Green Onion Research Articles

Assessment of pesticide use and pesticide residues in vegetables from two provinces in Central Vietnam.

Pesticide residue in food, especially in vegetables, is one of the important parameters to assess food safety. This study evaluates the pesticide use in vegetables from two provinces in Central Vietnamand and present data on pesticides detected in vegetables sampled from the sites. The potential health risk associated with the contamination of four commonly used pesticides in different vegetables is also discussed. Both household surveys and monitoring campaigns were conducted. The survey showed that improper pesticide application, storage, and waste disposal prevailed at the study sites. Only 20% of the respondent were aware of pesticide toxicity. As a result, pesticides were detected in 81% out of 290 vegetable samples collected at harvesting time. Up to 23% of samples had pesticide residues above the Maximum Residue Limit values. The highest total pesticide concentration quantified in vegetables in Thua Thien Hue was 11.9 mg/kg (green onions), and in Quang Binh was 38.6 mg/kg (mustard greens). Median residue levels of individual pesticides in vegetables ranged from 0.007 to 0.037 mg/kg. Among the ten target pesticides, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, and fenobucarb were detected at the highest frequencies (72%, 41%, and 37%, respectively). Pesticide residues varied between seasons at both study provinces. Pesticide contamination in the wet season was significantly higher than in the dry season. This study also discovered a potential health risk associated with fipronil residues in vegetables in Thua Thien Hue province. The paper provides recommendations for mitigation measures (both technological and social) in reducing potential health risks linked to pesticide use in vegetables in the region.

The Effects on Nutrients Uptake and Soil Chemical Properties according to Fertigation Ratio of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) in Open Field

In order to apply the fertilization manual to the open-field fertigation system, it is necessary to verify the crop productivity. This study was carried out to assess an appropriate nutrient supply ratio for fertigation in open-field green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) cultivation. In this study, we compared the crop nutrient uptake and soil chemical properties according to the type of basal fertilizer (inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, compost) and the ratio of fertigation (A: N60%, K40%; B: N70%, K50%; C: N80%, K80%) through field experiment. All treatment plots were treated with the same amount of fertilizer, and it was applied according to soil test results. When the fertigation ratio was increased during the crop cultivation period, there was little change in soil EC, NO3-N, Ex. K, and there was no statistically significant difference in crop yield regardless of the types of basal fertilizer and fertigation ratio. However, the nitrogen uptake of green onions tended to decrease with the increase of the fertigation ratio. In soils with a low nutrient content, if the basal fertilization amount is reduced, the nutrient deficiency in the early stage of crop growth may reduce crop productivity. Therefore, it is recommended to fertigation ratio of A (N60%, K40%) for green onion cultivation in the open-field.The nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency of green onion according to types of basal fertilizer and fertigation level. Types of basal fertilizer Nutrients supply ratio through fertigation (%) Nutrient uptake (kg 10a-1) Fertilizer use efficiency (%) N K2O N K2O Inorganic fertilizer N 60, K 40 14.7 ± 1.3 a† 19.9 ± 3.0 a 41.8 a 42.8 n.s. N 70, K 60 13.4 ± 1.6 ab 19.9 ± 3.6 a 32.4 ab 45.3 N 80, K 80 12.3 ± 1.0 b 15.8 ± 2.5 b 24.9 b 24.9 Organic fertilizer N 60, K 40 14.8 ± 0.9 a 19.4 ± 2.6 n.s. 32.2 n.s. 50.5 n.s. N 70, K 60 14.6 ± 1.3 a 17.5 ± 3.4 32.2 37.5 N 80, K 80 12.1 ± 1.2 b 16.2 ± 2.7 11.7 27.9 Compost N 60, K 40 14.6 ± 1.6 a 22.4 ± 4.4 a 40.2 n.s. 59.3 n.s. N 70, K 60 13.2 ± 0.6 ab 16.5 ± 1.9 b 30.1 30.4 N 80, K 80 12.2 ± 2.6 b 17.5 ± 4.3 b 22.8 41.8 †Within each variable, means followed by the same letter are not differ significantly at p < 0.05 (DMRT).

