Green Onion Research Articles

Intravital Nondestructive Studies of Plant Moisture in Real Time Using Millimeter Spectroscopy

A technology for millimetric moisture-content measurement has been proposed for implementation in plant breeding by the method of background traits, which requires selecting plants with medium or low moisture. This technology, which is based on radiophysical methods, allows nondestructive lifetime measurements to be made over short and long periods of time, up to continuous ones. Preliminary measurements of the green onion moisture have shown that the moisture measurement error does not exceed 1%.

Metabolome profile of Negi-Nira chive, an interspecies hybrid of green spring onion (Allium fistulosum) and Chinese chive (A. tuberosum).

Metabolome analysis of flavored vegetables, green spring onion (Allium fistulosum), Chinese chive (A. tuberosum), and their interspecies hybrid Negi-Nira chive, was conducted using liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry, with ca. 2 ppm mass accuracy. Ion peaks in the chromatograms of four biological replicates of the vegetable leaves were processed using the alignment software PowerGet for metabolite comparison, from which we obtained the potential chemical formulae. In total, 860 ion peaks were reproducibly detected; of these, 506, 525, and 336 peaks were found in the hybrid, A. tuberosum, and A. fistulosum, respectively. There were 130 peaks specific to the hybrid; from these, 31 metabolites were annotated by searching compound databases. The sulfur-containing compounds and flavonoids were further analyzed using bioinformatics, to examine the sulfur metabolism of Allium volatiles and the flavonoid pathways in these species. In conclusion, our metabolome analysis of this interspecies hybrid and its parents provides a unique opportunity to elucidate their metabolic background.

Environmental and dietary exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in the Nakdong River, Korea.

This study performed the first environmental and dietary exposure assessment to explore plant uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) from agricultural soil and irrigation water in the Nakdong River delta, South Korea. Annual average concentrations of total PFOA and PFOS ranged from 0.026 to 0.112µg L-1 (irrigation water), and from 0.818 to 1.364µgkg-1 (soil), respectively. PFOA and PFOS hotspots were identified downstream of the Nakdong River and were influenced by seasonal climatic variations. The observed average biennial concentration of the sum of PFOA and PFOS decreased in irrigation water, from 0.112µg L-1 in 2013 to 0.026µg L-1 in 2015, suggests that the 2013 Persistent Organic Pollutants Control Act may have helped to reduce levels of PFAS at this location. This study calculated some of the highest plant uptake factors reported to date, with values ranging from 0.962 in green onions to < 0.004 in plums. Leafy vegetables and rice are important components of the Korean diet; these groups had the largest contribution to the estimated dietary intake of PFOA and PFOS, which was calculated at 0.449 and 0.140ngkg bw -1 day-1, respectively. This corresponded to 66.4% for PFOA and 7.9% for PFOS of the EFSA reference dose (RfD). The dietary intake of PFOA and PFOS from crops alone did not exceed the RfD. However, when the estimated daily intake (EDI) from other sources such as tap water, meat, fish, dairy, and beverages was included in the exposure risk assessment, both of the EDIs to PFOA and PFOS exceeded the RfDs, indicating that there may be a risk to human health. This study concludes that consumption of crops might, therefore, be a significant and underappreciated pathway for human exposure to PFAS.

Vegetable response to sulfentrazone soil residues at four planting intervals

AbstractSulfentrazone was recently granted food-use tolerance approval for use on Brassica head and stem, as well as Brassica leafy vegetables. To date, one sulfentrazone registrant has listed those crops on its use label. In coastal California multiple crops per year including Brassica vegetables are grown in rapid succession; therefore, to avoid injury to rotational crops, herbicides used in those fields must be carefully selected. Given concerns about the relatively long soil persistence of sulfentrazone, studies were conducted to measure the response of direct-seeded carrot, lettuce, onion, spinach, and seeded tomato planted 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo after sulfentrazone application at 0, 112, 224, and 336 g ai ha−1. Eight plant-back studies were conducted during 2010–11 and 2012–13. Data collected were injury estimates, and stand and dry weights. Results indicate that it is safe to plant carrot and tomato 3 mo after sulfentrazone application at rates up to 336 g ai ha−1. Lettuce and green onion should not be planted within 9 mo of sulfentrazone application. Spinach should not be planted within 12 mo of sulfentrazone application.

