Development Of Green Open Space Research Articles

VEGETATION TYPOLOGY ON LAND USE IN SUPPORTING SURAKARTA CITY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

<p><em>Green open spaces have natural elements and structures that carry out their ecological and aesthetical roles. The population density of Surakarta City is 11675 people/km<sup>2</sup>, which has an impact on the environment, such as the declining in urban air quality. Urban air quality can be overcome by providing sufficient vegetation. The availability of green open space in Surakarta City until 2014 only reached 12.4%, which means it has not been able to meet the minimum requirement of green open space, including vegetation in it. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis with primary data and satellite imagery. Vegetation studied is not only on public green open spaces, but also on the private green open spaces. The results show that the highest dominance of land use in Surakarta City is the trade and services. Unfortunately, this is inversely proportional to the existing average availability of vegetation cover in the domination, which only reaches 7%. This can be a recommendation for the government in prioritizing the development of green open spaces on those trade and services land use so it can support the sustainable development of Surakarta City. <br /></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Identification of Land Adequacy for Green Open Space Development area of Tanjung Barangan on the condition of land properties in Palembang

The city of Palembang is one of the cities that experienced rapid development and became the center of human activity. So that the expansion of the city to the periphery causes green open space reduction. The reduction of green open space inflicted the disruption of the balance between nature and human systems. Retention ponds include reduction of green open space border that serves as a drainage system so as to prevent flooding during the rainy season and maintain groundwater reserves during the dry season. This study aims to: 1) identify and evaluate the existing condition of soil properties (physical and chemical) in the green open space development area of Tanjung Barangan retention pond in plan area that will be functioned as a retention pond of Palembang City; 2) to see the relation between the physical and chemical of soil condition with the type of vegetation that will be developed in the area of green open space development plan; 3) recommend the appropriate vegetation types to be developed in the green open space development plan, retention pond area in Palembang City. This research used descriptive normative method and sampling was done by sample purposive sampling. The research was conducted in the administrative area of Palembang City, the sampling point was in the green open space development area of Tanjung Barangan retention pond in Bukit Baru Village, Ilir Barat 1 Subdistrict of Palembang City, there were 4 (four) research sample points. It can be concluded that based on the results of laboratory analysis and direct observation in the field, the condition of soil properties of green open space development plan area of Tanjung Barangan retention pond physically and chemically that was: average effective depth value belong to deep (> 100 cm); soil texture of clay loam, clay and loam; platy and granular soil structures; soil color gray, yellowish brown to black; moderate to moderately rapid soil permeability; soil pH strongly acidic N-total low to moderate; Soil P2O5 is very low; K2O is very high; and C-organic is low to very high. Based on the results of the analysis, the recommendation of vegetation type from the Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 5 of 2008 showed that The Tanjung Barangan retention ponds contain 3 (three) types of vegetation recommended namely casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and fern tree (Filicium decipiens). While there were 4 (four) types of vegetation can be recommended with the condition of the soil management by calcification using agricultural lime, such as lime tohor (CaO), calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2) which is munding rubber vegetation (Ficus elastica), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) and resin (Agathis loranthifolia).

A set of sustainable urban landscape indicators and parameters to evaluate urban green open space in Bandung City

To improve the environmental quality and to increase citizens’ index of happiness, Bandung City government has built or either rebuilt and revitalized some urban green open spaces, or in popular are known as public park. Until now the government has built hundreds of parks scattered throughout the city of Bandung, ranging from neighbourhood park to city parks. With the availability of many public parks in Bandung, this attract the citizens’ attention, both Bandung’s citizen and surrounding citizen, to having activities at public park as an alternative destination. Based on the current conditions, the development of green open space in Bandung more likely to focus on meet user’s satisfaction and put aside the fulfilment of other function (ecological, health, socio cultural, economy, and aesthetic) as part of the efforts to increase Bandung city urban green open space sustainability. Since the development of green open spaces only expected to accommodate more visitors, this will result in expanding pavement area which potentially reducing the park’s ability to absorb water and reducing existing vegetation. In order to prove that, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of urban green open spaces in Bandung. The evaluation’s aims to value the balance between its aesthetical and social function, with its ecological function. This paper will propose a set of indicators which can be used as a tool to evaluate performance of urban green open space as an effort to increase Bandung city urban green open space sustainability. These indicators were obtained through in-depth research and review of some related literatures, sub indicators which obtained at that stage will combined and modified to appropriate with the Bandung City urban green open space characteristics. There are four main evaluation indicator categories, which are ecology, socio-cultural, health, and economy indicator. These categories of indicator would be developed into sustainable urban landscape sub-indicators and parameters based on sustainable landscape design principles. In the end, these indicators were expected not only to be applied in Bandung City area but also in other cities as well with appropriate adjustment to the city’s character and condition. In the end, these indicators are expected not only can be applied in Bandung City area, but also in other cities, with appropriate adjustments base on the character and condition of the city.

