Green Tea Leaf Research Articles

Glucose Reduced Graphene Oxide Incorporated Green Tea-Leaf Derived Nanoporous Carbon Materials and Their Enhanced Ammonia Sensing Properties

Glucose Reduced Graphene Oxide Incorporated Green Tea-Leaf Derived Nanoporous Carbon Materials and Their Enhanced Ammonia Sensing Properties

UJI DIURETIK INFUSA DAUN TEH HIJAU (Camellia sinensis L.,)PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR ( Rattus norvegicus )

ABSTRACT
 Green tea leaves are natural materials, contains flavonoids can increase the volume of urine, This study aims to determine the diuretic effect of ethanol extract of green tea leaves in male Swiss mice.
 This study is an experimental post control group design using in male swiss mice were divided into 5 groups: group I negative control with CMC Na 0,5%, group II positive control with furosemide dose of 3,6mg/KgBB, and group III ethanol extract of green tea leaves dose of 250 mg/gBB, group IV ethanol extract of green tea leaves dose of 500 mg/gBB, group V ethanol extract of green tea leaves dose of 750 mg/gBB. Before treatment all mice were given warm water orally, then give it according to the group. Tests on the diuretic effect is done by measuring the urine volume, the measurements of to be conducted every 60 minutes for 6 hours. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23 with One-way ANOVA test and continue LSD.
 Results of the average cumulative urine volume group I of 7,01 ml, group II of 12,98 ml, group III of 9, 13 ml, gruop IV of 12, 57 ml, and gruop V of 12, 81 ml . Furthermore, analysis of data using SPSS. LSD test results showed that the group V differ significantly with group II, ie with significant value 0,850 (p> 0.05). Based on the average volume and SPSS can be concluded that the ethanol extract of green tea leaves have a diuretic.
 
 Keywords: Diuretics, Infusa Green Tea Leaves, Green Tea Leave

Hair Growth Activity Test of Hair Tonic that Contain Combination of Green Tea Leaf Extract and Celery Leaf Extract

Hair loss is an abnormality where the amount of hair is less or more than normal with or without visible thinning. Excessive hair loss can lead to baldness. The prevalence of hair loss in women aged 14-28 years in Jakarta is 50%, and in Surabaya, it occurs in 53.3% of hijab users. One of the formulations that could be used to prevent hair loss is hair tonic formulations. Hair tonic is a cosmetic formulation that functions to stimulate hair growths, both in normal hair and in hair loss and baldness. Hair tonic can be developed from natural ingredients such as green tea leaves, celery leaves, or a combination of both. Green tea leaves contain epigallocatechin-3-gallate and flavonoids which have hair growth activity, while celery leaf (Apium graveolens L.) contain apigenin compounds that have hair growth activity. This research aims to formulation and evaluation of hair tonic contain ethanol extract of green tea leaves (Camellia Sinensis L.), celery leaf (Apium grave lens L.), and a combination of ethanol extract of green tea leaves (Camellia Sinensis L.) and celery leaf (Apium grave lens L.) in guinea pigs. This study is an experimental type of quantitative research with a true experimental design. laboratory and Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Hair tonic formulations were made with 6 formulations given to 6 groups of guinea pigs with a total of 4 guinea pigs in each group. The formulations used were negative control, positive control of celery leaf extract, positive control of green tea leaf extract, formulation of 1 green tea leaf 7,5% and celery leaf extract 2,5%, formulation of 2 green tea leaf 5% and celery leaf extract 5%, formulation 3 green tea leaf extract 2,5% and celery leaf extract 7,5%. Evaluation of hair tonic formulations was carried out by physical evaluation with organoleptic tests and pH tests. Evaluation of hair growths activity observed the hair growth of guinea pigs every 7 days for 28 days and measured it with a caliper. The results of the organoleptic test of organoleptically stable hair tonic formulations were assessed from the color, smell, and texture that did not change. The results of the pH test met the requirements for the skin's pH value of 4.5-6.5. The results of the hair growth test on hair tonic formulations showed that all formulations could grow hair in guinea pigs. Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L) extract, celery leaves (Apium grave lens L), and the combination of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L) extract and celery leaves (Apium grave lens L) extract can be formulated and used as hair growth in guinea pigs. The best grow hair fast formulation is a combination of green tea leaves extract: celery leaves extract is 2,5%:7,5%.