Evaluation of U.S. Food and Drug Administration Enteric Viruses Microarray for Detection of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Inoculated Tomatoes, Green Onions, and Celery

Foodborne viral contamination of fresh produce has been associated with numerous outbreaks. Detection of such contaminated foods is important in protecting public health. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the capability of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Enteric Viruses tiling microarray (FDA-EVIR) to perform rapid molecular identification of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus extracted from artificially inoculated fresh produce. Two published viral extraction strategies, total RNA extraction or virus particle isolation, were used to prepare the viral targets. The total RNA extraction method was used on material eluted from tomatoes, using an alkaline Tris-glycine-beef extract (TGBE) buffer. Optimization procedures including DNase treatment and poly(A)-RNA enrichment were adopted to improve microarray sensitivity. For green onions or celery, material was eluted using either glycine buffer or TGBE buffer supplemented with pectinase, respectively, and then virus particles were concentrated by ultracentrifugation. We also assessed the amount of viral RNA extracted from celery using three commercially available kits and how well that RNA performed on FDA-EVIR. Our results confirm that FDA-EVIR can identify common enteric viruses isolated from fresh produce when present as either a single or mixed species of viruses. Using total RNA extraction from tomatoes yielded a limit of detection of 1.0 × 105 genome equivalents (ge) of HAV per array input. The limit of detection for viral RNA obtained using ultracentrifugation was 1.2 × 105 ge of HAV from green onions and 1.0 × 103 ge of norovirus from celery per array input. Extending microarray methods to other food matrices should provide important support to surveillance and outbreak investigations.

Residues, dissipation and risk assessment of triazole fungicide tebuconazole in green onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

ABSTRACT The dissipation and residues of tebuconazole in green onion (welsh onion and chive) in China were firstly investigated based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method (QuEChERS) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). In the method validation, the fortified recoveries ranged from 96% to 100% with relative standard deviations of ≤10%. The dissipation rate of tebuconazole follows the first-order kinetics, with the half-lives of 9.4–9.9 days. Based on the terminal residue test, a risk quotient (RQ) for dietary exposure assessment was carried out on green onions. The RQs for tebuconazole at pre-harvest interval (PHI) 7, 10 and 14 days were all less than 100%, which is acceptable for human consumption. The present study can provide a reference that establishes maximum residue limits (MRLs) of tebuconazole in green onion, which is not currently established in China.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI RESPON PETANI TERHADAP TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DI KABUPATEN TEGAL

&lt;p&gt;Environmentally friendly onion cultivation technology in the onion development area in Central Java is one of the innovations to produce safe products and good quality seeds so that it will have a high competitiveness in the face of free markets such as the ASEAN Economic Community (MEA). However, this innovation to be implemented by all shallot farmers should be disseminated with the aim of accelerating the transfer of technological innovation to users (farmers, extension officer, and rural communities). The purpose of this research is: (a) to know the farmer's response about environmentally friendly onion cultivation technology and (b) to know determinant the factors of the farmer's response to the cultivation of environmentally friendly onion cultivation technology. Bottom of Form This research was conducted in 2016, in Tegal district, Central Java province with a sample of onion farmers. The analytic description method has been used in this research as the basic method, while the sampling method is purposive sampling on 40 onion farmers from 4 (four) sub districts of Kramat, Dukuh Turi, Bojong, and Margasari. Several data analyzes in this study include: proportion test for hypothesis 1 and multiple linear regression analysis for hypothesis 2. In this study the final results used proportional analysis proved that many onion farmers (&amp;gt; 50%) in Tegal district have good response about the activities of environmentally friendly onion cultivation technology. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that farming time and farmer age significantly influenced farmer's response about environmentally friendly green onion cultivation technology, while education level significantly did not significantly (α = 0,05).&lt;/p&gt;

PENGARUH JENIS PUPUK ORGANIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN BAWANG DAUN (Allium fistulosum L.)