Public Policy on Green Open Space Development in Palembang City, Indonesia

Public Policy on Green Open Space Development in Palembang City, Indonesia

Green Open Space Form/Morphology Characteristics Which Function Ecologically as Rain Water Absorber in Kalirungkut Subdistrict

Growth of development in Kalirungkut Subdistrict with the functioning of MERR IIC road since 2010 is rapidly happening. The rapid development took place in the areas of trade and services, settlements, and industry as well as education. The growth development that caused the land use change is not balanced with the availability of Green Open Space (GOS) which is adequate as ecological function of rainwater absorber, thus becoming one of the causes of flood/puddle in Kalirungkut Subdistrict. Green open space to absorb rain water is part of a green infrastructure that integrates with city drainage in the form of storage and water absorption. The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristic of green open space form / morphology as an ecological function of rainwater absorber in Kalirungkut Subdistrict, by looking at the existing research benchmarks, drawing the conclusions of the analysis and making it a guideline in the development of green open space of further absorbent rainwater. This study uses a comparative descriptive analysis method. The selection of descriptive-comparative analysis is conducted to describe the comparison of existing green open space with standardization and supporting theories in the provision and development of green open space as an ecological function of rainwater absorber based on the aspects of existing research. The result of this research is the characteristic of the form/morphology of Green Open Space as ecological function of rainwater absorber in Kalirungkut Subdistrict which consists of Green Open Space form which functioned as water body in the form of water retention, the availability of garden & sports field, various types of vegetation and supporting material, Appropriate Green Open Space, and Absorption Ability of this type of land cover

Analisis Korelasi Perubahan Tutupan Vegetasi Terhadap Perubahan Suhu Udara di Kota Denpasar

The rate of growth and development of Denpasar city increases the demand for land to supply the needs of urban facilities and infrastructure. This affected to the increase of conversion of vegetation coverage into built-up land cover. The conversion of the vegetation coverage impacts on urban environmental quality which is increase the rate of air temperature. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of vegetation coverage change on the air temperature change in Denpasar city in year of 2003, 2009 and 2015. Remote sensing and regression statistic method were used in this study. The results showed that the decrease of vegetation coverage influenced the increase of air temperature in Denpasar city. Statistically, the correlation can be projected on the equation y = 31,295-0,078x, where x and y are vegetaton coverege and air temperature respectively. This equation shows that decresing of 1% vegetation coverege will increase 0,078 oC of air temperature. The effort to conceder in responding to the temperature rise that occurred in Denpasar is increasing the number of green open space. Based on the classification value of vegetation coverage and air temperature of Denpasar City, there are three categories of priority areas for green open space development that is high, medium and low priority. The development of green open space in each priority area can be adjusted to the characteristics of land use.

The green open space development model and associated use behaviors in dense urban settings: Lessons from Hong Kong and Singapore

Green open space is addressed as an important urban planning strategy to ameliorate the negative environmental impacts of high density. The article presents a comparative study of green open space development models and associated use behaviors between Hong Kong and Singapore. The two cities represent two distinct models: “Concrete Jungle” where green open spaces are separated from built-up areas and “Garden City” where green open spaces are integrated in buildings. The research argues that the two distinct urban development models are shaping two types of use behaviors. The detached green open space in Hong Kong engendered active visits with high intentions and sensations; the integrated green open spaces in Singapore, on the other hand, caused passive visits with low intentions and sensations. This research draws attention to the overwhelming greenery in urban development that might attenuate the therapeutic function for healing and restoration. The spatial arrangement of green space distribution should encourage people’s intentions and aspirations for an active visit with social or physical activities. The planning and design of open space should also optimize microclimate conditions (such as shading, cross-ventilation and thermal comfort) to facilitate longer stays.

Urban greenspace for resilient city in the future: Case study of Yogyakarta City

The capacity of adaptation is essential elements towards urban resilience. One adaptation that can be done is to consider the provision of open space and public space in the city. Yogyakarta City development which focused on the built area and negates the open space has blurred the characteristics of the city. Efforts in increasing the availability of public space is one of the seven priorities of the programs included in the environmental and the utilization of space in Yogyakarta City. An understanding of the provision of public green open spaces in Yogyakarta is important because the products and processes that take place in a development will determine the successful implementation of the development plan. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to identify the provision green space in Yogyakarta City from the aspects of product and procedure; and (2) to identify the role of green space to build resilient city. This study is used descriptive qualitative approach with in-depth interview, literature review, and triangulation as the method for data collection. Yogyakarta has had instruments for public green open spaces provision called Masterplan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Up-Scaling Yogyakarta 2013-2032 which govern the typologies and criteria for green open space development in the city.Public green open spaces development mechanism can be grouped into the planning phase, the utilization phase, and the control phase of each consisting of legal and regulatory aspects, institutional aspects, financial aspects, and technical aspects. The mechanism of green open space provision should regard the need of advocacy for “urban green commons” (UGCs) development as a systematic approach of collective-participatory for urban land management.

