Green Grasshopper Research Articles

Bio-insecticidal Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana Vuill. Strains against Tettigonia viridissima L. in Tobacco

The green grasshopper (Tettigonia viridissima L.) is a species which attacks tobacco plants. The purpose of the present study was to establish the bio-insecticidal efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana Vuill. strains 214, 644, and 733 on the growth and development of T. viridissima in tobacco. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions. The study found insecticidal effects of the B. bassiana strains 214, 644, and 733 against T. viridissima. Surviving of larvae was monitored at 5-day intervals until the 15th day after treatment with a spore suspension of the tested Beauveria strains. The highest virulence of the tested fungi was shown by strain 644, followed by strains 214 and 733. On the 5th day after treatment, no efficacy against T. viridissima larvae was detected. On the 10th day post-treatment strain 644 showed 66.7% efficacy, while efficacy against larvae of grasshoppers for the other two strains 214 and 733 was significantly lower: 33.3%. Efficacy gradually increased and on the 15th day post-treatment 100% mortality of T. viridissima was observed for all isolates. The results obtained from the virulence test of B. bassiana 214, 644, and 733 ascertain their application as biocontrol agents in tobacco production under field conditions.

IDENTIFIKASI SERANGGA (INSEKTA) YANG MERUGIKAN PADA TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT DI DESA SISARAHILI EKHOLO KECAMATAN LOLOWAU KABUPATEN NIAS SEALATAN

Agriculture is an activity of utilizing biological resources by humans to produce food, industrial raw materials with the aim of fulfilling their needs. Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a horticultural commodity that has important economic value in Indonesia, so chili cultivation is very attractive to farmers. This study aims to determine the types of insects that are detrimental to chili plants. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. This research was conducted from 16 December to 12 January 2023. This research was also carried out in the village of Sisarahili Ekholo, Lolowa'u District, Nias Selatan Regency. Identification is one of the ways or actions taken to find out the description of something being studied as a determinant or determination of identity, one example is insects (Insecta). Insects as a component of biodiversity have an important role in agricultural ecosystems, namely as herbivores, parasitoids, predators and environmental bioindicators. Based on the results of the research and discussion, it was found that the research obtained several types of insects, namely green grasshoppers (Atractomorpha), stinging bugs, stem and shoot borer insects (Scirpophaga innotata), green ladybugs (Hemiptera), and caterpillars. Suggestions from researchers are that people should be able to use appropriate techniques in exterminating insects on rice plants, because not all types of insects found on rice plants are harmful but some are beneficial such as: bees, butterflies and dragonflies and several other types of insects .

On colour variability of the common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in northwestern Russia

The diversity of colour forms in the common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus, 1758) in 19 localities of the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov provinces and adjacent districts of the Vologda and Tver provinces is studied. It has been established that the common green grasshopper is represented by three colour forms: rubiginosa (top and sides of brownish or greyish tones), hyalosuperficies (green top, greyish or brownish sides) and viridis (green top and sides). The most characteristic form for males is rubiginosa, for females is hyalosuperficies, while females of the form rubiginosa and (especially) males of the hyalosuperficies form are extremely rare. The proportion of specimens of the form viridis does not depend on sex, does not depend on the natural zone in which the locality is situated, and nowhere exceeds a quarter of the total number of recorded specimens. To the east of the conventional line passing through the town of Chudovo and the settlement of Kresttsy, Novgorod Province, individuals of the form viridis are practically not found, there is only a single record of such a male. At the same time, the representation of the form viridis on different sides of the above-mentioned line is statistically significantly different. The data obtained are consistent with the results of our previous study carried out at 10 localities in the Novgorod and Pskov provinces. In addition, in terms of the representation of the form viridis, our data for northwestern Russia differ statistically significantly from the literature data published in the 1940s for the Scandinavian and British populations of the same species.

Identifikasi Serangan Serangga Hama di Pertanaman Padi (Oryza Sativa L.) di Lahan Persawahan Tinggarjaya

Rice crops is included into the family of Graminae that produces seeds from China. Rice Plant is the crops that produce rice, consumed approximately by 90 % from the whole citizens of Indonesia as the main food. This study aims to identify indect pest attacks in rice plantations in Tinggarjaya rice fields. From the results of the research that has been carried out, various kinds of insect pests were found in the Tinggarjaya rice fields. The main pests found were brown planthopper (N. Iguens), rice bug (Leptocorixa acuta), green grasshopper (Oxya serville), ground bedbug (Scotinophara coarctata F.), seed fly (Atherigona exigua), false white pest (Nymphula depunctalis guene), and green grasshopper (Atractomorpha crenulata). Each pest a different population density. Not all pests can be found at every stage of rice plant growth. The largest pest population was found in the generative stage.