This research aims at investigating the effect of some organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of green onion plants. The kind of organic fertilizers which can give optimum growth and yield of green onion plants is Bokashi fertilizer. The design used in this experiment is Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment used is P0 = without fertilizer or 0 kg swath?1, P1= chicken manure 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath?1, P2= cow manure 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath?1, P3= vermicompost fertilizer 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath -1, P4= bokashi fertilizer 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath?1. The observed variables are the height of the plants, the number of leaves, the leaf width, the number of seedlings, fresh residue tan?1, the weight of fresh clump leaves tan?1, the weight of fresh clump leaves ha?1, the number of clump stem?1, and the weight of clump stem?1. Bokashi fertilizer application gives a very real effect to the variable of plants height growth with a total of 37.91%, the number of leaves amounted to 34.81%, the leaves width amounted to 51.35%, the number of seedlings amounted to 48.47%, the fresh residue tan?1 amounted to 44.81%, the weight of fresh clump leaves tan?1 amounted to 19.27%, the weight of fresh clump leaves ha?1 amounted to 50.84%, the number of clump stem?1 amounted to 39.60.%, and the weight of clump stem?1 amounted to 51.98%. Kind of organic fertilizers which can provide the optimum growth and yield of green onion plants is Bokashi fertilizer 15 tons ha?1.

Influence of Green Tuff Fertilizer Application on Soil Microorganisms, Plant Growth, and Soil Chemical Parameters in Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) Cultivation

Organic farming (OF) has been increasing in popularity over recent years, but unfortunately tends to have lower yield, due to lower nutrient availability and pest problems. To better understand how OF influences plant growth, we must elucidate the impact of such practices on the microbial community, an important factor in soil management. In this study, we examined the relationship between farming practice, changes in plant growth, and soil microbial community for green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) cultivated over 313 days in green houses with OF using composts with natural green tuff as soil conditioner (EF1) or inorganic fertilizer (EF2). Average yields of EF1 were generally higher than EF2, reaching up to 12% higher (p &lt; 0.05; day 131). The observed soil microorganism phylotypes and phylogenetic diversity (Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD)) were both significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in EF1 than EF2 on days 93, 191 (only for PD), and 261, based on microbial richness indices. Several phylotypes belonging to the Bacillus-related microbial order Bacillales were found at higher abundances in EF1 soils, positively correlated with specific soil properties (i.e., humus, ammonium, and pH), and may associate with plant growth promotion and/or fungal toxin degradation. These results point towards novel positive effects of OF and provide insights into the management of soil microorganisms using organic fertilizers.

국내 작물의 배양 가능한 미생물 확인 및 유용 미생물 분리 방법 연구

In this study, we investigated culturable bacterial abundance in various crops. Total culturable aerobic bacteria in tomato plants were enumerated on NA and it showed that the amounts of viable bacterial cells were changed among the different parts of the plants (roots, stems, and fruits), ranging between log 1 and 4 per g sample. To investigate the bacterial abundance dynamics in different crops, culturable aerobic bacterial cell numbers were enumerated on NA and compared between the samples (tomato fruit, sesame leaf, and green onion) harvested freshly from one field trial (Yangsan, Korea). In this trial, the number of total culturable aerobic bacteria of the samples were 8 times higher in sesame leaves and green onions compared to the tomato fruits in the field. Interestingly, culturable aerobic bacteria on MRS were only found in sesame leaves, whereas lactic acid bacteria were not detected in tomato fruit and green onion samples in this field. We also found that the field location (Yangsan, Gangneung, or Busan) influenced the number of culturable aerobic bacteria on the surface of the crops. Tomato samples freshly harvested from the different field locations were tested and showed that the amounts of culturable aerobic bacteria on NA and MRS agar were significantly different based on the field locations of the samples. Finally, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from all the tomato and sesame leaf samples used in this study, showing 20 and 28 morphological diversity. With these isolates, we will be able to conduct further biological and functional investigation to develop a new probiotic strain originated from the crops in Korea.