Lipidomics analysis unravels changes from flavor precursors in different processing treatments of purple-leaf tea.

Lipids are one of the most important bioactive compounds, affecting the character and quality of tea. However, the contribution of lipids to tea productions is still elusive. Here, we systematically identified the lipid profiles of green, oolong, and black teas in purple-leaf tea (Jinmingzao, JMZ) and green-leaf tea (Huangdan, HD), respectively. The lipids analysis showed regular accumulation in tea products with different manufacturing processes, among which the fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids contribute to the quality characteristics of tea products, including typical fatty acyl (FA), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDG), and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Compared tea materials with products, levels of fatty acids were up-regulated, while glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids were down-regulated in tea products. FA 18:3, FA 16:0, MGDG 36:6, DGDG 36:6, PC 34:3, and PC 36:6 were the negative contributors to green tea flavor formation of purple-leaf tea. The pathway analysis of significant lipids in materials and products of purple-leaf tea were enriched linolenic acid metabolism pathway and glycerolipid metabolism. This study provides insights into the lipid metabolism profiles of different tea leaf colors, and found that fatty acids are essential precursors of black tea flavor formation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cytotoxicity Activity of Green Tea and Mint Formulation

Background: Cytotoxicity refers to a substance or process which results in cell damage or cell death. The prefix ‘cyto’ refers to a cell and ‘toxic’ to poison. The term is often used to describe chemotherapy drugs that kill cancer cells, but it may also be used to describe toxins, such as venom. Within our own immune system , we have cells that are considered cytotoxic, such as the T cell that kills bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.
 Materials and Methods: 100ml of distilled water, 1 gram of green tea leaf and 1 gram of powdered mint is added and the mixture is heated for 15 to 20 minutes and then filtered with the help of filtered paper. The mixture was again heated and concentrated from 70ml to 20ml. 2 grams of iodine free salt was weighed and dissolved in 200ml of distilled water. 6 well ELISA plates were taken and 10-12ml of saline water was filled. To that 10 nauplii were added to each well( 5μl, 10μl, 20μl, 40μl, 80μl). Then the nanoparticles were added according to the concentration level. The plates were incubated for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the elisa plates were observed and noted for the number of live nauplii’s present.
 Results and Discussion: The cytotoxicity activity of green tea with mint formulation shows that all the introduced shrimps were alive in the control whereas it is shows that the lethality of 5μl is 60%, 10μl is 70%, 20μl is 70%, 40μl is 70% and 80μl is 100%.
 Conclusion: Based on the result of the study it is finally concluded that cytotoxic activity of green tea and mint formulation has better effect.

Transcriptomic and biochemical analysis reveal differential regulatory mechanisms of photosynthetic pigment and characteristic secondary metabolites between high amino acids green-leaf and albino tea cultivars

It is generally believed that albino tea cultivars contain high amino acid content, and numerous studies have used them as materials to reveal L-theanine metabolism mechanism. However, few studies on the research of high amino acid green-leaf tea cultivars were reported. Here, high amino acid green-leaf tea cultivars, ‘Baojing Huangjincha1’ (BJ1) and ‘Huangjincha2’ (HJC2) have been discovered. In this study, biochemical ingredients and transcriptomes of high amino acids green-leaf tea cultivars (BJ1, HJC2) and albino tea cultivars, ‘Baiye1’ (BY1) and ‘Huangjinya’ (HJY) were analyzed and compared. Biochemical analyses showed that the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids in albino tea cultivars (BY1, HJY) were much lower than that in green-leaf tea cultivars (BJ1, HJC2), whereas increases were noted in the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll. The content of catechins was lower in HJC2, BY1 and HJY than that in BJ1. The content of L-theanine also showed considerable variability among four tea cultivars. Especially, HJC2 with dark-green leaves contained the highest L-theanine and lowest catechins content. At transcription level, the results revealed expression patterns of genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in HJC2. Suppressed expressions of CsCHS in HJC2, CsPAL in BY1, and CsF3′5′H in HJY were responsible for the lower catechins content, respectively. Furthermore, we also found that CsGOGAT and CsGS/TS were key genes leading to differences in the accumulation patterns of L-theanine between HJC2 and BY1. These findings provide basis for further research on regulatory mechanisms of pigments and characteristic secondary metabolites in tea plants.