Adsorption and removal of organophosphorus pesticides from Chinese cabbages and green onions by using metal organic frameworks based on the mussel-inspired adhesive interface

Based on the mussel-inspired adhesive interface (Fe3O4-g-C3N4@PDA), a novel bionic metal–organic framework (Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101) was successfully prepared. The composite featured a high specific surface area and a multi-microchannel structure, as well as strong thermochemical stability. The structural property of Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101(Fe) was characterized, and the results indicated that Fe3O4, PDA, and MIL-101(Fe) were uniformly coated on the g-C3N4 surface. The adsorption and desorption of organophosphorus pesticides with Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101(Fe) were evaluated by batch experiments. This composite showed high adsorption efficiency and selective removal of coralox, phosalone, and chlorpyrifos. Under the optimal conditions, three organophosphorus pesticides were adsorbed from Chinese cabbage and green onion samples with Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101(Fe). The analytical method exhibited high sensitivity (LOD, 0.19–2.34 μg/L; LOQ, 0.65–7.82 μg/L), excellent practicality, and good stability, suggesting that Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101 was an ideal candidate magnetic adsorbent for the removal of organophosphorus pesticides in Chinese cabbage and green onion samples.

First Report of Colletotrichum circinans Causing Anthracnose in Allium fistulosum var. giganteum in Gansu Province, China.

In September 2018, severe symptoms and high incidence (about 60%) of an onion anthracnose disease attributable to infection by Colletotrichum spp. was observed in production fields of Dingxi city, Gansu Province, China. The mature onion plants near to harvest (Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino) expressing necrotic symptoms had oval lesions with dark spots that were made up of stromatic masses that had formed beneath the cuticle of the plant base. Twenty symptomatic plants were sampled. Symptomatic tissues were surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite, transferred aseptically to 20 mL potato dextrose agar in a petri plate and incubated at 30 ± 2 °C. After seven days, cultures produced acervuli and setae, a characteristic sign of Colletotrichum spp. Acervuli were observed with a black, bulbous base and acicular setae while conidia were elliptical (14-25 x 3-6 µm), unicellular hyaline and slightly falcate (Figure 1). DNA was extracted from a 7-day old culture and the ITS region was amplified using primers D1 (5'-GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAG-3') and D2 (5'-GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG-3') (Kurtzman and Robnett, 1997). The resulting sequence (548 bp) was deposited with NCBI GeneBank under accession number MW127281. The fungus was confirmed as Colletotrichum circinans after conducting a BLAST search with the ITS sequence that reported a highest homology (99% similarity) with MH81329.1 (C. circinans). The speciation was further confirmed by amplifying regions of the TUB2, GAPDH, and ACT genes using primers given in Table S1 and sequences were also submitted to NCBI GeneBank under accession numbers MZ456033, MZ456032 and MZ456031, respectively. The subsequent BLAST results for these three additional gene regions were consistent with the results of the ITS region and fungus was identified as C. circinans. The isolated pathogen was tested for its pathogenicity on onion plants (Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino). A conidial suspension 30 ml (5 × 105 conidia/ml) was mixed with 1 kg sterilized potted soil in 15 cm diameter plastic pots. Un-inoculated, sterilized soil was used as control. Three green onion plants per pot were planted (Figure S2). The experiment was repeated three times with 15 replications in each experiment. Plants were maintained for 120 days under greenhouse conditions and were monitored for the development of anthracnose symptoms. Symptoms recorded previously on onion plants in field (i.e. necrosis, sunken oval lesions and dark spots) were observed after 30 days on plants grown in inoculated soil while control plants remained asymptomatic (Figure S1). Three samples from symptomatic tissues of each plant were used for re-isolation of the pathogen on PDA, as described above. Cultures grown on PDA were confirmed both on a morphological and molecular basis as Colletotrichum circinans.These morphological, molecular, and pathogenicity tests of the isolated fungus confirm that the anthracnose symptoms observed on onion in Gansu Province, Beijing, China was caused by Colletotrichum circinans. Six different Colletotrichum spp. have been reported to cause diseases on onion worldwide (Rodriguez et al. 2012). C. circinans, which causes smudge, is an occasional onion pathogen was previously recorded as C. dematium (Pers.) Grove f. circinans Arx, which is specific to Allium spp. (von Arx 1970; von Arx 1981). However, Sutton (1992) described C. circinans as a distinct species from C. dematium. The fungus causes smudge or leaf spot of Allium spp. (Farr et al. 1989) and has been reported from Korea, Japan, Argentina, India, the UK and most other regions of the world (Cho & Shin 2004; Kiehr et al. 2012). Smudge may be a disease of concern post-harvest as fungal growth compromises the onion scales and bulb (Walker 1921). In China, this is the first report of C. circinans causing anthracnose in Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino in Gansu Province.