Analisis Kemitraan dalam Pengembangan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) di Kota Semarang

Green open space is very important to note. Green open space is needed in particular to balance the urban region urban air to keep them fresh. When the current green open spaces were available yet is developed and managed properly. Contributing factor is the lack of budget, lack of human resources, and a shortage of land for development. These problems can be overcome by establishing partnerships among the actors involved in the development of green open space. Therefore, this study aims to determine the role of each actor, determine the degree of partnership in the development of green open space, and efforts to be made in improving the partnership. Green open space is very important to note. Green open space is needed, especially in the region This study used a descriptive qualitative research motode documentation and interview as data collection techniques. The target in this research is the government, society, and the private sector participated in the development of green open space in the city of Semarang. The Partnership is a joint venture form of cooperation between two or more parties that aims to improve the ability of an organization in achieving its objectives. Based on the results of the overall study the problems encountered in relation to partnerships Semarang city government is not the implementation of partnerships with the private sector because of the difference between government and private interests. So far the government is trying to establish partnerships with the private sector.

Green city Banda Aceh: city planning approach and environmental aspects

Banda Aceh as the capital of Aceh Province is the region with the tsunami disaster that occurred on December 26, 2004 the most severe of which over 60% of the city area were destroyed mainly coastal region and settlements. One product plan for rehabilitation and reconstruction of Banda Aceh is made of Banda Aceh as Green City. To realize the Green City Banda Aceh, urban development process should be conducted in a planned and integrated way with attention to spatial and environmental aspects to ensure an efficient urban management and to create a healthy, beautiful and comfortable environment. There is a weakness of the process in urban planning and development that occurred at present where cities tend to minimize the development of green open space and land conversion into a commercial district, residential areas, industrial areas, transport networks and infrastructure and facilities for other cities. Another tendency that occurs is urban environment only developed economically but not ecologically, whereas ecological balance is as important as the development of the economic value of urban areas. Such conditions have caused unbalance of urban ecosystems including increased air temperature, air pollution, declining water table, flooding, salt water intrusion and increased content of heavy metals in the soil. From an ecological perspective, unfavorable microclimate, high-temperature increase due to the lack of trees as a sieve / filter against heavy rain, can cause flooding. These conditions result in inconvienient, arid and less beautiful urban areas. The author identifies the elements contained in the Green City Banda Aceh and how the efforts and approaches must be made toward Green City Banda Aceh.

Dampak Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Terhadap Limpasan Permukaan dan Laju Aliran Puncak Sub DAS Gajahwong Hulu Kabupaten Sleman

Upstream Gajahwong Sub-Watershed included in Yogyakarta Urban Agglomeration Region and regional development of tourism that utilizes the beauty of the slopes of Mount Merapi also the support accessibility (Solo-Magelang-Semarang road; this condition is assumed to be the cause of landuse changes, followed by vegetation land shrinkage. The shrinkage’s result is water catchment areas reduction that disrupts the Sub-Watershed hydrology function. One of indication is the increasing flood discharge that can be seen from the changes in surface runoff and peak flow rate. This research aims to assess the impact of landuse change on surface runoff and peak flow rate in Gajahwong Sub-Watershed using a quantitative method that consists of spatial and mathematic analysis with SCS and Rational Method. The results showed that the landuse changes impact on increasing surface runoff and peak flow rate. The surface runoff in year 2002 amounted to 3.073 mm with a peak flow rate of 98.02 m³/sec then increased to 3.901 mm with a peak flow rate of 101.65 m³/sec in year 2011. The landuse changes that occur tend to built landuse which was followed by vegetation shrinkage and impact on the increase in surface runoff and peak flow rate. Predictions in year 2031 also showed an increase in surface runoff and peak flow rate, if there is a tendency of landuse changes linearly as landuse changes in year 2002 – 2011. Alternative analytical efforts to handle surface runoff and peak flow rate showed that by combining the development of Green Open Space with water conservation technology (Biopori and Infiltration Wells) can reduce surface runoff and peak flow rate.

