Green Infrastructure Research Articles

Reverse Atom Capture on Perovskite Surface Enabling Robust and Efficient Cathode for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells.

Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) hold potential for sustainable energy conversion, yet their widespread application is hindered by the sluggish kinetics and inferior stability of cathode materials. Here, a facile and efficient reverse atom capture technique is developed to manipulate the surface chemistry of PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+ δ (PBSCF) cathode for PCFCs. This method successfully captures segregated Ba and Sr cations on the PBSCF surface using W species, creating a (Ba/Sr)(Co/Fe/W)O3- δ (BSCFW)@PBSCF heterostructure. Benefiting from enhanced kinetics of proton-involved oxygen reduction reaction and strengthened chemical stability, the single cell using the optimized 2W-PBSCF cathode demonstrates an exceptional peak power density of 1.32W cm-2 at 650°C and maintains durable performance for 240h. Theoretical calculations unveil that the BSCFW perovskite delivers lower oxygen vacancy formation energy, hydration energy, and proton transfer energy compared to the PBSCF perovskite. This protocol offers new insights into advanced atom capture techniques for sustainable energy infrastructures.

Driving towards Sustainability: Wireless Charging of Low-Speed Vehicles with PDM-Based Active Bridge Rectifiers

Driving towards Sustainability: Wireless Charging of Low-Speed Vehicles with PDM-Based Active Bridge Rectifiers

Green Infrastructure Fluctuations in Urban Agglomeration of Shanxi Province, China: Implications for Controlling Ecological Crises

The rapid urbanization process means that even moderate-sized cities can quickly become part of larger urban agglomerations, creating new urban zones. Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) plays a crucial role in these clusters, acting as precious green spaces essential for maintaining ecological safety. This study combines fluctuation analysis based on Morphological Spatial Pattern with traditional landscape pattern analysis, comprehensively addressing the evolution of UGI in terms of quantity, characteristics, and morphology. We selected the Taiyuan-Jinzhong agglomeration as our study area, which is currently in an agglomeration process. The results demonstrated the critical role of surrounding mountains as natural ecological barrier zones. During urban agglomeration, management strategies focused on large-scale afforestation to ensure the quantity of UGI. However, this approach also led to a more clustered landscape with reduced connectivity. Additionally, linear or small-scale UGI types such as branch and islet have seen reductions over the past decade. Changes in internal morphological and complex fluctuations within UGI can harm the formation of ecological networks and potentially negatively affect biodiversity and ecological safety. The research highlights how ecological protection and urban planning policies can influence UGI fluctuations. Therefore, urban managers should not just concentrate on maintaining the quantity of UGI, but also give consideration to changes in its internal features and morphology. Before cities further agglomerate into larger urban clusters, it is crucial to address deficiencies in UGI, continuously improving type configurations and functional structures at the landscape scale. Through strategic planning of UGI, cities can mitigate ecological risks and foster sustainable urban development.

FINANCING GREEN ENERGY FOR ENHANCING ENERGY SECURITY IN UKRAINE

This paper examines the financing of green energy initiatives as a critical element in strengthening Ukraine's energy security, especially in the context of post-war reconstruction and the need for sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure. The study aims to assess the potential and challenges of investing in green energy in Ukraine, considering the destruction caused by Russian military actions in the winter of 2022-2023, and the need for recovery based on sustainable models. In this regard, the obtained results emphasize the importance of creating a reliable and decarbonized energy sector, driven by both domestic needs and international cooperation with the EU and other partners. The analysis shows that despite strong support for the green energy transition, the development of the sector is hindered by the high capital intensity required for green technologies, which are often not competitive without government subsidies. This requires a careful balance between innovation and commercial viability of green energy projects, highlighting the need for public and private investments in technologies that can compete with traditional sources of energy in the long term and developing new financing tools for Ukraine. The conclusions indicate that a multifaceted approach is needed to ensure Ukraine's energy future and minimize risks. Such an approach should include policy reforms, strategic investments in proven green technologies, and fostering partnerships to bridge the commercialization gap. Policymakers face the dual challenge of accelerating the energy transition while managing financial constraints exacerbated by military spending, highlighting the trade-off between rapid development and the risks associated with financing innovation. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of how green energy financing mechanisms can enhance Ukraine's energy security, suggesting broader implications for policy, investment, and technological innovation in the context of Ukraine's post-war recovery and future resilience.

