Green Forest Research Articles

Український пісенний феномен (на матеріалі пісні «Шум» у виконанні гурту «Go_A»)

Purpose: to investigate the Ukrainian song as means of consolidation of nation and find out, what the phenomenon of the song «Noise» performed by the band «Go_A» consists in. Research is carried out by means of descriptive method, it is made theoretical analysis of literature, critical analysis of researches, it is applied the method of selection and systematization of material, the method of supervision, synthesis. Folklorists have already been studying the song «Noise» over one hundred and fifty years: 1) it was investigated by М. Maksymovych, B. Hrinchenko, М. Hrushevskyi and others; 2) the «Noise» is a very old Ukrainian vesnianka (spring folk song) that originates from pre-christian times and rituals related to nature, with its spring awakening; 3) the «Noise» is personification: well-organized energy, green forest, character of noise of the first spring greenery, God of the forest. Haivka (spring song) is the ancient name of round dances that was saved yet from the time, when our ancestors carried out ceremonial songs and dances in the protected groves round sacred trees. Aboriginal vesnianky (spring folk songs)-haivky are syncretic – singing and motion, words and action, song and dance are combined in them. Phenomenon of the song «Noise» that was presented on a song competition Eurovision by the Ukrainian electro-folk band «Go_A», consists in that on a background of «sleek and inexpressive pop songs» that sounded mainly in English, Ukrainian performers, leaning against old Ukrainian folklore traditions, offered to Europe Ukrainian powerful and catching «spring hymn» in a style of techno, that was perceived with gladness and fascination by European listener audience. Thus, firstly, Ukrainian haivka (spring song) became a world hit in 2021; secondly, the band «Go_A», keeping national identity, popularizes Ukraine, Ukrainian language and Ukrainian song; thirdly, it consolidates Ukrainian society; fourthly, it engages young people in patriotic education. Summarizing, it is possible to establish with confidence: 1) Ukrainian language and Ukrainian song are indivisible as they are organically interdependent and are the basic criteria of originality of nation; 2) the Ukrainian song as well as language unites nation; 3) we found out, firstly, that the old Ukrainian vesnianka (spring folk song) «Noise» became the basis of the song «Noise» of the Ukrainian band «Go_A»; secondly, we made sure that vesnianky (spring folk songs) and haivky (spring songs) were not identical concepts, as varieties of vesnianky (spring folk songs) are haivky – songs that were performed only in time of the Easter holidays; vesnianky (spring folk songs) are a cycle of spring songs that are sung from the Annunciation.

Medium and large-sized mammals in dry forests of the Colombian Caribbean

Mammalian populations are fundamental at functional and ecological levels within ecosystems and are inconstant threat of reduction world wide and in the Neotropic. We evaluated population variables, habitat use, and threats to medium and large mammals (weight > 1 kg) in the terrestrial part of the Tayrona National Natural Park (Santa Marta-Colombia). We carried out in direct annual observations with camera traps between 2012 and 2017, both in rainy and dry seasons. We estimated the richness, relative abundance (RAI), and functional diversity of the mammals present in the area. We recorded 15 species, distributed in seven orders (Carnivora, Rodentia, Pilosa, Cingulata, Lagomorpha, Didelphimorphia, and Cetartiodactyla), 11 families and 13 genera. The species with the highest capture frequency was Dasyprocta punctata (142, RAI = 0.85), followed by Cuniculus paca (56, RAI = 0.33), Odocoileus virginianus (51, RAI = 0.30), and Cerdocyon thous (41, RAI = 0.24). We observed a marked use and preference of habitat in the seasonal dry ever green forest. This finding coincides with the highest value of functional richness (S1= 293.88) for this ecosystem, probably due to its features, such as green vegetation and abundant water streams. Our results reveal stability of the species richness across the years studied, suggesting good health of the mammal populations in the studied area.