A Sustainable Intercropping System for Organically Produced Lettuce and Green Onion with the Use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inocula

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are efficient for improving crop production and quality in organic farming systems. Our objective was to examine the effects of two AMF inocula, Rhizophagus intraradices and Diversispora spp., against a non-inoculated control on lettuce and green onion grown organically in an intercropping cropping system. At time of harvest, colonization levels were very low, and not different compared to the control that was colonized by the native mycorrhizal community. The yield of inoculated lettuce and green onion was unchanged, as also observed in the root system architecture analysis parameters. In both crops, color was not affected, limiting the possibility for consumers to reject the product. Nitrate accumulation was well below the limits set by European Commission in all treatments. Sugar, chlorophyll, K, Na and P contents were also quantified, showing no particular variations. In AMF-treated lettuce, important phytochemical characteristics, such as phenol content and ascorbic acid, showed a tendency for reduced values, while antioxidant capacity was significantly reduced by both AMF treatments. The study provides a description about the effect of AMF on two important co-cultivated crops. Research should be continued in order to determine best matches between plant material and AMF inocula that could result in enhanced production and nutritional quality.

Effect of different LED light quality combination on the content of vitamin C, soluble sugar, organic acids, amino acids, antioxidant capacity and mineral elements in green onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

The effects of blue-white, green-white, yellow-white, and red-white light combinations on the nutrient composition and antioxidant capacity of pseudo-stems and leaves of ‘Yuanzang’ green onion were investigated using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with precise modulation of light quality, using white light as the control. The results showed that the leaf pigment, vitamin C, soluble sugar, organic acids, free amino acids, mineral elements, and antioxidant levels were significantly higher in green onion under blue-white combined light treatment, followed by white and red-white combined light, while green-white and yellow-white combined light significantly reduced fruit quality and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, supplementation with blue LED light was the most effective light condition to improve palatability, nutritional value, and storage resistance of green onion by enhancing various nutrients in the plants, increasing antioxidant levels, and delaying plant aging.

The growth and photosynthetic responses of white LEDs with supplemental blue light in green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) unveiled by Illumina and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) RNA-sequencing

Green onion is an herbaceous plant of the genus Allium in the Liliaceae family, with complex genomes and transcripts. The blue spectrum is necessary for plant photosynthesis. To explore the potential impact of blue light on green onions, we cultivated green onion seedlings under the light intensity of 500 ± 10 μmol·photons·m −2 ·s −1 white light (W), white-blue combination 3:1 (BW) and monochromatic blue light (B) LED light source. We investigated the diversity of the green onion transcriptome and the differences in transcripts among treatments using a combination of long-read length sequencing and RNA-seq, aiming to assess the effects of supplemental blue light (BW) on the growth and photosynthesis of green onion seedlings. The results showed that BW significantly increased seedling growth and photosynthesis, while B significantly decreased photosynthetic rate and fenestrated tissue layer. Compared to W, 327 and 386 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under BW and B. DEGs under 3 light conditions were related to photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, photosynthesis - antenna proteins, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phototransduction, biosynthesis of amino acids, RNA transport, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, etc. pathways were closely related. Our results showed that white LEDs with supplemental blue light significantly improves the growth of green onion seedlings by regulating photosynthesis-related genes compared with white light. In conclusion, white LEDs with supplemental blue light could promote the growth of green onion in a controlled environment. • Long-read sequencing technology was used to analyze green onion transcriptome. • We obtained a reference transcriptome with 87,837 unique full-length isoforms. • Supplemental blue light promoted stomatal opening in green onion leaves. • Supplemental blue light regulated photosynthesis-related genes in green onion.