Iron-focussed nutritional status of mothers with children (6–59 months) in rural northern Ghana

BackgroundAnaemia, especially iron deficiency anemia, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in African women and children. AimTo assess the intake of nutrients related to iron and anaemia status among mothers in smallholder agrarian communities in Northern Ghana where anaemia is known to be endemic. SettingTolon Kumbumgu district and Tamale Metropolis in Ghana. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 161 mothers with children 6–59 months. Questionnaires on socio-demographics, household food security and production and food frequencies, and three 24-hour recalls were administered during structured interviews, and BMI was assessed. Dietary intakes were analysed with the Ghana Nutrient Database® (version 6.02). Nutrient intake was evaluated using the estimated average requirements and iron intakes using the probability method. ResultsMost mothers (91.9%) had low literacy and were subsistence farmers. The staple diet was homemade unrefined, unfortified maize meal, homemade unfortified oil (shea butter), and seasonal green leafy vegetables (mostly amaranth), butternut, tomatoes, onions and legumes. Inadequate intakes of vitamin A (in 9.9%), folate (in 46.6%) and vitamin B12 (in 98.8%) were observed, in combination with high fibre (47.8 ± 19.0 g/day) intakes and high tea consumption. If 10% iron bio-availability was assumed, 33.1% were estimated to have inadequate iron intake; if 5% iron bio-availability was assumed, 80.8% were estimated to have inadequate iron intakes. ConclusionIn these low socio-economic agrarian communities, mothers of infants are living on home produce and rarely consumed foods (fortified salt, cooking oil and wheat flour) from the national food fortification programmes intended to address anaemia and other micronutrient deficiencies.

대파 분말을 첨가한 건강 지향적인 스펀지케이크의 품질 특성

대파 분말을 첨가한 건강 지향적인 스펀지케이크의 품질 특성

IMPORTANCIA DEL EMPAQUE PARA LA COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE LA CEBOLLA EN RAMA (ALLIUM FISTULOSUM) EN BOYACÁ

Due to the economic potential of the department of Boyacá in relation to the cultivation of Green onions (Allium fistulosum) or junca which is 195,358 tons, corresponding to 67.4% of the total production of the country. The implementation of adequate packaging in order to preserve the vegetable for longer, minimizing transport damages and providing added value by expanding its markets while conserving its organoleptic characteristics, is relevant for the productive sector of the department of Boyacá. The objective of this article is to provide information about current post-harvest processes implemented by producers, evidencing the possible losses of the vegetable caused by the handling observed in the field works carried out in the municipality of Aquitania Boyacá. And also the packaging alternative using modified atmosphere technology and the advantages of its implementation for the sector. The implemented methodology consist of collecting information in primary and secondary bibliographic sources such as scientific articles, web platforms and field visits made directly to the crops in cooperation with the association named Parcela as a source of participant observation. As a result, it was observed a minimal use of package and packaging by producers and their preference for traditional practices that do not allow to generate value to the harvested product, limiting to marketing and sale in storage centers or intermediaries. The packaging technology using modified atmosphere is important for preserving the product. In this way it extends its lifetime, minimizes the loss of quality and conserves its organoleptic characteristics; Likewise, this package reduces damages caused by transportation. these implementations contribute to a considerable improvement in its production chain adding value to the product.

Evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction for the determination of neonicotinoid pesticides in green onion

A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was presented for the determination of neonicotinoid pesticides in green onion. We optimized the SFE parameters, namely the pressure, temperature, type and concentration of the modifier solvent, and extraction time, by testing on the incurred green onion applied with four commercial neonicotinoid formulations at the harvesting stage. The analytical values of the four neonicotinoids, obtained by 5 min dynamic SFE with a 25% (v/v) methanol/supercritical carbon dioxide mixture at 80 °C and 25 MPa, were in good agreement with those obtained by solid-liquid extraction using a homogenizer. This latter homogenization method is employed as a Japanese official method for the analysis of pesticide residues in food. The SFE-to-homogenization analytical value ratios were in the range 98.8–100.0%. Spike-and-recovery testing with spiked green onion was also performed by optimized SFE. The ratios of the analytical-to-spiked concentrations for six neonicotinoids obtained by the SFE method were 96.1–102.1% for 0.4 mg/kg and 93.9–104.1% for 4.0 mg/kg spiking levels. These values satisfied the Japanese validation guidelines for the testing method of pesticides in food. These results indicate that SFE is applicable for the analysis of neonicotinoids in green onion and enables automatic extraction with a small amount of solvent.

Efficient removal of lignin from vegetable wastes by ultrasonic and microwave-assisted treatment with ternary deep eutectic solvent

A low-cost and green biorefinery will increase the economy and revenue from cellulose food waste biomass. Ultrasound and microwave-assisted Ternary deep eutectic solvents (TDES) pretreatment were developed to deconstruct the recalcitrant structure of garlic skin (GS) and green onion root (GOR) for further lignocellulose fractionation and cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, the TDES consists of choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor, glycerin, oxalic acid, urea and metal chloride as hydrogen bond donor. The results showed that ultrasound (room temperature, 30 min) and microwave (80 °C, 20 min)-assisted TDES pretreatment resulted in notable removal of lignin. Under the optimum conditions (ultrasound frequency: 20+28+40 kHz; TDES: ChCl-Gly-AlCl3·6H2O (1:2:0.2); heating method: ultrasound microwave), the lignin removal rate of GS and GOR reached 90.14 and 92.34 %, respectively. Simultaneously, the cellulose content of GS and GOR was increased by 48.52 and 50.28 %, respectively, which was significantly enhanced by 1.94 and 1.45 times, respectively, compared to that of the original biomass without pretreatment. Besides, the content of the reducing sugar in the enzymatic hydrolysate of GS and GOR was 2.63 and 3.11 %, respectively. All these structural characteristics (FT-IR, XRD and SEM) confirmed the efficient fractionation of GS and GOR by ultrasonic and microwave pretreatment. Overall, this work demonstrated a novel and high-performance pretreatment method for eff ;ective lignocellulose deconstruction and cellulose digestibility.

Characterization of Fusarium spp. associated with the basal rot of the green onion

Characterization of Fusarium spp. associated with the basal rot of the green onion

Engineering Aligned Skeletal Muscle Tissue Using Decellularized Plant-Derived Scaffolds.

To achieve organization and function, engineered tissues require a scaffold that supports cell adhesion, alignment, growth, and differentiation. For skeletal muscle tissue engineering, decellularization has been an approach for fabricating 3D scaffolds that retain biological architecture. While many decellularization approaches are focused on utilizing animal muscle as the starting material, decellularized plants are a potential source of highly structured cellulose-rich scaffolds. Here, we assessed the potential for a variety of decellularized plant scaffolds to promote mouse and human muscle cell alignment and differentiation. After decellularizing a range of fruits and vegetables, we identified the green-onion scaffold to have appropriate surface topography for generating highly confluent and aligned C2C12 and human skeletal muscle cells (HSMCs). The topography of the green-onion cellulose scaffold contained a repeating pattern of grooves that are approximately 20 μm wide by 10 μm deep. The outer white section of the green onion had a microstructure that guided C2C12 cell differentiation into aligned myotubes. Quantitative analysis of C2C12 and HSMC alignment revealed an almost complete anisotropic organization compared to 2D isotropic controls. Our results demonstrate that the decellularized green onion cellulose scaffolds, particularly from the outer white bulb segment, provide a simple and low-cost substrate to engineer aligned human skeletal muscle.