Balance of Green Open Space to Support Green Settlement in Yogyakarta Urban Area

The greatest problem relating to settlement growth in Yogyakarta urban area is the declining number of green open spaces. This study aimed to analyze the balance between the availability of and need for green open space development to promote the existence of green settlement in Yogyakarta urban area. The methods employed in this study were field research and studio analysis by referring to the related research methods previously conducted by the researcher as well as by the others. The results showed that the extent of green open space in Yogyakarta urban area reached 1,469.45 Ha or 16.2% of the total area. Therefore, the need for green open space lacked 13.8% of the total area. The general condition of the green open space was categorized as average in either housing clusters or settlements (non-housing clusters). Good condition was found only in low-density settlement, while poor condition of green open space was located in high-density settlement. The development of green open space should focus on public green open space while maintaining the private one. Some of the potential areas for this included rice fields, village treasury lands, riverbanks, roadsides, railway boundaries, public areas, and others.

Generating Sustainable Green Open Space Development in Urban Residential Areas through Community Participation Approach

<p>The increase of urban population is closely interconnected to the demand for living spaces that accommodate various urban activities. When the balance between the need for, and the availability of, such spaces is disturbed, unlivable spaces are generated which would eventually downgrade the quality of urban environment. Bearing in mind the increasing clamor over global warming during the last two decades, Urban Planners should carefully anticipate the issue and put their focus on, and even provoke the creation of Sustainable Green Space Development, including the creation of open green urban spaces. Accommodating the aspirations and participation of citizens, through the application of the development principle based on “from, by and for them”, becomes a most important part of the strategy to achieve sustainable development patterns. The worsening environmental deterioration due to the stakeholders becoming unheedful about the issue should be taken into serious consideration. In the study, observations have been conducted in a descriptive manner by using a non randomized experimental design using control at three neighborhoods in West Jakarta, with one of them being the controller. It was showing that after the first 6 months, the application of green environment approach in the neighborhoods was maintained through self-help and communal actions. Community organizations that have been established on the spirit of mutual co-operation becomes determinative for the success of such sustainable pattern; the sustanability would in phases also improve the people’s economy and their social interaction. The involvement of local governments, the private sector and the community would also greatly influence the creation of Sustainable Green Development Pattern, and should continuously be evaluated and improved for replications in other locations in an ever perfect process.<br />Keywords: sustainable, green open space, participation, partnership.</p>

Komitmen Pemimpin dalam Mengembangkan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kabupaten Kudus

Green open space (RTH) issue has been part of the municipal government of Kudus Regency policy. However, the policy had not been implemented effectively for there was only 8% of the total spaces available in the regency were used for the green open space. Participation of concerned stakeholders are necessary towards further development of the green open space (RTH). This research is a qualitative descriptive research which is aimed to know the commitment of leaders in developing Green Open Space in Kudus Regency and obstacle factors related to commitment of leaders in development of Green Open Space. This descriptive-qualitative study aimed to find out local leadership commitment in Kudus Regency to the development of the green open area (RTH). The study found that the local leaders did not have optimal commitment, as it might be evident from attitudes of leading by example, role in decision-making process, and promises to stipulate necessary local laws. The study also found some impending factors such as ineffective communiation in distributing information related to green open area, lacking competency among employees, and inadequate facilities. The study recommended improvement of some local leadership supporting indicators. Authorities in the municipal government of Kudus Regency must lead by examples, provide unused area for the green open space project, and improve competencies of the employees. Education and training programs, as well as seminars, are necessary to improve human resource development. In addition, local laws concerning the green open area must be enforced.

Konsep Pengembangan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) pada Permukiman Kepadatan Tinggi

Salah satu langkah perwujudan konsep Eco Cultural City Kota Surakarta dilakukan dengan adanyaupaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH), khususnya padakawasan permukiman padat. Pengembangan RTH pada permukiman kepadatan tinggi menjadifenomena menarik untuk diteliti yang kemudian diangkat menjadi pertanyaan penelitian (researchquestion) yaitu: bagaimana konsep pengembangan RTH pada permukiman kepadatan tinggi?. Tujuanpenelitian ini adalah untuk menyusun konsep pengembangan RTH pada permukiman kepadatan tinggi.Adapun sasaran dalam penelitian ini antara lain mengkaji karakteristik permukiman kepadatan tinggi,mengkaji karakteristik RTH permukiman kepadatan tinggi, menganalisis tipologi RTH permukimankepadatan tinggi, dan menganalisis pengembangan RTH permukiman kepadatan tinggi dalam konsephuman settlement. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Konseppengembangan RTH dalam konsep human settlement diarahkan dalam pencapaian elemen nature(alam) dan elemen society (masyarakat) pada masing-masing tipologi RTH yang terbentuk. Salah satubentuk konsep pengembangan RTH dilakukan dengan mengoptimalkan lahan melalui media tanamberupa pot-pot tanaman.Kata kunci: konsep pengembangan RTH, permukiman kepadatan tinggi