Structure of forestry fund plots of the green belt of Zhytomyr city

The city of Zhytomyr is one of the settlements of Ukraine with large areas of green forestry. Due to the lack of up-to-date integrated information on the characteristics of the city's suburban forests, the forestry fund of three enterprises was analysed, the forests of which actually form a green belt. According to the results of the analysis of forest management information, it was determined that about 58% of the area of suburban forests belongs to the forestry-based part. Accordingly, the share of areas of parklands of the green belt of the city is 42%. For each of the parts, the area of plots was divided into categories, predominant species, age groups, forest types, the presence of features in the sections. Areas of forest parks are mostly covered with forests, the share of which reaches 91% against 89% in the forestry part. By age, the forest stands in parklands are slightly older. It is established that the species and typological structure of forests of both zones differ. Forest vegetation conditions in the forestry part of the green belt forests are richer, which has led to the allocation of more forest types, more diverse species composition of plantations, the predominance of oak forest stands. In the suburban forests, due to the drying up of hayfields and more than half of the swamps, over a third of their area was found to be overgrown with trees and shrubs. The areas of hayfields and swamps were divided according to their types and uses. Areas with important features for recreation include areas with species, drinking water sources, monuments, landscaping elements, age-old trees, small lawns, biotechnical facilities, as well as tracts that constitute monuments of landscape art, places of memorable events, settlements of rare animals and birds. It is discovered that in the forests of the green belt of Zhytomyr, there are significant areas with actual berrying grounds (430 ha) and medicinal plants of industrial importance (179 ha). Berries are represented only by blueberries and strawberries, the projective coverage of which varies from 5% to 35%. In the future, the studies on determination of the level of recreational use of sites that have features valuable for recreation, improvement elements and berry fields are considered to be promising

Perempuan dan Lingkungan : Keterlibatan Perempuan Kamboja dalam Program UN- REDD+ Periode 2008-2019

Cambodia is a country with the third-highest rate of deforestation in theworld. In 2016, for example, Cambodia lost 28,612 square kilometersof green forest and 87,424 square kilometers of permanent forest. Thislarge number of deforestations, in the end, raises national problems, bothpolitical, economic, and social. The shifting role of women, especiallyCambodian women who depend on forest resources, is one of the effectsof the environmental degradation that happened in the country. If womencould always depend on nature in the past, now women have to worktwice as much to meet their needs. Efforts to reduce global environmentalproblems in the United Nations Reducing Emissions for Deforestationand Degradation (UN-REDD+) program in 2008 have become a breathof fresh air for Cambodia’s environmental problems. In this article, theauthor describes the role of Cambodian women’s involvement in the UNREDD+ program in 2008-2019 to address environmental and climatechange that occurred in the country.

West Bengal -A Tourist Destination Comparative Analysis of BengalTourism Business Model with Kerala & Gujarat

West Bengal is a unique state of India that is gifted with all tourism ingredients to address the need of all type of tourists. With the Himalayan range on the north to Bay of Bengal in the south, lush green forest and wide range of historic evidence & Pilgrim destinations; West Bengal has varied option of tourism products to offer to its tourists. But in the context of tourism market Bengal is still a backbencher as compared to the other Indian states that have marched way ahead of Bengal. Tourism being one of the major contributing industries, its sustainable development is extremely important for an economy to capitalize. This paper is a study report on Bengal’s marketing mix inadequacies and finding and mixing consistent attributes to identify West Bengal as a preferred destination and distinguish it through positive image building, i.e., how tourists perceive West Bengal in their minds. A comparison of Tourism Business Model of West Bengal is done with that of Kerala and Gujarat to critically analyze the gap in Marketing West Bengal tourism.

POLA PERJALANAN DAN PENGELUARAN WISATAWAN MILENIAL KE BALI

The trend of world tourism, especially in the dimension of tourists as travelers. The current phenomenon is that millennial tourists are the most potential types of tourists for Bali tourism at this time. Bali as a central tourist area in Indonesia, and world tourist destinations have the potential to support tourism growth. These potentials include human potential and culture. Beautiful and ideal natural panorama, green forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and rice fields that stretch with terraces and beautiful beaches with a variety of black and white sand. This study aims to determine the trend of millennial tourist trips during their trips in Bali and to find out the travel patterns and spending patterns of millennial tourists during their tour activities in Bali. This study uses descriptive qualitative-quantitative data analysis (mix method). The sample was determined purposively amounting to 100 millennial tourists who traveled to Bali. Data collection techniques are observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The study results show that the pattern of millennial tourists traveling to Bali is that the millennial tourists are tourists who have come more than once, with trips dominated by airplanes to Bali, in their activities tourists prefer social media as a source of information, preferring to take selfies on tourist attraction, use a private rental vehicle. Millennial tourists spending patterns, dominated by accommodation, souvenirs, attractions, rental vehicles and food and beverages. In the selection of accommodation, attractions and food and drinks are more influenced by social media which is the source of his recommendations.