Cyclosporiasis Epidemiologically Linked to Consumption of Green Onions: Houston Metropolitan Area, August 2017

During July 2017, Texas public health officials noted an increase in the number of reported cyclosporiasis cases. They detected a cluster in the Houston metropolitan area that involved four locations of a Mediterranean restaurant chain, restaurant A. A case-control study was conducted among patrons of restaurant A to identify a common food vehicle among items containing fresh produce. In matched case-control ingredient-level analyses that included both probable and confirmed cases, consumption of green onions, red onions, tomatoes, and cabbage was significantly associated with illness. A substantial percentage of case patients reported consumption of green onions, and only green onions remained statistically significantly associated with illness, whether probable and confirmed cases were included in analyses (matched odds ratio: 11.3; 95% confidence interval: 2.5 to 104.7), or only confirmed cases were included in analyses (matched odds ratio: 17.6; 95% confidence interval: 2.5 to 775.7). These results provide evidence that green onions were the likely vehicle of infection. It was not possible to trace the green onions to their source due to the need to redirect public health resources to Hurricane Harvey response efforts in Texas.

Feasibility studies on the uptake and bioaccessibility of pesticides, hormones and endocrine disruptive compounds in plants, and simulation of gastric and intestinal conditions

Large scale productions made by industries to meet the needs of the ever growing human population has led to the contamination of environmental resources such as water, air, soil and forests. These contaminants pose health risks to humans and they are capable of entering the food chain through aquatic organisms and by the uptake in plants. This study investigated the uptake of alkylphenols, hormones, pesticides and bisphenol A by plants grown in soilless media under laboratory conditions. Green onion and lettuce were selected for this purpose due to their high water intake rate. Optimum parameters of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method were applied to aqueous samples to lower detection limits for the analytes determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Analysis performed on the plant media on alternate days suggested migration of the analytes into the plants and this was confirmed by results (0.59–6.4 μg/g) obtained for analyzed plant samples at the end of the study. The plants were then treated in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions, and the results obtained suggested degradation of the analytes with time. This is the first comprehensive study on the migration of different environmental contaminants into plants and the changes they undergo when ingested into the stomach.

A survey on the infection of Onion yellow dwarf virus and Iris yellow spot tospovirus in seed and bulb productions systems of onion in Calabria, Italy

A survey on the incidence of onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) was carried out over three production cycles of onion ‘Rossa di Tropea’ in Calabria, Italy. OYDV was found to be the prevalent virus. ‘Rossa di Tropea’ seedbeds adjacent to OYDV-infected green onion field had seedlings with 1.76% infection rate determining 36.2% and 98.67% infected plants in the bulbs and in the subsequent seed harvesting times, respectively. When seedbeds were at least one km away from other onion crops seedlings and bulb cultivation had the infection rate close to zero. OYDV was detected in whole plants except the roots and outer desiccated bulb skins. Seed transmission was not detected in ‘Rossa di Tropea’. Early OYDV infection significantly reduced the number and weight of seeds/inflorescence compared to late season infection, while the weight of 100 seeds was not different in the two early and late OYDV infected plants. IYSV was never found in seedbeds. It was always detected first in seed crops (April) than in bulb crops (June), and the final infection rate was higher in seed (2.67%–3.33%) than in bulb crops (0%–0.87%), suggesting there was an internal source of viral inoculum in the field. IYSV was detected in 3/123 apex bulbs randomly collected from stored bulbs and in 12/12 apex fresh bulbs collected at harvest time from infected plants, suggesting the role of bulbs as IYSV inoculum source. On the contrary, randomly collected bulbs (N = 109) from warehouse and bulbs of infected plants (N = 22), transplanted after storage, did not result in IYSV-infected plants.