Walkability index for world heritage cities in developing countries

Walkability principles are an important part in the planning process of cities that face urban problems such as gentrification, pollution, and decay of their built heritage. The proposed factors – connectivity, proximity, land use mix, and retail density – form a comprehensive framework for evaluating walkability that transcends the boundaries of historical cities. These factors, while initially identified within historical contexts, possess inherent qualities that render them universally adaptable to various urban landscapes. By leveraging these factors, urban planners gain insights into the intricate fabric of pedestrian experiences in cities. They serve as universal evaluative tools, applicable not only to historical cities but also to burgeoning metropolises and smaller urban centres. This work introduces a novel approach to assessing the Walkability Index for World Heritage Cities, utilizing a Multiple Criteria Spatial Decision Support System (GIS-MCDA) structured in four stages. The approached methodology is particularly valuable for governments and decision-makers in developing countries of the Global South, where limitations in data and available tools are common challenges. The insights gained from this study can guide the improvement of policies, enable more precise implementation of sustainable mobility infrastructure, and motivate the pursuit or maintenance of UNESCO World Heritage nominations. The case study focused on the Historical Centre of Arequipa, Peru, a city designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in such contexts, owing to its specificity and the integration of both objective and subjective elements.

Implementasi Building Information Modelling Menggunakan Software Infraworks Untuk Perencanaan Jalan

Road design is part of infrastructure development that supports an area or environment. In this context, the use of Building Information Modeling-based design technology such as Infraworks promises significant progress in the planning and design process of road infrastructure. This research aims to implement infraworks applications in road design through implementation case studies in the Polinela campus road design project.This research methodology includes field data collection, secondary data processing, making 3D road models. The research results show that the use of Infraworks significantly increases efficiency in the road design process by integrating various features such as topographic modeling, hydrological analysis, and integrated project visualization.The conclusion of this research shows that the use of Infraworks in road design has great potential to increase project efficiency, collaboration and sustainability. With a deep understanding of the benefits and challenges of using Infraworks, stakeholders can take steps to optimize the application of this technology in sustainable road infrastructure design practices    

Assessing Multilateral Development Bank ESG Safeguard Integration with International Sustainability Ratings

In an era where sustainability is paramount, this study critically assesses how multilateral development banks (MDBs) integrate internationally recognized sustainability indicators into their ESG safeguard policies. MDBs have historically incorporated policies to manage environmental and social risks in project financing; yet, protections against negative impacts in developing countries often remain insufficient. On the other hand, several infrastructure sustainability rating systems have been established around the world in recent decades due to economic growth and the importance of controlling environmental impacts associated with the construction sector. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether and how the indicators that these internationally recognized systems use to rate whether a project is sustainable are integrated into these safeguards by using several methodologies, including an analysis of existing documentation, a high-level matrix, and qualitative methods based on co-occurrences using specialized “atlas ti” software. The results show that MDBs’ coverage of financial, governance, and country risks lacks the sustainability focus found in these rating systems. Therefore, this study that concludes MDB safeguards must evolve, balancing comprehensive sustainability parameters and detailed management guidelines and addressing impacts beyond statutory frameworks to encourage stakeholder engagement for more sustainable infrastructure projects.

Sustainable Infrastructure Maintenance: Crack Depth Detection in Tunnel Linings via Natural Temperature Variations and Infrared Imaging

In this research, we propose the use of infrared detection methods for identifying cracks in the tunnel lining of concrete structures. Through thermal simulation experiments on pre-existing cracks, we investigate the heat conduction patterns in cracked linings under natural temperature variations. The influence of temperature differences inside and outside the lining, crack depth, and crack width on the temperature distribution on the inner surface of the lining is analyzed by using a controlled variable approach. This exploration aims to assess the feasibility and applicable conditions of using infrared thermal imaging technology for detecting lining crack defects, contributing to sustainable maintenance of infrastructure. We further validate the experimental approach through numerical simulations. Considering the temperature distribution on the inner surface of the lining, it becomes feasible to comprehensively determine the location and depth of cracks. This offers a novel and rapid inspection method for tunnel lining cracks, thereby enhancing the sustainability of tunnel infrastructure.