Environmental design: a new, sustainable era

As the world recognises the importance of reversing environmental damage, sustainable practices are increasingly adopted in all facets of life. Growing urban populations are resulting in environmental and urban problems, which necessitate sustainable solutions. Japan has long been a country that has embraced sustainability and this encompasses sustainable design and sustainable cities. Key to the concept of sustainable cities is recovering green areas, fields and forests, alongside reducing excessive fuel use, devising new energy saving systems and, of course, sustainability.

The Features of Floristic Composition and Community Structure of the Birch Forests in the Forest-to-Bog Ecotones in the South of the Vasyugan Plain

The present study addresses the floristic composition and ecological and community structure of paludified birch forests (peat depth reaching 30 cm) in the southern taiga. The growing conditions were evaluated based on the indicator values of plants and soil chemical properties. The study plots were located on transects directed from upland forests through peripheral wetland forests to bogs, which are situated in topographic lows, at the North-East edge of the Great Vasyugan mire. The sites of the forest-to-bog ecotone that are transformed to various degrees by the bog water regime are considered as successive stages of paludification. Because of the high carbonate content of the soil-forming rocks dominated by heavy clay particles and waterlogging by ground-mire waters, wet green forests without a developed moss cover form here on rich peat-humus soils at the initial stages of hydromorphic transformation of the plant community. This is in contrast to typical plant successions, which develop on carbonate-free sediments and whose development is associated with the effect of acid bog waters. Reed grass (Calamagrostis phragmitoides C. Hartman) dominates the ground vegetation, which also includes sedges (Carex canescens L., C. vaginata Tausch., C. disperma Dew.). The high contents of mineral nutrients in organics-accumulating dark humus soils determines the high floristic diversity of paludified birch forests, comparable with the diversity of upland communities. A significant part of the ground cover of these forests (25% of the species composition, up to 50% of the projective cover) is represented by nutrient-demanding forest- and meadow-swamp plant species, which commonly occur in eutrophic boreal forested swamps of West Siberia with groundwater input. These species are absent in the mesotrophic paludified taiga forests. At a later stage of hydromorphic transformation, pine-birch shrub-moss forests form on peat-humus-gley and peat-gley soils. As the nutrient availability of soils declines, the number of plant species decreases, and plant species with lower nutrient requirements begin to predominate. This leads to the ecological restructuring of wet communities and makes them similar to paludified forests on carbonate-free sediments; peat accumulation begins with the deposition of mesotrophic peat. Thus, a more substantial change occurs in the ecological structure of plant communities on high-carbonate clays during their hydromorphic transformation compared to the typical mesotrophic paludification of dark-coniferous forests on loams

Оценка экологического потенциала урбанизированной территории (на примере лесов зеленой зоны Владивостокской агломерации)

Оценка экологического потенциала урбанизированной территории (на примере лесов зеленой зоны Владивостокской агломерации)

РЕКРЕАЦИОННЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ СОМОВСКОГО ЛЕСНИЧЕСТВА ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ

Recreational use of forest resources is the most important for urban green forests. Every year the problem of satisfying the population growing needs for recreation in the forest, while ensuring its preservation, acquires special relevance. The main function of Somovskoe Forestry (Voronezh region) is environmental protection, which includes the implementation of protective, water conservation, and recreational functions. Grass pine forests are the most comfortable for vacationers in Somovskoe forestry. In the study, the recreational potential of the Somovskoe Forestry (Voronezh region) has been estimated based on the methods of various authors, types of landscapes, types and forms of recreation, stages of digression, planning and aesthetic value. It has been revealed that most of the plantations are occupied with a closed type of l of horizontal closeness. The predominant class of aesthetic evaluation of the examined stands is II. The largest area is occupied by the strata with III and IV stage of digression. The main types of recreation in the stands of Somovskoe forestry are everyday and camping ones. The main forms are off-road and road ones. The predominant class of aesthetic assessment is II (65% ± 3.2). It is a plantation with reduced visibility and patency. The recreational potential of the studied artificial pine plantations is not higher than class II. Recommendations on regulating the movement of vacationers with the goal of hindering the "development" of the entire forest area, the development of measures to improve the culture and discipline of recreants, to increase the sustainability and productivity of plantations have been given on the basis of research results.