Lagomorph grazing alters suitability of hillside grassland for Orthoptera

The effects of lagomorph grazing on the Orthoptera of a small hill at Lound Lakes (Suffolk, UK) were studied during the summer of 2020. The transect counts of Orthoptera revealed low sward height due to high rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) grazing on the high slopes which led to the general absence of tall grass species such as the Common Green Grasshopper Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Roesel's Bush-cricket Roeseliana roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822). Only nymphs and Field Grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg, 1815) adults were found in any number on the higher slopes, perhaps utilising the short swards and bare earth as basking habitat. The lower slopes and pastures supported tall-grass Orthoptera due to the absence of rabbit grazing and tussocky grassland.

Plant-based pesticide using citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) extract to control insect pests on rice plants

The main enemy in rice production is the attack of stinky bugs, brown planthoppers, grasshoppers, ladybugs, aphids, and others. This attack inhibits the growth of rice plants, thereby reducing production or even thwarting the harvest. Chemical pesticide application can reduce pests and diseases. However, the long-term use of chemical pesticides can disrupt the ecosystem. This study aims to study the application of plant-based pesticides to the presence of pests and predatory insects for rice plants. The research was begun with the preparation of citronella-based pesticide from citronella extract obtained by mixing citronella with water at a weight ratio of 2:1. The extract was mixed with water at a ratio of 1 liter for 50 ml of citronella extract. The application of the prepared pesticide was carried out by spraying 21-DAP (day after planting) rice plants at two plots sizing 400 m2 each. The types and numbers of pests and predatory insects were observed before every pesticide application. Spraying was repeated weekly for the following 4 weeks. Results showed a decrease of insects in experimental plots A and B after the application of pesticides. After the fourth application, only one type of insect (green grasshopper) was found in plot A, and no insect was found in plot B. However, four types of insects were found in the control plot. The application of citronella-based pesticides is also related to the decrease of predatory insects’ population.

INVENTARISASI HAMA AKIBAT PERLAKUAN MACAM JARAK TANAM TERHADAP TIGA VARIETAS KEDELAI Glycine max (L) Merill

The purpose of this research was to investory the types of pest from the symptoms and signs of damage from variouse types of planting distance on there of soybean. This research was conducted in April 2019 until Juli 2019, a research site in Gatak Hamlet, Senting Village, Sambi Subdistrict, Boyolalai Regency with Grumosol soil types and altitude ± 200 meters above sea level. This study uses a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) arranged in Split Plots consisting of 2 treatment factors, namely the type of soybean (V) as the main plot an planting distance (J) as a sub plot, so 9 treatment combinations were obtained and each was repeated 3 times. The results showed (1) The types of pest found at the time of the study were green grasshopper pest with the highest attack intensity in the treatment Grobogan of varieties with planting distance 30 cm x 40 cm (V1J3), wich was an average 0f 29.79%. Caterpillar leaves pest with the highest attack intensity in the treatment Grobogan of varieties with planting distance 30 cm x 40 cm (V1J3), wich was an average 0f 30%, Anjasmoro of varieties with planting distance 30 cm x 20 cm (V2J1), wich was an average 0f 30%, Grobogan of varieties with planting distance 30 cm x 30 cm (V2J2), wich was an average of 30%. Pod borer pest with the highest attack intensity in the treatment Anjasmoro of varieties with planting distance 30 cm x 30 cm wich was an average of 29,97% (2) The provision of spasing 30 cm x 40 cm does significantly affect the intensity of pest attacks on three types of soybean (3) Grobogan of varieties and spasing 30 cm x 40 cm (V1J3) had the highest the number of pods yields which was an average of 88 pods, the pod weight 60,11 gram/m2, and yield of seed weight 16,95 gram/m2. And the highest the number of seeds yields had the highest on Grobogan of varieties and spasing 30 cm x 40 cm which was an average 143,56 seeds, and on Grobogan varieties with planting distance 30 cm x 30 cm of was an average 13,60 gram/m2.