Green Synthesis of Silver-Decorated Magnetic Particles for Efficient and Reusable Antimicrobial Activity.

Metal and metal hybrid nanostructures have shown tremendous application in the biomedical and catalytic fields because of their plasmonic and catalytic properties. Here, a green and clean method was employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-SiO2-Fe2O3 hybrid microstructures, and biomolecules from green tea extracts were used for constructing the hybrid structures. The SiO2-Fe2O3 structures were synthesized using an ethanolic green tea leaf extract to form Bio-SiO2-Fe2O3 (BSiO2-Fe2O3) structures. Biochemical studies demonstrated the presence of green tea biomolecules in the BSiO2 layer. Reduction of the silver ions was performed by a BSiO2 layer to form Ag NPs of 5–10 nm in diameter in and on the BSiO2-Fe2O3 microstructure. The reduction process was observed within 600 s, which is faster than that reported elsewhere. The antimicrobial activity of the Ag-BSiO2-Fe2O3 hybrid structure was demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the nanostructures were further visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The magnetic properties of the Ag-BSiO2-Fe2O3 hybrid structure were used for studying reusable antimicrobial activity. Thus, in this study, we provide a novel green route for the construction of a biomolecule-entrapped SiO2-Fe2O3 structure and their use for the ultra-fast formation of Ag NPs to form antimicrobial active multifunctional hybrid structures.

Protective role of green tea against paraquat toxicity in Allium cepa L.: physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical assessment.

In this study, the toxic effects of paraquat, one of the most commercially sold herbicides in the world, and the protective role of green tea leaf extract (GTLE) against these effects were investigated. Allium cepa L. bulbs (n = 16) were used as test material. One hundred milligrams per liter dose of paraquat and 190 and 380mg/L doses of GTLE were preferred. Paraquat toxicity was investigated with the help of physiological (percent germination, root length, and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index = MI, micronucleus = MN, and chromosomal damages = CAs), biochemical (superoxide dismutase = SOD, catalase = CAT, malondialdehyde = MDA), and anatomical (meristematic cell damages) parameters. A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups as 1 control and 5 applications. The control group was germinated with tap water, and the application groups were germinated with paraquat and two different doses of GTLE. Germination was carried out at room temperature for 72h. At the end of the period, A. cepa bulbs were prepared for physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical analyzes using routine preparation techniques. As a result, paraquat application caused a decrease in physiological parameters and an increase in cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameters. Compared to the control (group I), the germination percentage decreased by 38%, root length 12.5 times, and weight gain 5 times decreased in group IV treated with paraquat. MDA level increased 2.58 times, SOD activity 2.48 times, and CAT activity 4.51 times increased. Paraquat application caused a decrease in the percentage of MI and an increase in the number of MN and CAs. Paraquat application caused CAs in the form of fragment, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, nucleus with vacuoles, nucleus bud, and reverse polarization. In the meristematic cells of the root tips applied paraquat, unclearly vascular tissue, flattened cell nucleus, epidermis, and cortex cell deformation were observed. The application of GTLE together with paraquat caused an increase in the physiological parameter values and a decrease in the cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameter values. An improvement in the severity of damages induced by paraquat was also observed in root tip meristematic cells. It was determined that the improvements observed in all these parameters were related to the dose of GTLE applied. The 380mg/L dose of GTLE provided more protection than the 190mg/L dose. Compared to group IV in which paraquat was applied, the germination percentage increased by 21%, root length 5.83 times, and weight gain 2.92 times increased in group VI administered 380mg/L dose of GTLE. In addition, MDA level decreased 1.78 times, SOD activity 1.59 times and CAT activity 1.65 times. In conclusion, paraquat administration at a dose of 100mg/L caused physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical toxicity in A. cepa bulbs. GTLE application, on the other hand, resulted in improvements in the severity of this toxicity induced by paraquat, depending on the dose. Therefore, GTLE can be used as an effective nutritional supplement to reduce or prevent the toxicity caused by environmental agents such as pesticides.