The Effects Of Overtopping On Green/Grey Infrastructure

This paper presents results of a reduced (1:8) scale experiment investigating the performance of hybrid structural (gray) and natural-based (green) infrastructure for wave overtopping reduction. Experiments were scaled to a 1:8 geometric scale based on 1:2-scale experiments conducted during the Summer of 2023 at Oregon State University. Seven wave conditions were tested, with (model-scale) wave periods ranging from 1 to 2 seconds and wave heights ranging from 6.0 to 7.5 cm. These wave conditions were conducted throughout two configurations: a seawall-only (baseline) configuration and a configuration with the seawall in combination with a mangrove forest installed seaward of the wall. The total volume of overtopped water was measured for each wave condition. Results indicated that adding mangroves reduced overtopping for all wave conditions, with an average of 32.1% reduction in overtopped volume compared to the baseline configurations. This reduction falls within the range of preexisting overtopping rates. Results from these experiments can assist engineers in understanding the performance of hybrid coastal infrastructure to design effective and sustainable shoreline protection.

Advancing the understanding of successful technology implementation factors within state DOTs: a maturity model perspective

In an effort to improve the security, dependability, and quality of infrastructure systems, the implementation of complex transportation construction and maintenance projects is essential. Building upon a previous study that identified six crucial factors for effectively implementing new and emerging technologies in the State Department of Transportations (DOTs), this research aims to comprehensively explore six critical factors using a maturity model perspective. DOTs have shown increasing interest in adopting emerging and wireless technologies, as evident in various Federal Highway Administration Every Day Counts initiative. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, using survey responses from DOT personnel to evaluate the relative significance of technology implementation factors and subfactors. The six factors for successful technology implementation explored in this study are Organization Structure, Information Technology Infrastructure, Data Security, Information Workflow, Personnel Training, and Stakeholder Engagement. The study also evaluates the relative importance of People, Process, and Technology for each of these six factors. The paper focuses on providing detailed insights into the different criteria of each technology implementation factor and subfactor to guide agencies in successful technology deployment. Understanding these factors is critical to deploying emerging technologies successfully, which, in turn, leads to much-needed efficiency and productivity in highway construction and asset management. The findings of this study can help DOTs prioritize their technology investments and ultimately contribute to the development of a more advanced and sustainable transportation infrastructure system.

Optimizing the co-benefits of biodiversity and carbon sinks in urban residential yards

Urban green infrastructure is recognized for its potential to combat biodiversity loss and enhance carbon sequestration in cities. While residential yards constitute a significant part of urban green infrastructure, their role in providing urban ecosystem services remains largely understated. There is a lack of systematic measures for effectively implementing urban vegetation to enhance ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to investigate how different vegetation types typically found in urban residential yards of apartment blocks can enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity, and how these benefits can be supported through landscape design. The study encompasses an integrative literature review and qualitative analysis. Drawing from a review of previous research, this study identifies the drivers that indicate either carbon sink potential or biodiversity enhancement potential of urban vegetation types. The drivers are then cross-examined to identify the qualities of urban green that potentially strengthen carbon–biodiversity co-benefits. As the key findings we present versatile measures to enhance the potential co-benefits of carbon sinks and biodiversity within urban yards and summarize them in three main categories: plant diversity, provision of good growing conditions and maintenance. The study stresses that the several potential co-benefits of urban green can only be achieved through the selection and prioritization of solutions during the planning and design process. To exemplify this, we demonstrate how the findings from the literature review can be incorporated into the design and management of urban yards. We conclude that the main actions to be addressed in the future planning and design of urban residential yards are (i) establishing diverse planting areas with a mixture of woody and herbaceous plants to encourage species richness and complexity, (ii) optimizing the use of space and growth conditions, and, (iii) implementing maintenance practices that consider both carbon and biodiversity aspects. The study highlights that through enhancing carbon-biodiversity co-benefits urban yards can significantly contribute to major environmental challenges and provide vital ecosystem services within the built urban environments.