Синтаксономия растительности карьеров на месте сведенных сосняков лишайниковых и зеленомошных (среднетаежная подзона европейского северо-востока России)

Синтаксономия растительности карьеров на месте сведенных сосняков лишайниковых и зеленомошных (среднетаежная подзона европейского северо-востока России)

Exploration of Medicinal Plants in North District of Tripura

Aim: To explore and document the prominent medicinal plants of North District of Tripura through medico-ethnobotanical survey (MEBS) tours. Materials and methods: Ethno-medico-botanical survey team collected plant specimens, digitally photographed and enlisted characters, and allotted a field number for each specimen in the field with global positioning system (GPS) reading. Collected plant specimens were pressed, processed, poisoned, rearranged, mounted, identified, documented, accessioned, and incorporated in the herbarium and followed by enlisting of medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurveda. Result and discussion: A total of 223 plant specimens of 178 genera of 73 families have been collected and digitally photographed from the forests of North district, Tripura and enlisted 98 medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurveda of listed and presented in the tabular form. The district populace consists of Tribes and non-tribes and follows traditional practices and traditional medicines prepared from plants available in their surrounding and from nearby forest. Summary and conclusion: The thickest and green forest in North District of Tripura is with rich biodiversity of medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurveda and herbal medicinal plants. As this area is rich in medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurveda can be used for the establishment of herbal pharmaceutical industry. It may play a very important role in job creation and social upliftment and also in the management of good health of tribes and non-tribes of Tripura and other states of India.

Tall herb dark coniferous forests as modern refugia of biological diversity of Northern Eurasia (on example of Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve)

Reconstruction of prehistoric forests can be based on restoring the areas of key species of plants and animals in those still preserved in refugiua which include tall herb forests. The main characteristic of unique boreal tall herb spruce-fir forests (association of Aconito septentrionalis-Piceetum obovatae) is presented in comparison with green moss spruce-fir forests (Eu-Piceetum abietis) that dominate in the taiga zone. Using the example of tall herb forests in the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve, we identified the following signs of intact forests of the Northern Eurasia: high diversity of vascular plant and moss species; full set of microsites connected with a tree-falls, well-defined gap-mosaic; diversity of ecological-coenotic groups; uneven-aged structure of tree species populations; fertile soil and rich soil biota; presence of broad-leaved forest markers such as ephemeroids (Corydalis solida, Anemone spp., Gagea spp., etc.); presence of broad-leaved tree species in paleo-spectra. The northern dark coniferous forests may also be regarded as historic refugiua because they were less disturbed by humans and probably less exposed to fire. Such model reconstructions will form the basis for developing methods for restoring the pre-anthropogenic dark coniferous (taiga) forests of Northern Eurasia.

Distribution Pattern and Seasonal Variation of Bird Species from Semi-Urban Area of Taungoo Environs

The environs of Taungoo Township, Bago Region are one of the high biodiversity areas in Myanmar, locating eastern side of the high mountain ranges of Middle Yoma. The dense of every green and deciduous forest in the middle Middle Yoma were logging since 10 - 20 years ago. The birds inhabiting in that area have to refuge in suitable habitats nearby. The resent status of bird species is needed to assess the diversity of birds with the respect to distribution and seasonal variation after the construction of Yangon-Nepyitaw, Myanmar after twenty years ago. A total of 50 species of 27 genera, 22 families under nine orders were recorded. That represented 44 resident species (32 terrestrial species and 12 water bird species), and 6 species of migratory birds (1 terrestrial species and 5 water bird species). As habitat utilization, 24 bird species in paddy fields, 21 species in scattered trees, 33 species in wetland and 25 species in forest habitat types were investigated. Some species used more than one habitat types. According to the assessment of abundance categories based on the calculation of individual numbers of the birds, abundant category (3 species), common bird (1 species), frequent category (5 species), uncommon category (3 species) and rare species (28 species) were categorized. Hence, bird community was still sustainable in this area. In the aspect of conservation status, all recorded bird species were under least concern categories, according to the IUCN Redlist in the study area.

