Green Coverage Ratio Research Articles

名古屋市とその周辺地域における熱環境シミュレーション

A three-dimensional numerical model for the simulation of urban heat islands is developed, and it is applied to Nagoya City and its suburbs. On the basis of the simulated results, the present state of thermal environment and the effect of improved plans in the area are discussed.The good performance of the model are confirmed by comparison of numerical results with in-situ data at a ypical day of summer. And the following characteristics of the thermal environment are obtained;1) A weak ascending current occurs in the urban area at night.2) A front of sea breeze is formed in the urban area in the daytime.The effect of improving the thermal environment is simulated in the two cases, one is the case of eliminating 50% of the actual artificial heat, the other is the case of increasing the green coverage ratio in urban area to 50%. The changes of air temperature, humidity and wind velocity are evaluated by comparison of the improved case with the actual case using this model.

EVALUATION MODEL OF THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT FOR URBAN IMPROVEMENT

Interests in residential environment have been raising with raising of subsistence level in recent years. In this needs, urban redevelopment requires to improve the infrastructures to rise the amenity of the environment.The purpose of this study is to establish an evaluation model of the residential environment, and to propose improvement guidelines in the future. This paper has three steps:The first step is to find a evaluation system of the residential environment with AHP (Analytic Hierarcy Process). The second is to quantify the amenity of the residential environment, using of Fuzzy Theory. The third is to examine the relation between the amenity and urban improvement with the comparison, and to propose improvement guidelines.Finally, this study shows that Fuzzy Theory is effective to evaluate the residential environment. And the result of applying this evaluation method to Tokyo area is that improvement districts before the WW2, where the environment level have been declining in recent years, strictly need urban redevelopment, and that the amenity is strongly influenced by the ratio of green coverage, and future redevelopment should be with increasing green areas and securing open spaces.

Lever and spring balances

In this paper, we model gender differences in cognitive ability in China using a new sample of middle-aged and older Chinese respondents. Modeled after the American Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), CHARLS respondents are 45 years and older and are nationally representative of the Chinese population in this age span. Our measures of cognition in CHARLS rely on two measures that proxy for different dimensions of adult cognition – episodic memory and intact mental status. We relate these cognitive measures to adult health and SES outcomes during the adult years. We find large cognitive differences to the detriment of women that were mitigated by large gender differences in education among these generations of Chinese people. These gender differences in cognition are especially concentrated in the older age groups and poorer communities within the sample.We also investigated historical, geographical, and cultural characteristics of communities to understand how they impact cognition. Economic development and environmental improvement such as having electricity, increases in wage per capita and green coverage ratio generally contribute to higher cognition ability. Women benefit more from the fruits of development – electricity and growth of green coverage ratio are conducive to lessening female disadvantage in cognition.