The Effect of Green Infrastructure Investment, Capital Structure, and Operational Efficiency on Financial Performance of Companies in Central Java

This study investigates the influence of green infrastructure investment, capital structure, and operational efficiency on the financial performance of companies operating in Central Java. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing survey data collected from 173 companies across various industries. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), with hypothesis testing conducted to assess the significance of the relationships between the variables. The results indicate significant positive associations between green infrastructure investment, capital structure, operational efficiency, and financial performance. Specifically, companies that prioritize sustainability initiatives, maintain optimal capital structures, and enhance operational efficiency tend to achieve superior financial performance outcomes. These findings highlight the multidimensional nature of value creation within organizations and underscore the importance of integrating environmental and operational considerations into strategic decision-making processes. The implications of the study extend to policymakers, business leaders, and stakeholders seeking to enhance the financial sustainability and resilience of companies in Central Java.

Optimization of landscape garden greening design based on multi objective genetic algorithm

This paper presents a novel approach to optimize landscape garden greening design using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA)[1]. Incorporating genetic algorithms into landscape architecture offers a promising avenue for efficiently navigating the complex and multidimensional design space inherent in green infrastructure projects. Through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of existing literature, this study synthesizes key insights into the application of genetic algorithms in landscape design and identifies gaps for further exploration[2]. Leveraging the evolutionary process of genetic algorithms, our methodology focuses on simultaneously optimizing multiple objectives such as biodiversity conservation, aesthetic appeal, water efficiency, and ecosystem services provisioning[3]. By iteratively evolving and selecting landscape configurations based on fitness criteria derived from these objectives, the MOGA enables designers to explore a diverse range of design alternatives and identify Pareto-optimal solutions that balance competing priorities. The integration of genetic algorithms into landscape design facilitates an iterative and adaptive design process, allowing for the exploration of complex trade-offs and the generation of innovative design solutions. Through a case study application, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the MOGA approach in optimizing landscape garden greening designs, showcasing its potential to enhance sustainability, resilience, and functionality in urban green spaces. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on computational design methods in landscape architecture and provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers seeking to leverage genetic algorithms for optimizing green infrastructure projects.

Environmental and Economic Clustering of Indonesian Provinces: Insights from K-Means Analysis

Indonesia's archipelago presents a distinctive opportunity for targeted sustainable development due to its complex interplay of economic advancement and environmental challenges. To better understand this dynamic and identify potential areas for focused intervention, this study applied K-means clustering to 2022 data on the Air Quality Index (AQI), electricity consumption, and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The analysis aimed to delineate the provinces into three distinct clusters, providing a clearer picture of the varying levels of economic development and environmental impact across the nation's diverse islands. Each cluster reflects specific environmental and economic dynamics, suggesting tailored policy interventions. The results show that for provinces in Cluster 1, which exhibit moderate environmental quality and lower economic activity, the introduction of sustainable agricultural enhancements, eco-tourism, and renewable energy initiatives is recommended. Cluster 2, marked by higher economic outputs and moderate environmental conditions, would benefit from the implementation of smart urban planning, stricter environmental controls, and the adoption of clean technologies. Finally, Cluster 3, which includes highly urbanized areas with robust economic growth, requires expanded green infrastructure, improved sustainable urban practices, and enhanced public transportation systems. These recommendations aim to foster balanced economic growth while preserving environmental integrity across Indonesia’s diverse landscapes.