Yelena MoskovichVirtuoso

work she declares herself androgynous and enters into a brief lesbian relationship. One of the most compelling aspects of the memoir is the author’s observations on life. Of being called the N-word she observes, “It would be the first but not last time some random antagonist would try to redeem history where I’m down and they’re standing.” Of the violence in the country she reveals, “I already know that the gun will be the only hero this country will ever have.” She calls Margaret Thatcher “an unchecked disease” as immigrant violence rages in London. She even supplies commentary on the Caribbean and black American tensions of the era. Then there is the host of unusual characters , her association with the Haitian American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, and her joining the group the Guerrilla Girls, for which she is best known. The work often reads as impressions committed to a diary and is often as raw as it is rewarding. Adele Newson-Horst Morgan State University Yelena Moskovich Virtuoso Columbus, Ohio. Two Dollar Radio. 2020. 272 pages. FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2019 in the UK, Yelena Moskovich’s Virtuoso has been rereleased for US audiences. A novel with surrealist overtones, much like Moskovich’s first novel, The Natashas (2016), Virtuoso is set bilaterally in Paris and Prague with a couple of unflattering US cities thrown in for good measure. It is primarily a tale of lesbian friendships and romantic relationships, and Moskovich handles both deftly. Friends Jana and Zorka both grew up in communist Prague and share a forever bond. It may not be too far-fetched to say that the ravenhaired , outrageous Zorka is the Freudian id belletrists like Földényi to guide their deepest level of understanding. This idea of science as the destroyer of all magic, as disallowing us anything outside of the purely material, is naïve and dangerous , particularly in a time often characterized as “post- truth.” Science does not claim that our first-person experience of feelings or consciousness are not real or somehow less real. For now, they are simply not in the scope of our scientific possibilities, and perhaps they will never be. Claiming an evolutionary purpose for love does not diminish our love for a child, partner, or parent. Instead, one may choose to view an understanding of how evolution of past life imbued us with the capacity for love as elevating, rather than diminishing it. One cannot shake the feeling that Föld ényi, along with other postmodernists, understands the Enlightenment to stand for replacing lush green forests with coal plants and conveyor belts, replacing harmony and unity with the dissolution of our selves in a gray mass of empty bodies, slouching through ever-expanding blobs of concrete and steel. A strikingly ignorant view of human development over the past three centuries, which has seen reason , science, and humanism—the ideals of the Enlightenment—staggeringly improve equality, life expectancy, education, health, happiness—nearly any metric you might devise to track the evolution of conditions of human life. However, Földényi’s critique does not only follow the usual postmodernist track but comes with a decisive religious spin. In “Mass and Spirit,” he claims that our souls have mass—in fact, “our souls are nothing other than the ‘condensation’ of the divine mass,” he writes. According to Földényi, labeling ourselves as dead and soulless “masses” lets us regard ourselves as the “prime movers of the universe,” usurping “the role of the Creator.” The indifference to our spiritual roots, the refutation of God and the divine, to him, are the ultimate causes of “increase in population, the growth of human density, the proliferation of megalopolises.” His equation is as simple as it is naïve: Man used to be with God. Then came the ideals and products of Enlightenment that broke this unity. Man has been lost and tormented ever since. It is important to discuss how community and spirituality can survive in a modern, agnostic society. Sadly, Földényi’s critique never moves in this direction. It remains wholly unclear how exactly and to what exactly we are to go back to. In “Mass...