Consumption of Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Its Relation to the Level of Macular Pigment Optical Density in Thai Subjects.

The aim of the study is to determine dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) consumption and to evaluate its association with macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in Thai subjects. Methods. This study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 120 ophthalmologically healthy subjects aged between 40 and 72 years were recruited from Bangkok and the vicinity area. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire, while a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire assessed the L/Z intake. MPOD was determined using the reflectometry method (VISUCAM 500®, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). Pearson's correlation coefficient analyzed the relationship between L/Z consumption and MPOD. Results. The mean age of the participants was 50.7 ± 7.5 years. The mean consumption of L/Z was 3.03 ± 2.65 mg per day. The mean MPOD was 0.102 ± 0.023 density units. Consumption of foods rich in L/Z, including ivy gourd (r = 0.217, p < 0.05), Chinese flowering cabbage (r = 0.194, p < 0.05), balsam pear (r = 0.193, p < 0.05), lettuce (r = 0.182, p < 0.05), sweet corn (r = 0.181, p < 0.05), and pumpkin (r = 0.181, p < 0.05), was positively associated with the mean optical density (mean MPOD). Consumption of green onion (r = 0.212, p < 0.05) was positively associated with the sum of optical densities (MPOD volume). In contrast, chilli pepper consumption showed a negative association with mean MPOD (r = −0.220, p < 0.05) and amaranth showed a negative association with MPOD volume (r = −0.283, p < 0.05). No association was found between total L/Z consumption and MPOD. Conclusion. L/Z consumption is low among Thais living in Bangkok and the vicinity area, which may not be sufficient to ensure eye health, and total L/Z consumption is not associated with MPOD.

Effect of Fermentation Duration on the Quality Changes of Godulbaegi Kimchi.

Fermentative and antioxidative characteristics of Godulbaegi kimchi (LGK), a traditional, fermented Korean food, were conducted. For the study, LGK kimchi was made of Godulbaegi kimchi with pepper powder, salted shrimp, refined salt, green onions, and so on, and fermented at 5C for 6 months. The pH was decreased, and total acidity was increased during fermentation. Furthermore, lactic acid bacteria and yeast were increased, while the total viable count was decreased. The LGK showed the highest DPPH-scavenging activity, phenol content, and nitrite-scavenging activity with methanol extract among methanol, ethanol, and water. In addition, we screened strains among LGK kimchi with high antimicrobial activity and isolated them. We tested antimicrobial activity for 20 lactic acid bacteria, and we separated and identified nine strains of lactic acid bacteria with high antimicrobial activity. Given these results, LGK is expected to be an effective food in considerable antioxidative activity with an antimicrobial effect. These results are expected to serve as basic data for the study of Godulbaegi kimchi.

Effect of main vegetable ingredient on the glucosinolate, carotenoids, capsaicinoids, chlorophylls, and ascorbic acid content of kimchis