Insect Pests Associated With Ornamental Plants


 The experiment was conducted during winter season 2014-15 at Sindh Agriculture University Nursery, Tandojam, Pakistan. Five ornamental plants viz; ixora, chrysanthemum, vine, sunflower and jasmine were kept under observation. Collection was done once a week through in situ and sweep net methods. Data was collected by examining 10 randomly selected plants of each ornamental plant species. The collected specimens were brought in the laboratory and identified at species level. The results indicated that there were 24 insect species found active on the ornamental plant species during study period. However, aphid, shield bug, flower feeder, white ant, whitefly, red spider mite and mealy bug were found the most active on Ixora. Aphids, leaf miner, flower feeder, green grass hopper, midges, earwigs and whitefly were found associated with Chrysanthemum. Similarly, aphid, blister mite, mealy bug, midges, red mite and whitefly were found active on vine ornamental creeper. The insects found active on sunflower were aphids, butterfly, green grass hopper, hairy caterpillar, head borer, leaf hopper, midges, ground beetle, red spider mite and white ants. Jasmine plant harboured red spider mite, whitefly, jasmine bug, leaf hopper, white ant and green grass hopper. Among beneficial insects such as predators, pollinators and parasitoids, the green lacewing, honey bee, hoverfly, Trichogramma, praying mantis, zigzag beetle and Tachinid fly were the active insects on all ornamental plants kept under observation. Aphids were found frequently occurring on most of the ornamental plants.
 

SERANGAN HAMA PENGGEREK DAUN PADA TEGAKAN DAMAR (Agathis alba) di NEGERI HUNITETU, KECAMATAN INAMOSOL, KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Forest damage is not only caused by human activity, but can also be caused by other causes such as pest attacks. The purpose of this study was to determine the intensity and extent of leaf borer infestation in Damar stands in Hunitetu village of, Inomosol subdistrict, West Seram Regency. The method used in this study is the survey method. The results of the study showed that the leaves pests in the damar stands were green grasshopper (Atractomorpa crenulata) and snout beetles (Hylobius sp), with an intensity of damage of 11.00% for green grasshoppers (Atractomorpa crenulata) and 2.70% caused by snout beetles (Hylobius sp). Both are in the category of minor attacks. While the broadattack of green grasshopper's (Atractomorpa crenulata) of 50.20% belongs to category of severe attack and snout beetle (Hylobius sp), amounting to 43.89% belonging to the category of moderate attacks.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Pisang Klutuk di Desa Puhu Kecamatan Payangan Kabupaten Gianyar

Income Analysis of Klutuk Bananas at Puhu Village Payangan District Gianyar Regency
 This study aims to determine costs used, revenue and income of klutuk banana farming. The location of the research was determined purposively at Puhu Village, Payangan District, Gianyar Regency. The population in this study was klutuk banana farmers at Puhu Village, Payangan District, Gianyar Regency. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling method. Samples in this study were 55 respondents of farmers determined by using Slovin method. This research uses descriptive quantitative and qualitative to calculate income of klutuk banana cultivation at Puhu Village. The results of this study show that average farm income received by farmers was Rp 3,503,207 in the first year and in the second year at amount Rp 4,401,317. Technical obstacles experienced by farmers on klutuk banana farming at Puhu Village were the existence of green grasshopper and strong wind. Hindrance from the economic point of view was price fluctuations between wet and dry seasons.

ORTHOPTERA CAPTURADOS EM ARMADILHA DE SOLO, NA CULTURA DA SOJA SOB DOIS SISTEMAS DE CULTIVO

ORTHOPTERA CAPTURADOS EM ARMADILHA DE SOLO, NA CULTURA DA SOJA SOB DOIS SISTEMAS DE CULTIVO

Precipitation and Habitat Degradation Influence the Occurrence of the Common Green GrasshopperOmocestus viridulusin Southeastern England

Abstract Insects of mesic and hydric habitats may be affected by increased frequency of summer droughts brought about by climate change, in addition to habitat degradation caused by scrub encroachment. The common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus prefers moist grassland and is relatively rare in the County of Essex, perhaps being limited by low precipitation in southeastern England. The abundance and distribution of O. viridulus populations were compared for high- (Epping Forest) and low-precipitation areas using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. Populations were aggregated in Epping Forest (population isolation: 1 km), a high precipitation area (ca 69 cm precipitation/yr), and present on both well and poorly drained soils where acid grassland/wet heathland occurred. Outside of the Forest, where precipitation was generally lower (ca 58 cm/yr), populations of this grasshopper were highly isolated (isolation: 4 km) and more often present on clay soils with high water retention in winter/ear...

