1mM SA, 0.5mM Spd and 5mMGB, in addition to their combinations. NaCl salinity at 2000ppm reduced most of vegetative growth parameters such as plant f.w., leaf area ratio and leaf area index, which in turn reflected on the reduction of pods no./plant and yield f.w./plant and an increase in the fruit abscission percentage. Pod moisture % decreased under 2000ppm NaCl which reduced pod f.w., and increased pod curvature %. Under 2000ppm NaCl, GB at 5mM and all its combinations increased membrane stability index, total soluble sugars and total soluble proteins concentration, while reducing free amino acids concentration, which were concomitant with decreasing pod curvature %. Meanwhile, application of SA at 1mM, GB at 5mM, and GB5+SA1+Spd0.5 increased leaves and pods no./plant, pod moisture %, and pod f.w., which reflected on increasing green pod yield.