Kimchi, a traditional Korean food manufactured using various vegetables and other ingredients, such as garlic, ginger, and red pepper, imparts several health benefits. However, the variation in the bioactive compounds responsible for the health benefits of various kimchis is not well-characterized. Here, we analyzed the bioactive profile of eight kimchis, prepared using different vegetables as the main ingredient. We compared the major phytochemical compositions, including glucosinolates, carotenoids, capsaicinoids, chlorophylls, and ascorbic acid contents in Baechu-kimchi (BC) and Baek-kimchi (BK) prepared using napa cabbage, Gat-kimchi (GT) prepared using mustard leaf, Kkakdugi (KD), Chonggak-kimchi (CGK), and Yeolmu-kimchi (YM) prepared using radish, Pa-kimchi (PA) prepared using green onion, and Oi-sobagi (OB) prepared using cucumber. Among glucosinolates, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin was abundant in BC and BK, wherein 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and glucoraphasatin were dominant in CGK, YM, and KD. The glucosinolate breakdown product ascorbigen was abundant in all kimchi. Carotenoids, particularly capsanthin from red chili pepper, were the highest in PA. YM and PA showed high chlorophyll contents, and ascorbic acid contents were almost two-fold higher in GT than in OB and BK. Total capsaicinoids, which confer pungency, were highest in OB. PA, GT, and no capsaicinoid were detected in BK, which contained no red chili pepper powder.

Verification and Use of the US-FDA BAM 19b Method for Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in a Survey of Fresh Produce by CFIA Laboratory.

To facilitate the harmonized surveillance and investigation of cyclosporiasis outbreaks in the US and Canada, we adapted and verified the US-FDA’s BAM 19b method and employed it in a national produce survey. Performance was verified by spiking 200, 10, 5 or 0 C. cayetanensis oocysts onto berries (50 ± 5 g, n = 85) and 200, 10 or 0 oocysts onto green onions (25 ± 3 g, n = 24) and leafy greens (25 ± 1 g, n = 120) and testing these samples by the BAM method on Bio-Rad CFX96. Method robustness was assessed by aging (0 or 7 days) and freezing the produce and washes prior to testing, then implementing the method for the surveillance testing of 1759 imported leafy green, herb and berry samples. Diagnostic sensitivity was 100/44% and 93/30% for berries and leafy greens spiked with 200/10 oocysts, respectively. The diagnostic and analytical specificity were 100% for all matrices and related parasites tested. The proportion positive was unaffected (p = 0.22) by age or condition of produce (7d, fresh, frozen) or wash concentrate (3d, fresh, frozen); however, the Cq values were higher (p = 0.009) for raspberries aged 7d (37.46 ± 0.29) compared to fresh (35.36 ± 0.29). C. cayetanensis was detected in berries (two), herbs (two) and leafy greens (one), representing 0.28% of the tested survey samples. These results independently verified the reported performance characteristics and robustness of the BAM method for the detection of C. cayetanensis in a variety of matrices, including under adverse sample conditions, using a unique detection platform and demonstrating its routine diagnostic use in our Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) laboratory.

Growth performance and hematological, biochemical, and histological characters of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) cultivated in an aquaponic system with green onion: The first study about the aquaponic system in Sohag, Egypt

Growth performance and hematological, biochemical, and histological characters of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) cultivated in an aquaponic system with green onion: The first study about the aquaponic system in Sohag, Egypt

Single and Combined Effect of Mild-Heat Treatment and Alginate Coatings on Quality Preservation of Minimally Processed Bunching Green Onions.

Bunching green onion is an Allium species that has been widely used in food flavorings and seasonings. This vegetable experiences a rapid loss of quality during storage due to physiological changes and microbial spoilage. In the current work, the single and combined effect of mild-heat treatment (55 °C for 60 s) and alginate edible coatings on the quality preservation of minimally processed bunching green onions was studied. Control and treated samples were stored at 4 °C for 15 days and examined periodically in terms of their respiration rate, weight loss, pH, soluble solids content, firmness, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, microbial count, decay ratio, and overall visual quality. The results showed that the combination of mild heat and alginate edible coatings was the most effective approach to slow down the respiration rate and the incidence of decay in the minimally processed bunching green onions. In addition, the treatments with alginate coating alone or combined with mild-heat treatment showed the best performance for maintaining the overall visual quality of the products during the storage.

Estimation of Contamination of Heavy Metals of Water and Cultivated Plants near the Diyala River and the Effects of Human Health.

