Green Aspects Research Articles

A Hybrid Supply Chain Risk Management Approach for Lean Green Performance Based on AHP, RCA and TRIZ: A Case Study

The purpose of this research work is to provide supply chain managers with a formal and generalizable approach that furnishes accurate guidelines to achieve a 2D performance integrating both Lean and Green. Despite the fact that several research works have been conducted in the framework of Lean and Green, at a conceptual level, the relationship between both paradigms is still ambiguous. Furthermore, the literature revealed a lack of relevant and generalizable approaches that explicitly demonstrate how to successfully implement Lean and Green in a relevant and integrated way. Since risks are the main obstacles disrupting performance, this research work addresses the identified gap by proposing a risk management approach (RMA) for Lean Green performance in a supply-chain context. Risk cannot be managed if not well-identified; hence, a rigorous literature investigation was conducted to define this concept in a supply-chain context. Later, risk was introduced into Lean and Green aspects. Subsequently, through a comprehensive review of previous risk identification studies, a novel classification of supply chain risks in a Lean Green context was provided. At a corporate level, risks often include several sources that cannot be treated at once. Therefore, a risk assessment analysis was performed, employing an analytic hierarchy process for its ease of use and broad adaptability. The output of this analysis provides visibility for an organization’s position toward performance goals and underlines crucial risks to be addressed. The risk treatment process was upgraded in this approach to a detailed analysis that aims at investigating the root causes behind the prioritized risks. Deployment of the approach on a corporate level revealed that treating a risk may negatively affect treating another. Indeed, thinking Lean is not necessarily Green, which stands with the fact that Lean Green supply chain challenges may outstrip classic optimization methods and techniques; therefore, its management requires innovative approaches. Thereby, our findings support the applicability and efficiency of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) in this setting. Although the case study focused on a specific company, the developed framework can be customized to fit different cases.

Green Aspects in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers by Biomass Waste Utilization.

Molecular Imprinting Polymer (MIP) technology is a technique to design artificial receptors with a predetermined selectivity and specificity for a given analyte, which can be used as ideal materials in various application fields. In the last decades, MIP technology has gained much attention from the scientific world as summarized in several reviews with this topic. Furthermore, green synthesis in chemistry is nowadays one of the essential aspects to be taken into consideration in the development of novel products. In accordance with this feature, the MIP community more recently devoted considerable research and development efforts on eco-friendly processes. Among other materials, biomass waste, which is a big environmental problem because most of it is discarded, can represent a potential sustainable alternative source in green synthesis, which can be addressed to the production of high-value carbon-based materials with different applications. This review aims to focus and explore in detail the recent progress in the use of biomass waste for imprinted polymers preparation. Specifically, different types of biomass waste in MIP preparation will be exploited: chitosan, cellulose, activated carbon, carbon dots, cyclodextrins, and waste extracts, describing the approaches used in the synthesis of MIPs combined with biomass waste derivatives.

Collision of Green Employee Engagement and Green Human Resource Management in Employee’s Productivity

The environment of the world plays a dominant role in the entire wellbeing of the nation. Now-a-days, due to emergence of huge number of industries and tremendous change in the life style of people, the global environment faces a big challenge. In order to overcome the negative impact of pollution, green aspect in almost all the fields is emerging. The green initiatives undertaken by the countries have created awareness among the public and its implementation has become mandatory amidst the prevailing global environmental concern. Traditionally, most of the industries followed the green initiatives driven by laws and regulations. But, the situation has seen a drastic change from control to prevention. The information technology industry is not an exception. In this regard, the present study focuses on analyzing the impact of Green Employee Engagement and Green Human Resource Management on employees’ productivity in IT companies in Coimbatore district. By employing simple random sampling technique, data has been collected from 150 employees working in various IT companies in the study area. Various statistical tools namely simple percentage analysis, chi-square test and multiple regression analysis have been employed for analysis. It was found that the Green Employee Engagement and Green Human Resource Management has a significant impact on employees’ productivity.

MILLENNIAL PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE PURCHASE DECISIONS OF GREEN PRODUCTS –A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

The study is executed to assess the millennial perception towards the purchase decisions of green products in Chennai city. The study used both primary and secondary data. The secondary data obtained through research articles, magazines, and daily newspapers. The primary data was gathered from the millennial that are purchasing the green products in Chennai city. The sample size of the study is 591. A simple convenience sampling method was used. The study found that the factors i.e., Environmentally Friendly, Environmental Responsibility, Healthy, Natural products, and environmentally protection, and Social Appeal significantly influenced green products’ purchase decisions among the millennial in the study region. The study also originates that there is significant difference among the age group of concerning the purchase decisions of green products certain aspects like Environmentally friendly, and Healthy. The study results also exhibited that the male and female millennial have similar perception on purchase of green products in the study region.