Navigating Kazakhstan’s Sustainable Economic Future: A Study of Tech Innovation, Infrastructure, and Resource Management

In a quest to illuminate Kazakhstan’s economic horizon within a sustainable context, this study delved into the complex interplay of sustainable tech innovation, investment in sustainable infrastructure, and natural resource management. The study assesses the potential for green economy development by introducing the adoption of sustainable practices as the mediator and corporate social responsibility as the moderator in the examined relationships. We employed a cluster sampling technique, focusing on government sector employees in Kazakhstan. The choice of this sector stemmed from its pivotal role in shaping national policies. A time-lagged approach was incorporated, collecting data at two distinct time points to capture the dynamic evolution of green initiatives over time. As the data unfolded, sustainable tech innovation, investment in sustainable infrastructure, and natural resource management emerged as significant predictors for adopting environmentally responsible practices leading to green economy development. This development process, we found, was further augmented by the moderating influence of corporate social responsibility. Hence, our findings contribute both practical and theoretical insights to the discourse on sustainable economic development. In addressing the intricate interplay of technological, infrastructural, and resource-related factors, this study provides guidance for Kazakhstan’s ongoing transition towards a more sustainable and resilient economic trajectory.

Enhancing Environmental Quality: Investigating the Impact of Hydropower Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions in Indonesia

Achieving sustainable environmental quality has become a critical global issue, necessitating the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate environmental pollution. Hydropower energy has the potential to play a significant role in this effort by providing a clean, renewable energy source that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease CO2 emissions. This study examines the dynamic impact of hydropower energy consumption, economic growth, capital, and labor on Indonesia's CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2020. Applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, the findings demonstrate that hydropower energy consumption has a negative effect on CO2 emissions in both the short and long term, indicating that increasing hydropower energy consumption leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Conversely, labor exhibits a positive influence on CO2 emissions in both the short and long term, suggesting that a rise in labor contributes to higher levels of CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Furthermore, the Granger causality analysis reveals a bidirectional relationship between CO2 emissions and hydropower energy consumption. The robustness of ARDL results is confirmed through additional tests using Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Canonical Cointegrating Regressions (CCR) methods. The findings underscore the importance of promoting sustainable hydropower energy for effective environmental management in Indonesia. Policymakers should prioritize investments in sustainable hydropower infrastructure, encourage the adoption of energy-efficient technologies, and develop a skilled workforce to mitigate the environmental impact of increased labor force participation.

Mitigating urban heat island and enhancing indoor thermal comfort using terrace garden

The United Nations advocates for sustainable urban planning and design, emphasizing green infrastructure initiatives to mitigate urban heat island effects and enhance the resilience and livability of cities globally. To address urban heat challenges, a study was conducted in Chennai, India, from April to June 2023. The study focused on assessing temperature dynamics on a building's terrace by comparing a well-maintained garden area with an exposed region. Temperature and humidity sensors were deployed in both the garden and exposed areas of the terrace, as well as within rooms beneath it, to monitor hourly temperature fluctuations. The findings indicate a significant reduction in internal room temperatures in areas with rooftop gardens, ranging from 4 to 11 °C, depending on the time of year and sun's position, compared to rooms with fully exposed roof configurations. Additionally, simulation studies were performed to validate these findings, suggesting that optimizing the distribution of soil beds and plant density across the roof could yield an additional temperature reduction of 3–4 °C, resulting in an overall difference of up to 14–15 °C. The study highlights the efficacy of rooftop gardens in providing cooling effects during daylight hours and maintaining temperature parity post-sunset. Through analysis of sensor data, the research elucidates the intricate relationship between green infrastructure and thermal comfort, offering insights for energy-efficient building design and resilient urban planning. The findings underscore the potential of rooftop gardens in fostering a more comfortable, energy-efficient, and sustainable urban living environment.

How hydrological components of urban blue space influence the thermal milieu?