This work was carried out to estimate the pollution by heavy metals in the waters of the Diyala river, the plants planted on the Diyala's riverside, and irrigated via Diyala water (Celery, radish, Lepidium , green onions, Beta vulgaris subsp, and Malva). Laboratory analysis were executed using a flame atomic absorption device to measure the Concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn) in water and plants through winter season during January and February. The results were showed that lead and iron were within the limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) for irrigation water, while Nickel, Chromium, cadmium, and zinc were increased in the river water near Rustmaya station .The concentrations of metals (Ni, Zn, Cr, and Cd) near the Rustmaya station were 0.28, 2.77, 0.18, 0.14 mg/L Thus, exceeding the WHO limit. The results of plants have displayed the concentrations of metals (Fe, Ni, and Zn) have not increased, therefore, they were within the limits allowed by the (WHO). While the concentrations of (Pb, Cd, and Cr) have exceeded the WHO limit in all plants types .The highest concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr were 4.25, 4.72, and 4.20 mg/Kg in roots of Lepidium , Beta vulgaris subsp , radish respectively.

Travelling Noodles and Migrating Pieces of Raw Fish

Travelling Noodles and Migrating Pieces of Raw Fish

The contamination rate of raw vegetable with pathogenic protozoa in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan-Iraq

This study was carried out to determine the contamination rate of raw vegetables with the intestinal parasite in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan, Iraq. A total of 300 fresh leafy vegetable samples, including (Dill, green onion, leek, lettuce, garden cress, watercress, peppermint, celery, radish and spinach) were collected from three central markets in the Sulaimani province. Each sample was separately washed with distilled water and/or phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The washing fluid was analyzed to detect parasite using standardized direct and indirect (sedimentation) microscopic examination technique. The total contamination rate of vegetable with the intestinal parasites was 36% (108/300). Giardia lamblia was the most prevalent parasite (9.3%) followed by Entamoeba coli (5%), Trichomonas spp. (4.6%), and Entamoeba histolytica (3.6%). The most contaminated vegetable was Peppermint 70% (21/30), followed by celery 46.6% (14/30), radish and garden cress were having the same contamination rates 43.3% (13/30) and green onion 36.6% (11/30). This finding concludes the raw vegetables in Sulaimani markets are a potential sources of intestinal parasite transmission, and the contamination rate of vegetables was very high and at critical level.

Microbiological contamination of fresh-cut produce in Korea.

This study evaluated the microbiological contamination of fresh-cut produce in Korea. A total of 108 fresh-cut vegetables and fruits were surveyed for the aerobic mesophilic (AM) count, aerobic psychrophilic (AP) count, total coliform, generic Escherichia coli, yeast and mold, and foodborne pathogens. AM counts ranged from 1.00 to 7.36 log CFU/g, and AP counts showed very similar results as AM counts. For total coliform and generic E. coli, 53.7% and 9.3% of the samples were detected, respectively. For foodborne pathogens, none of the samples were identified as E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella spp. However, S. aureus and B. cereus was detected in 5.6% and 6.5% of the samples, respectively. Although the contamination level has varied widely, samples with high bacterial counts, such as julienned green onion, bell pepper, carrot, and mixed sprout, should be implemented with strict control measures.