Review: Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Art, Word, War. The British Library, London, England, 19 October 2018–19 February 2019

Exhibition Catalogue: Claire Breay and Joanna Story, eds., Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Art, Word, War . London, The British Library, 2018. 424 pp., full color illustration and maps, £25, ISBN: 9780712352079. To enter the British Library's landmark exhibition, visitors assumed King Edgar's place in the famous frontispiece to the 966 New Minster Charter, the image that also serves as the cover to Claire Breay and Joanna Story's intricate catalogue (where Edgar returns to his usual spot on fol. 2v; cat. 112, click link for an image). The male and female saints who ordinarily flank the king appeared as sentinels on the doorframe, ushering visitors into the exhibition space as their right hands holding attributes bent around the corners of the posts, making a gateway of cross and key. Having been greeted by figures due to reappear in the second half of the show, visitors next approached the fifth–sixth-century starting point for the exhibition's long chronological arc. A large photograph of green forest defined the initial installation space, along with a wall map depicting the movements of Picts, Dal Riata, Irish, Britons, Franks, Saxons, Frisians, Angles, and Jutes (this map inaugurating a magnificent set distributed throughout the galleries and abbreviated in the catalogue, at pp. 398–403). The first vitrine set up a vivid confrontation, presenting the enigmatic earthenware figure sitting elbows to knees on the fifth-century urn lid found at Spong Hill, Norfolk (click link for an image). The opening of the exhibition established several themes key to the projects of the catalogue and installation. Beginning with the Spong Man's stare, “Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms” staged an extraordinary set of encounters with a range of objects, including 130 manuscripts. All the objects embody the centrality of the written word and its crafted media of transmission in the medieval history of (primarily) the land that is now England.1 The curators and catalogue authors effectively emphasized objects’ histories of movement as a factor just as crucial to the show's story as the works’ original …

Selection of Heat Tolerant Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Cultivars Grown in Deep Water Culture and Their Marketability

Lettuce is a cool season vegetable often produced in greenhouses and other protective structures to meet market demands. Greenhouses are being increasingly adopted in warm climate zones where excessive heat often leads to physiological disorders of lettuce, such as tipburn and premature bolting. Greenhouse lettuce growers in warm climates need cultivar recommendations that can help improve production without ignoring marketability. In the current study, eighteen lettuce cultivars were grown in deep water culture and evaluated for growth, bolting, and tipburn in a greenhouse in Auburn, AL, starting on 30 June and 19 August 2016. Based on the severity of bolting and tipburn, nine cultivars were then selected and evaluated on 17 November 2016 for sensory attributes and marketability by 50 untrained consumer panelists. Cultivars ‘Adriana’, ‘Aerostar’, ‘Monte Carlo’, ‘Nevada’, ‘Parris Island’, ‘Salvius’, ‘Skyphos’, and ‘Sparx’ were selected as having higher heat tolerance than cultivars ‘Bambi’, ‘Buttercrunch’ ‘Coastal Star’, ‘Flashy Trout Back’, ‘Green Forest’, ‘Green Towers’, ‘Jericho’, ‘Magenta’, and ‘Truchas’. Higher crispness, lower bitterness, higher overall texture, and higher overall flavor each correlated to higher marketability, regardless of cultivar, but the strongest predictor of marketability was overall flavor. Overall flavor and overall texture were more strongly correlated to marketability than bitterness and crispness, respectively, suggesting that broader sensory categories may better capture human sensory perceptions of lettuce than narrower categories. Cultivars ‘Aerostar’, ‘Monte Carlo’, ‘Nevada’, ‘Parris Island’, ‘Rex’, ‘Salvius’, and ‘Sparx’ performed well in a hot greenhouse and were preferred by consumers. This step-wise experiment could be an adaptable tool for determining highest performing cultivars under any given production constraint, without ignoring marketability.

Forest Village Community Empowerment through Multi-stake holder Partnership Program to form Sustainable Green Forests and Disaster Preparedness in Garut

The conversion of protected forest areas into horticultural crops occurs rapidly and massively in the upstream areas. This causes environmental damage, environmental pollution, and prone to natural disasters, such as landslide floods and forest fires. Along with the declining carrying capacity of the forest resources, a comprehensive, participatory, and sustainable forest management system with a partnership approach, economic development, environmental sustainability, and stake holder involvement is required. Multi-stake holder Forest Management is one alternative in reducing both forest area conversion and risk of natural disaster. Integrated programs are initiated from the inventory of natural and forest resources, mapping the forest villagers’ socio-economic conditions, joint planning of forest area management by involving stake holders, implementing community-based environmental awareness raising program, implementing rehabilitation and conservation in critical lands through transfer commodities and location. The technical and social assistance, and jointly-periodically monitoring and evaluation are also implemented as well. These programs have been executed to restore the function of forest area into sustainable forest and disaster alert.