Are color or high rearing density related to migratory polyphenism in the band-winged grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus?

Locusts represent an impressive example of migratory polyphenism, with high densities triggering a switch from a solitarious, shorter dispersal range, and sometimes greenish phenotype to a gregarious and sometimes darker form exhibiting behavioral, morphological and physiological traits associated with long-distance migratory swarms. While such polyphenism has been well documented in Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria, the extent to which other grasshoppers exhibit this type of migratory polyphenism is unclear. Anecdotally, the Chinese grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus, forms migratory swarms comprised mostly of a darker, brown-colored morph, but also exhibits a non-migratory green-colored morph that predominates at low densities. In a population in Inner Mongolia not currently exhibiting migratory swarms, we found that while green and brown O. asiaticus are found concurrently across our sampled range, only brown grasshoppers were found in high densities. Differences between field-collected brown and green forms matched some but not key predictions associated with the hypothesis that the brown form is morphologically and physiologically specialized for gregarious migration. Controlling for body mass, brown forms had more massive thoraxes, abdomens and legs, and higher metabolic rates, but not more flight muscle or lipid stores. Further, the brown and green grasshoppers did not differ in gregarious behavior, and neither would fly in multiple lab and field trials. Lab or field-rearing at high densities for one-to-multiple juvenile instars caused grasshoppers to exhibit some morphological traits predicted to benefit migration (larger wings and a shift in relative mass from abdomen to thorax), but did not change color or induce flight behavior. One hypothesis to explain these data is that a migratory form of O. asiaticus is partially triggered by high field densities, but that existing ecological conditions blocked full expression of such traits (and outbreak swarms). Alternatively, color variation in this species may more tightly linked to other functions in this species such as crypsis or disease resistance, and mechanisms other than late-juvenile rearing density (e.g. genetic variation, maternal effects) may be more critical for promoting variation in color and/or migratory polyphenism.

Effect of Processing Methods on the In Vitro Protein Digestibility and Vitamin Content of Edible Winged Termite (Macrotermes subhylanus) and Grasshopper (Ruspolia differens)

The influence of processing methods of toasting and solar drying on the in vitro protein digestibility and vitamins content of edible winged termites, green grasshoppers, and brown grasshoppers consumed in Siaya, district of Kenya, was determined using standard methods. Analysis was done on fresh, toasted, toasted dried, and fresh dried insect samples. There was no significant change (p > 0.05) in protein digestibility in the termite samples, while a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in the grasshopper samples was observed on toasting and drying. There was a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in riboflavin content with 4.18 mg/100 g in fresh termites, 2.76 mg/100 g in toasted termites, 2.26 mg/100 g in fresh dried termites, and 1.50 mg/100 g in toasted dried termites on processing. There was also a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in niacin content in the grasshoppers with 3.61 mg/100 g in fresh green grasshopper, 3.28 mg/100 g in toasted green grasshopper, 3.22 mg/100 g in fresh dried green grasshoppers, and 3.06 mg/100 g in toasted dried green grasshoppers. A significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in retinol content with 2.24 μg/g in fresh termites, 1.56 μg/g in toasted termites, 1.02 μg/g in toasted dried termites, and 0.98 μg/g in fresh dried termites was also reported. The processing methods of the insects affected their nutrient potential as evidenced by the changes in protein digestibility and vitamins content. Therefore, optimal processing methods need to be investigated even as we promote commercialization of these insects.

The Life-History and Habits of the Digger-Wasp Ammobia pennsylvanica (Linn.)