Characterization of a Novel Mitovirus Infecting Melanconiella theae Isolated From Tea Plants.

A dsRNA segment was identified in the fungus Melanconiella theae isolated from tea plants. The complete dsRNA sequence, determined by random cloning together with RACE protocol, is 2,461 bp in length with an AU-rich content (62.37%) and comprises a single ORF of 2,265-nucleotides encoding an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp, 754 amino acids in size). The terminus sequences can fold into predicted stable stem-loop structures. A BLASTX and phylogenetic analysis revealed the dsRNA genome shows similarities with the RdRp sequences of mitoviruses, with the highest identity of 48% with those of grapevine-associated mitovirus 20 and Colletotrichum fructicola mitovirus 1. Our results reveal a novel member, tentatively named Melanconiella theae mitovirus 1 (MtMV1), belongs to the family Mitoviridae. MtMV1 is capsidless as examined by transmission electron microscope, efficiently transmitted through conidia as 100 conidium-generated colonies were analyzed, and easily eliminated by hyphal tipping method combined with green-leaf tea powder. MtMV1 has a genomic sequence obviously divergent from those of most members in the family Mitoviridae and some unique characteristics unreported in known members. This is the first report of a mycovirus infecting Melanconiella fungi to date.

Tyrosinase Inhibition from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) gel

Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) leaf has polyphenol substance that able to inhibit tyrosinase enzyme. Tyrosinase enzyme is one of the essential components that can be initiated melanin formation on the skin (melanogenesis). The natural inhibitory enzyme can be utilized in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agent. Green tea leaf was formulated in the dosage form of a gel with carbomer 934 as a gelling agent. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of carbomer 934 on green tea leaf extract gel that has an inhibitory tyrosinase activity. This research used three carbomer 934 concentration, there was 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% respectively. Which every formula was evaluated during six weeks involve organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, centrifuge, and freeze-thaw test (during six cycles). The optimum formula was evaluated tyrosinase activity used a spectrophotometer-vis. The results showed that the great concentration of carbomer 934 was contained on the first formula, which has not phase separation and 49.62 ppm of IC50 value. This research showed that green tea leaf extract gel with 0,5% carbomer 934 prevented tyrosinase activity. Keywords: Carbomer 934, gel, green tea leaf extract, inhibitory of tyrosinase

Does credit utilization lead to increasing farm outcome? a micro-perspective of tea production from Rwanda

Credit is a crucial factor for tea growers to pay for physical farm inputs mainly input fertilizers, research and development of high yielding tea clones and labour in order to improve the production of green tea leaf and to meet factories’ demand for raw materials. However, mismanagement of accessed credits by farmers has been reported among the snags affecting the sector development. The study analyzed the determinants and impact of credit utilization on farm income among smallholder tea growers in Nyaruguru District, Rwanda. Crosssectional tea household level data were collected from 358 farmers randomly selected from tea cooperatives. The credit utilization and causal effect were estimated using the Endogenous Switching Regression model. Results showed a positive and significant relationship between credit utilization and tea farm income. Precisely, the causal effect of credit is a 7% increase in tea income for farmers who utilised credit for tea production, while its potential effect is up to a 55% decrease in tea income for those who divert credit for out-off tea production uses. Furthermore, training on good agricultural practices and credit management, cost of farm inputs, labour and access to group credit significantly influence utilization of credit for tea production. However, the size of credit (cash) and off-farm businesses significantly increase the diversion of credit and level of tea farm income. Tea farmers are encouraged to use tea credits for planned projects. Sensitizing farmers to procure farm input fertilizers in bulk through cooperatives should be vigorously pursued to discourage credit diversion.
 Key words: tea credits, tea farming households, farm income, endogenous switching regression