Многолетняя динамика заболачивающихся сосняков в условиях

The results of studying long-term dynamics of the Darwin State Nature Biosphere Reserve forests happened to be in changed environmental conditions due to the influence of the Rybinsk reservoir are presented. Multi-year reservoir influence has significantly changed the environment of coastal areas, which resulted in necessity of studying the state of coastal forests. Dynamics studies of the forests were based on the principles of dynamic typology tested by I.S. Melekhov under study of early stages of anthropogenic forest life. The data we have obtained for mature and old growth forests bring in the significant changes to a concept of forest type stability at a stage of mature forest stand or formed type of forest. The studied forests do not remain their uniformity even throughout a single generation. The study object was waterlogging berry green moss pine forest growing in the indirect reservoir influence zone. Detailed description and analysis of various components of the studied forest type have been carried out for the purposes of studying the direction and speed of growth and development processes. The main attention was paid to the changes of forest live cover as an indicator of soil and hydrological conditions, forest stand, undergrowth and understorey. Conclusions on the direction and speed of changes in soils, their hydrological regime, the phytocenosis were drawn on the basis of data analysis obtained for the 70-year period on dynamics of different components of waterlogging berry green moss pine forest at the initial stage. It is essential in terms of dynamic typology to consider the studied forest type as a stage of relatively accelerated formation of blueberry green moss sphagnum pine forest at the middle waterlogging stage with a well-defined tendency to replacement of pine with spruce in new generation. These conclusions confirm the principles of I.S. Melekhov’s dynamic typology and have a significant meaning for forest science and practice, as well as carrying out the monitoring researches in the reserve. For citation: Mukhin A.K. Long-Term Dynamics of Waterlogging Pine Forests under the Reservoir Influence. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 3, pp. 17–31. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.3.17

Влияние густоты древостоя на формирование кроны и рост по диаметру сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Crown size determines tree’s life space formation, its growth and development. The research object was a middle-aged pine stand spatially included in the Krasnoyarsk island forest-steppe. The permanent trial plot of 0.15 ha size with over 300 trees was established in high-yield green moss pine forest. Each tree on the plot was mapped and assigned with an individual number; its diameter at breast height was measured. A large-scale survey of the trial plot with resolution of 25 cm was acquired using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The trial plot identification on the image and its matching with the land-based mapping data were performed in ArcMap. In this program crowns of all trees are outlined and areas of their projections are calculated using GIS-technology methods. The data analysis showed a close correlation between crown projection contours and areas and the field data. Dominance area (SОД) was used as an available resource valuation for a tree in the competition conditions in a forest stand. Dominance area is defined as an area, where each individual tree has dominating influence in space around it and obtains light and soil resource in assumption that this influence is directly proportional to sample size and inverse to squared distance to it. It was found that crowns of rare and medium density with projection area (Sкр) of 2…6 m2 are formed in case of a low dominance area (less than 6 m2). Crowns with SОД of 6…12 m2 have high density and projection area up to 10 m2 and length more than 40 % of tree height. The dynamics of tree radial increment after thinning at the age of 37 was studied depending on the dominance area increase. During 4 years after thinning, annual radial increment increases up to 2 times with increase of available resource. Regression analysis has shown strong correlation between crown projection area and dominance area with a correlation coefficient R = 0.84. Use of UAV is a promising, low-cost and effective technique of distance studying the tree stand structure. Office analysis of images allows to obtain crown projection area characteristics. These data can be used in improvement thinning and forming of even-aged pine stand canopy, which provide the maximum use of lightand soil resource and effective ecological forest functioning. For citation: Ivanov V.V., Borisov A.N., Petrenko A.E. Influence of Stand Density on Crown Formation and Growth along the Diameter of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 3, pp. 9–16. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.3.9 Funding: The research was carried out within the framework of fundamental scientific research programs of the Russian Academy of Sciences no. 0356-2016-0706. State Registration (TsITIS) no. АААА-А17-117101940014-9 “Theoretical Foundations for the Ecological and Resource Potential Conservation of Siberian Forests in the Conditions of Increasing Anthropogenic Pressure and Climatic Anomalies”. Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Rubtsov A.V. for the provided aerial photographic image of the forest site.