김치 종균 배양용 식용 배지 개발 및 이를 이용한 김치 숙성도 제어 방법

To control the fermentation rate of kimchi, we studied the composition of an edible medium for co-culturing of mixed starter including Lactococcus lactis WiKim0098 and Leuconostoc citreum WiKim0096. The effect of kimchi broth ingredients such as dried pollack, seaweed, onion, radish, dried red pepper, green onion, dried mushroom, and dried shrimp on the growth of L. lactis WiKim0098 and Leu. citreum WiKim0096 were evaluated. All ingredients except for dried shrimp inhibited the growth of bacteria. By comparing the bacterial growth and antibacterial activity of M17 medium in which L. lactis grows well, the final edible medium composition was determined as yeast 3% extract, 0.05% ascorbic acid, 1% potassium citrate, and 3% lactose in 1% dried shrimp broth (namely, edible medium 1). Subsequently, to mix-culture Leu. citreum with excellent mannitol-producing ability, various carbon sources were added to edible medium 1, and the growth of Leu. citreum was then measured. Leu. citreum grew well at a concentration of 0.1 to 1% of maltose or fructose in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, different concentrations of maltose (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3%) were added to the edible medium to control the growth rate of Leu. citreum. Each of these was added to kimchi and fermented at 10°C for 5 days, and the pH was measured. The kimchi added only L. lactis showed a pH of 5.3, while each treatment group showed a tendency to decrease the pH as the maltose concentration increased to pH 4.9, pH 4.7, and pH 4.5. Consequently, the use of the edible liquid medium developed in this study was able to control the ratio of L. lactis WiKim0098 and Leu. citreum WiKim0096 in co-culturing of kimchi starter. Moreover, the fermentation rate of kimchi was controlled by mixing L. lactis and Leu. citreum, resulting in could control the kimchi ripening.

Направления и результаты селекционной работы по луку шалоту (Allium ascalonicum L.) в условиях Московской области

Onion crops and their beneficial properties have been known for centuries. The biological characteristics of onion crops allow using their fresh green mass and bulbs almost all year round. Onion crops overwinter well, grow in early spring and are used at a time when no other crop yet pro-duces from open ground. One of the most common onion species today is the shallot (Allium ascalonicumL.). Varie-ties are needed for the successful introduction of the shal-lot into the production process or for cultivation in the gar-den. At present, 65 shallot varieties have been entered into the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use. Taking into account that the crop is diverse in its mor-phological structure, response to growing conditions and the ability to realize its biological potential, the plant breed-ers do a lot of work on selecting promising material and development of varieties for specific cultivation regions. The goal of this research was to study the shallot collection nursery regarding the main economically valuable traits under the conditions of the Moscow Region, to identify promising forms and develop new varieties on their basis. The study was conducted from 2017 through 2019 in the Moscow Region at the Federal Scientific Center of Vegeta-ble Crop Productionon the experimental plot of the Labora-tory of Onion Crop Breeding and Seed Production. The research targets were 80 shallot candidate varieties of var-ious ecological and geographical origins. In our study, the response of the candidate varieties to growing conditions varied significantly. The shallot is cultivated to obtain green onion and bulbs. Of all the varieties under the study, 10 varieties significantly out-yielded the standard variety Yashma (16.6 t ha) in terms of bulbs. The maximum yield of bulbs was obtained from the Zolotaya Zvezda variety -21.3 t ha; this variety exceeded the value of the standard by 46.4%. The findings obtained by studying the shallot collection material regarding the main economically valua-ble traits made it possible to identify the promising forms that may be used in further breeding work as genetic sources for developing new varieties.

Penerapan teknologi vertikultur sebagai upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat di Kelurahan Sialang Sakti

RW 08 of Sialang Sakti Sub-district, Tenayan Raya District society, majority work as brick craftsmen and mostly carried out by men, while the majority of women work as housewives. In an effort to increase the productivity of housewives and in the establishment of food security, urban farming programs are implemented in this area. The method used is Verticulture. Verticulture method is used because of the weakness of this area which is limited land and poor nutrients in the existing soil. This method also does not need to use a large area of land so that it is easily applied by the community. The planting medium used in this method is used bottles filled with black soil and hung on 0.5 inch ram wire and installed on the walls of residents' houses. The plants grown are bok choy vegetables, green onions and purslane flowers. Mentoring is carried out by the 2021 Kukerta Students by means of lectures and direct practice. This activity has a positive impact on the community and high enthusiasm is also shown by the community. This activity is expected to be an initial movement in the formation of food security and increasing community productivity and increasing people's income. This technology makes it easier for people to obtain vegetables that are cleaner and cheaper.