The Effect of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Selected Hematological Indices, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Parameters of Jumbo Quail

Green tea leaves contain a wide range of active bio-compounds that are essential for sustainable quail intensification; however, its feed value is not known for the Jumbo quail. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different levels of green tea leaf powder (GTLP) on physiological and meat quality parameters of the Jumbo quail. One-week-old chicks (n = 350; 56.1 ± 2.12 g live-weight) were evenly distributed to 35 replicate pens and reared on five experimental diets formulated as follows: a standard grower diet with zinc-bacitracin (PosCon), a standard grower diet without zinc-bacitracin (NegCon), and NegCon diet treated with 10 (GT10), 25 (GT25) and 50 g/kg (GT50) of GTLP. Weight gain linearly decreased in week 2 but increased in week 4, whereas feed conversion efficiency linearly declined in weeks 2 and 3 as GTLP levels increased. Overall feed intake, carcass yield, and caecum and colon weights showed a linear increase with GTLP levels. Hematological parameters fell within the normal ranges reported for healthy quail. The GT10 group showed larger liver weights than the PosCon and NegCon groups. It was concluded that dietary inclusion of GTLP enhances overall feed intake and carcass performance but not feed efficiency, hematological and meat quality parameters of Jumbo quail.

Novel Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Biosilver Nanoparticles as a Colorimetric Probe for Highly Selective Detection of Fe (III) Ions in Aqueous Solution

In this work, an eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) using botanical extracts in combination with an electrochemical process was carried out. We employed three types of plant extracts, including green tea leaf (GTE), grapefruit peel (GP), and mangosteen peel (MP) extracts to successfully synthesize the bio-AgNPs and optimized the experimental conditions aiming to get the highest synthetic yield. The formation of bio-AgNPs was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy via a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at about 420–430 nm. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed their spherical shape with the size range within 23–55 nm. While X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis described in detail the crystalline structure of the bio-AgNPs with a face-centered cubic crystal lattice of metallic silver. The chemical bonding and elemental compositions of the bio-AgNPs were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in which organic compounds in the natural extracts not only acted as effective reductants but also capping agents for the fabricated bio-AgNPs. The prepared bio-AgNPs exhibited high stability and excellent dispersion for about four months. Based on the linear relationship between obtained SPR band intensity of bio-AgNP GTE in the presence of Fe (III) and concentration of Fe (III) ions, our bio-AgNP GTE can be used to develop a highly selective colorimetric sensor for the determination of Fe (III) ions within a linear range from 1 to 25 μM. According to that, the limit of detection (LOD) was recorded at approximately 0.532 μM, and the quantitative limit (LOQ) was calculated to be 1.77 μM. A detection mechanism was proposed through redox reactions between bio-AgNP GTE and Fe (III) ions. More interestingly, this method was successfully applied for the determination of Fe (III) ions in a lake water sample with percentage recovery of 107-150% and high reproducibility ( RSD = 1.49 % ).

The use of spent coffee grounds and spent green tea leaves for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions

This study aimed to examine sorption effectiveness of cationic dyes: Basic Red 46 (BR46) and Basic Violet 10 (BV10) onto spent coffee ground (CG) and spent green tea leaves (GTL). The scope of the study included, i.a.: sorbent FTIR spectra analysis, determination of pH effect on dye sorption effectiveness, analysis of dye sorption kinetics, and determination of maximal sorption capacity of the sorbents. The effectiveness of BR46 sorption on the sorbents tested was the highest at pH 6 and that of BV10 at pH 3. Both sorbents caused changes in solution pH during the sorption process, due to the system tending to reach the pH value approximating the pHZPC (pHPZC = 7.55 for CG and pHPZC = 7.05 for GTL). The time needed to reach BR46 and BV10 sorption equilibrium onto CG and GTL ranged from 180 to 240 min. The intramolecular diffusion model demonstrated that the sorption of cationic dyes onto CG and GTL proceeded in three phases differing in the intensity and duration. The maximal sorption capacity of CG reached 179.4 mg/g for BR46 and 59.3 mg/g for BV10. The sorption capacity of GTL was lower and reached 58.0 mg/g for BR46 and 26.7 mg/g for BV10.

Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous Extraction Green Tea on Some Chemical Properties of Local sheep Meat Stored in Cold Storage

The aim of this study was investigate the effect of adding aqueous extract of green tea on some chemical properties (thiobarbituric acid TBA, total volatile nitrogen TVN, free fatty acid FFA, and peroxide value PV) on sheep meat stored for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days at 1-4 Cº. The treatments included: the first treatment was a control treatment without addition (0 %). As for the second, third, fourth and fifth treatments, green tea leaf aqueous extract was added by 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% respectively. The results of the study showed a significant decrease for (T.B.A, T.V.N, F.F.A, and P.V) compared with control treatment for all periods. The TBA concentration decreased significantly for the fifth treatment, compared the first treatment which had the highest concentration. As for the addition treatment, the fifth treatment showed a significant decrease for all the periods . As for T.V.N, its value decreased significantly for the fifth treatment (7.01%) at the day 12 of storage period . While the first treatment had the highest (P≤0.01) concentration value of 14.72% for the same storage period. The concentration of P.V decreased significantly for the fifth treatment, (4.22%) for the last storage period (12 days), while the first treatment recorded the highest (P≤0.01) value (6.31%) for the same period of storage. With these results, green tea leaf extract can be used as a natural antioxidant to store meat for long periods in cold storage or to extend the shelf life in term of TBA, TVN, FFA and PV.

Study of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of some groups of BAS in dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract

Recently, there has been a high demand from the population for dietary supplements that have antioxidant activity. First of all, these are dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract, because green tea contains catechins in a fairly high amount. Nowadays, according to the current legislation of Ukraine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of biologically active substances in dietary supplements are not established, which to a certain extent affects the quality and safety of these products. The aim of the study was to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of some groups of BAS in dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract. Materials and methods. Three dietary supplements from different manufacturers “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea” were chosen for the study. Qualitative analysis was performed by thin layer chromatography, for quantification spectrophotometry in the UV-region was used. Results. The presence of catechins was found in the studied dietary supplements, caffeine was found only in trace amounts. The total content of catechins is 146.80 ± 1.36 mg, 79.00 ± 0.88 mg, 28.00 ± 0.75 mg, and in terms of green tea extract, which is stated in dietary supplements for dietary supplements “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea”, respectively. Conclusions. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of some groups of BAS of three dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract was performed. It was found that dietary supplements “Green Tea Extract” and “Green Tea” meet the requirements of the US Pharmacopoeia 38 in terms of catechins. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the problem of compliance with dietary supplements is relevant today and requires the introduction of regulatory documentation for the detection and determination of biologically active substances in dietary supplements.

Efficient Concentration of Functional Polyphenols Using Their Interaction with Gelatin

Among polyphenol compounds, the flavan-3-ol structure, which is the basic unit of green tea catechins and the galloyl groups contained in green tea catechins are known to exhibit various functions. In this paper, we discuss how to concentrate highly functional polyphenol compounds by exploiting the interaction between gelatin and the catechol structures. First, we confirmed the interaction between heat-stabilized gelatin and flavan-3-ol derivatives, including synthesized compounds. When green tea leaf extract containing a large amount of flavan-3-ol derivatives was incubated with gelatin, most of the polyphenol compounds it contained were adsorbed. Because the compounds adsorbed on gelatin could not be eluted, DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activity tests were conducted using the as-prepared gelatin–polyphenol complex. Radical scavenging activity was observed when the compounds were adsorbed on gelatin and heating at 90 °C for 5 min did not have a significant effect on their activity. These results suggest that functional polyphenols can be efficiently concentrated using heat-stabilized gelatin and retain their functionality while adsorbed.