Peter Collinson (1749) reported to the Royal Society of London the habits of the Great Black Wasp of Pennsylvania, as communicated to him by John Bartram of Philadelphia. The drawings of the wasp and of her large green grasshoppers leave little doubt that they represent Ammobia pennsylvanica and her katydids, the first solitary digger-wasp of America to have its habits described. Linnaeus (1767) named her Sphex pennsylvanicus and with the exception of Fabricius (1804), who named her Pepsis pennsylvanica, all other taxonomists down to 1907 retained Linnaeus' designation. Since then the name has undergone the following changes; Fernald (1907), Chlorion (Proterosphex) pennsylvanicum; Rohwer (1911), Ammobia pennsylvanica; Fernald (1931), Chlorion (Ammobia) pennsylvanicum. Rohwer's designation is retained here because Ammobia is regarded as a genus. Fernald's 1907 paper gives a list of taxonomic references.

Insect Behaviour 1

IT was on a Harmas (an untilled, pebbly bit of land) in Provence that Fabre, after heroic struggles, opened his “laboratory of living entomology, ” where, undisturbed, he might “pry into life.” “Never, in my insect-hunting memories, have I seen so large a population at a single spot; all the occupations have made it their rallying-point. Here come hunters of every kind of game, builders in clay, weavers of cotton goods, collectors of pieces cut from a leaf or the petals of a flower, architects in pasteboard, plasterers mixing mortar, carpenters boring wood, miners digging underground galleries, artificers handling goldbeaters' skin, and many more.” What a place for studying those inborn capacities for effective behaviour which we label instinctive! What disclosures this inimitable observer gives us—the sounds of the midsummer night from the tinkling of toads to the death-wail of the surprised cicada, the green grasshopper's strange banquet off her fertilising capsule, the quick and fatal bite which the “devilkin” or Empusa gives on the back of the butterfly's neck; the beautifully finished cupolas made by Eumenes wasps out of minute pebbles and mortar, and stored with half-paralysed caterpillars, the food for the grub which hatches out of the egg cleverly suspended from the roof; the way the glow-worm deals with snails, first chloroforming them and then drinking them, for the flesh has to be liquefied into a broth before it can be used. Fabres words suggest that the liquid passes up the hollow mandibles to the mouth, but there seems some doubt on this point, as may be seen by comparing the recent observations of Miss Kathleen Haddoh with those of Prof. Bugnion.

NOTES ON THE LOCUSTIDÆ OF ONTARIO

14. Orchelumum vulgare, Harr. The Common Meadow Grasshopper.Orchelimun vulgare, Harr., Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, 162.Xiphidium agile, Redtenb., Verh. zoo.bot.ges., Wien., 1891, 186 (in part).Orchelimum agile, Scudd., Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Sc., VIII., 1900, 73.

NOTES ON THE LOCUSTIDÆ OF ONTARIO

The Locustidæ (Tettigonidæ Rehn), comprise the long-horned or green grasshoppers, katydids and camel or stone crickets. They have for the most part of southern distribution, and hence are but poorly represented in Ontario, except in the south-western part, to which the majority of the species are confined.

Protective Mimicry

MR. BATESON'S letter on “Aggressive Mimicry” (NATURE, October 20) recalls to my mind a curious case of protective mimicry which came under my notice last August on Dartmoor. Large patches of the heath had been burnt, a common practice on the moorlands to ensure a fresh young growth for the sheep. The whole ground was alive with a common species of orthoptera (Locustina), the small green grasshopper with short antennæ. They leapt aside at every step in the short grass and scrubby heath; upon the burnt patches they were equally numerous, but with this difference—all, without exception, were coal black on abdomen, thorax, and head, whilst the wings were of an ashen hue. So much did the colour adaptation resemble the blackened turf and heath they hopped amongst it was almost impossible to follow them with the eye; we made many amusing attempts, but were nearly always defeated. I measured one of these burnt patches, and found it to be from thirty to forty yards square. A yard or two from this, on the untouched herbage all the Locustina were bright green. I found one specimen on the borderland in a transition state, not dull all over as I had expected, but in spots and patches of bright green and black. One enemy at least of these insects abounded on the moor, namely, the common lizard (Zootæa vivipara), for I have observed there is no food lizards will eat more greedily than grasshoppers. I have seen some that I have in captivity swallow twenty or thirty in two or three minutes, even after their usual meal of worms. They always became greatly excited, if one may apply so warm an expression to such cold-blooded animals, and rushed about the case when a collection of live grasshoppers were thrown to them. Certainly I was much struck by the rapid action of the power possessed by these Locustina on Dartmoor of assimilation to environment, and did not doubt but that this colour adaptation was for the purpose of protection, the eye producing by reflex action the change in the pigment cells.