Present study examines the possible improvement of thermal discomfort mitigation. Unlike prior researches, which focused primarily on cooling effects of urban blue space, this study, instead of physical presence of blue space considers its hydrological components. The aim of the study is to better understand the role hydrological components like water consistency depth etc. In temperature regulation. The work uses field surveys and modeling to demonstrate how these hydrological factors influence the cooling effect of blue space, providing insights on urban thermal management. To fulfill the purpose, spatial association of hydrological components blue space with its thermal environment and cooling effects was assessed. The control of hydrological components on the surrounding air temperature was examined by conducting case studies. Resultsreveals greater hydro-duration, deeper water, and higher Water Presence Frequency (WPF) produce greater cooling effects. The study demonstrates a favorable correlation between hydrological richness and temperature reduction. The study also analyzes how land use and wetland size affect temperature, emphasizing the significance of hydrological conservation and restoration for successful temperature mitigation. Due to their hydrology, larger wetlands are able to moderate temperature to some extent, whereas smaller, fragmented wetlands being hydrologically poor are not so influential in this regard.With these results, the present study reaches beyond to the general understanding regarding the cooling effects of the urban blue spaces. While the previous studies primarily focused on estimating the cooling effect of urban blue space, the current one shows its synchronization with the hydrological characteristics. Novelty also entrusts here, through the modeling and field survey current study demonstrates deeper and consistent water coverage in the urban blue space for maximum period of a year pronounces the cooling effect. In addition, in this cooling effect, the role of land use which is a strong determinant of many aspects of the urban environment is also highlighted. Since all these findings define specific hydrological feature, the study has several practical implications. Mare restoration of urban blue space is not enough to mitigate the thermal discomfort. In order to optimize the cooling effect, the conservation of the hydrological richness is essential. The hydrological richness of the smaller wetlands and the edge of the larger wetlands is to be improved. The connection of these wetlands with the adjacent mighty may strengthen the hydrology. The vegetation was found to promote the cooling effect whereas shorter building helped in spreading the cooling effect. Such finding drives to incorporate the blue space with the green infrastructure along with restricting the building height atleast at the edge of the blue space.

Urban biodiversity and design in time of (post)pandemics: research perspectives from URBIO international network

AbstractReflecting on the insights from research development within Urban Biodiversity and Design Network (URBIO), this paper attempts to link the consequences of current global changes (ongoing urbanization, biodiversity loss, land-use changes, globalization, etc.) to the emergence and outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyses the main outcomes of the URBIO webinar (December 2021) and the URBIO conference (November 2022) and the results of the questionnaire survey among the URBIO experts on the impact of COVID-19 on the biodiversity, design and society in their local contexts as well as on the ongoing and future URBIO research directions. The survey also enabled to explore and assess a wide diversity of human-nature interactions as well as the novel actions and adaptation strategies established to have positive outcomes for both humans and nature. The results revealed the following aspects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: silence, social distancing, isolation, conflict ideologies, and declined recreational and other human activities. Experts noticed the increase of urban green space visitation and interest in nature. The majority of the experts confirmed the impact (both positive and negative) of the COVID-19 on biodiversity and environment. General positive aspects refer to the value/significance of nature and biodiversity/wildlife and especially the contact with nature (“time outdoor”, “time spent with family”, “inspiration from nature” and “enjoying nature”). The positive consequence of the COVID-19 measures was also the improvement of wildlife habitats and the increase of spontaneous flora as well as fauna species. Experts confirmed the lower/decreased level of pollution, noise, traffic, light, anthropogenic pressure/impact, number of tourists, vehicles as well as less garbage. The analysis of leading research themes among the URBIO conference participants confirmed that the biggest number of presenters and participants were on the topic of biodiversity integration in urban planning, green infrastructure, and landscape design projects. Another popular theme was ecological restoration and urban wildlife and plant biodiversity. One particular research direction that emerged recently and clearly pronounced at URBIO 2022 was urban biodiversity in times of climate change and post-pandemics.

Modelling social and societal mechanisms as decision tools for sustainable infrastructures production for common good concern in developing countries: CGC–APDC

ABSTRACT Generally organised in various association forms, population of developing countries gather their different efforts to set up infrastructures and useful constructions for their well-being. Understanding how they carry out construction projects makes possible to identify components of process used for their development. This paper’s aim is to formulate a new organisational model including all those populations’ means and facilitates individual’s participation for common good infrastructures through a managing tool. To achieve this aim, proposed model takes into account social, economic, technical matters. In fact, it builds a strategy to organise all means, contributions and efforts to rise up large-scale project with individual’s characteristics and involvement. It strives Social and Solidarity Economy and organises communities’ efforts for a general growth. With CGC – APDC process proposed, populations become real vectors of construction and it enables them to boost the development of their community while improving the projects quality and relevance.