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water by magnetic activated carbon nanocomposite from green tea waste

This study aims to synthesize a magnetic activated carbon nanocomposite from green tea leaf waste (MNPs-GTAC) for evaluation of adsorption efficiency of 4 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). MNPs-GTAC contained spherically-shaped MNPs with cubic spinel structure, surface area at 118.8 m2/g, particle size at 8.6 nm and saturation magnetization at 34.2 emu/g. PAH adsorption reached a plateau at an MNPs-GTAC dose of 50 or 60 mg/L, pH of 2–4 and ionic strength of 0.1–10%, with PAH reduction in the presence of humic acid being compensated by addition of 0.1% sodium chloride. Kinetics was rapid attaining 80% removal within 5 min and the pseudo-second-order rate decreased in this order: Benzo[a]anthracene>Chrysene>Benzo[b]fluoranthene>Benzo[a]pyrene. Isotherm modeling revealed a Langmuir type-2 shape with the maximum adsorption capacity being 28.08, 22.75, 19.14 and 15.86 mg/g for Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene and Benzo[a]anthracene, respectively. Temperature study showed the PAH adsorption to be an endothermic and spontaneous process with increased randomness at solid-solution interface. Acetonitrile could completely recover the adsorbed PAH and MNPs-GTAC was successfully recycled 5 times with a minimum loss. Application to mineral water showed 86–98% and 72–89% removal for PAHs spiked respectively at 0.1 and 1 mg/L, while a complete removal was attained in tap and river waters.

The combination of simplex lattice design and chemometrics in the formulation of green tea leaves as transdermal matrix patch

Aim: This study was aimed to formulate a transdermal matrix patch using green tea leaf extract. Materials and methods: The transdermal matrix patch formulation was optimized by the simplex lattice design method. The correlation between responses was analyzed using chemometrics. The observed responses were: 1. the physical properties of the matrix patch, and 2. the percentage of dissolution efficiency of catechins, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate released from the patch. The determination of drug release kinetics was based on the curve-fitting analysis using zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Results: The results showed that the optimal formula was obtained using the mixture of HPMC K100, HPMC K4M, and PEG 400 at a ratio of 4.0: 4.5: 0.5. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that %DE300 values of catechin caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate positively correlate. A similar condition was observed between the weight and thickness of the matrix. Drug release kinetics follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas model.

Sweet chestnut standardized fractions from sustainable circular process and green tea extract: In vitro inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi for innovative applications in green agriculture.

In the present study, the antifungal activities of two commercial tannins-rich dry fractions towards different filamentous fungi of agronomical and food interest were evaluated. In particular, a standardized fraction from sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood by-products and a commercial green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaf extract were tested at different concentrations (0.1-5.0% and 0.2% w/v respectively). The Sweet Chestnut Wood fraction was produced in an industrial plant through an environmentally and economically sustainable process, involving hot-water extraction and a sequence of membrane filtration steps with different molecular cut-offs for fractionation and concentration of the active principles. The Sweet Chestnut Wood and Green Tea Leaf extracts were characterised via HPLC/DAD/MS quali-quantitative analysis. The first extract showed a polyphenolic content of 20.5% w/w, 100% hydrolysable tannins; the second one showed a polyphenolic content of 87.5% w/w, of which 96.2% epigallocatechin gallate and 3.8% epicatechin gallate. The antifungal activity of the Sweet Chestnut fraction in aqueous solutions was evaluated towards different filamentous fungi, in particular telluric phytopathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici; Fusarium solani; Rhizoctonia solani; Sclerotium rolfsii) and post harvest pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, that can also attack field plants; Penicillium digitatum; Penicillium italicum), and compared to the activity of Green Tea Leaf extract solutions. The experimental results evidenced, for almost all tested fungi, inhibition of the mycelial growth rate in presence of tannins. The lowest inhibitions were observed for B. cinerea (7.5%, to 28.9%) and P. italicum (53.8% in 5.0% w/v Sweet Chestnut extract substrate). A proportional inhibitory effect to tannin concentration was observed for F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. solani (from 33.7% to 56.6%), R. solani (from 29.7% to 68.8%) and P. digitatum (64.7% to 87.0%). The highest effect resulted for S. rolfsii, (5.0% to 100%).