Optimization and application of green solvent extraction of natural bioactive coumarins from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae herbal plants

Simple coumarins, 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones, represent group of natural bioactive compounds. They are considered as secondary metabolites in plants of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families. In this study, heat assisted extraction with low transition temperature mixtures (LTTM) based on choline chloride and L-lactic acid were used for simultaneous extraction of esculin, umbelliferone, scoparone, 4-methylumbelliferone and herniarin from herbal plants prior their determination by HPLC method with fluorescence detection. The effect of LTTM composition on coumarins extraction was verified. Optimal extraction conditions included choline chloride/L-lactic acid/1,3-propanediol (1:2:1) extraction solvent, solid/liquid ratio 1/40 g/mL, treatment time 15 min, rotation speed 20 rpm and temperature 60 °C. Temperature was the most significant parameter affecting extraction efficiency, the extraction time was an important variable for penetration of solvent in the matrix. Proposed HPLC method was applicable in linear concentration ranges from 5 to 100 ng/mL (for esculin, umbelliferone, scoparone, 4-methylumbelliferone) and from 15 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL (for herniarin) (R2 ≥ 0.998). The limits of detection were 0.2–5.0 ng/mL. The recovery of the method was higher than 87.7% (RSD < 5.8%). The content of umbelliferone and herniarin in herbal plants were 11.49–68.38 μg/g. The use of LTTM extraction solvent, application the response surface methodology and Taguchi orthogonal arrays design of experiment for optimization of extraction conditions, were contribute to the green aspect of the developed method.

Correction pen as a hydrophobic/lipophobic barrier plotter integrated with paper-based chips and a mini UV-torch to implement all-in-one device for determination of carbazochrome

The design of a cheap, simple, and handy sensing system for rapid quantitation of pharmaceuticals becomes mandatory to ease drug development procedures, quality control, health care, etc. This work describes a simple, innovative, and easily manufactured paper-based device using a correction pen as a plotter for hydrophobic/lipophobic barriers and graphene quantum dots for recognition and quantification of the hemostatic drug carbazochrome, via fluorescence turn-off mechanism mediated by the inner filter effect. A smartphone-based all-in-one device fitted with an inexpensive 365 nm flashlight as a UV light source and a free image processing software was developed for rapid and reliable interpretation of the fluorescence change from the paper-based device upon introduction of the drug. The simple and convenient steps permit the analysis of many samples in a very short time. The smartphone-based all-in-one device featured excellent sensitivity for carbazochrome with a limit of detection equals to 12 ng/detection zone and good %recovery (100.0 ± 0.4). The reliability of the device was ascertained by favorable statistical comparison with the analogous optimized conventional fluorimetry method and a reference HPLC method. The device has been successfully applied for versatile quantitation of carbazochrome in tablets and on manufacturing equipment surfaces with excellent recoveries. The device offers many green aspects that definitely assist the implementation of the sustainability concept to analytical laboratories. The cost-efficiency, reliability, and ease of fabrication as well as the greenness and user friendship qualify the device for wide application in low-income communities.

Green synthesis of biologically active heterocycles of medicinal importance: a review

Heterocyclic moieties are basic skeletons for 80% of commercial medicines according to the US retail market in 2014–2015, yet many actual synthetic methods are not sustainable, calling for eco-friendly strategies. For instance, microwave-assisted synthesis produces molecules rapidly in excellent yields using less energy. Similarly, in nanoparticle-catalysed synthesis, the use of metal-impregnated nanoparticles provides benefits such as recyclability of catalysts, excellent yields and short reaction times. Other sustainable methods include solvent-free synthesis, ionic liquid-supported synthesis, organic synthesis in water, sonochemical synthesis and combinatorial synthesis. Here, we review the application of microwave irradiation for organic synthesis, organic synthesis in water and solvent-free synthesis in a combined manner. We present the synthesis of complex heterocyclic molecules using nanoparticles as catalysts. We emphasize green aspects of synthetic procedures.

Boosting the catalytic performance of manganese (III)‐porphyrin complex MnTSPP for facile one‐pot green synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives under mild conditions

In this study, the metal complex (5,10,15,20‐tetrakis‐(4‐sulfonatophenyl)‐porphyrin manganese (III) chloride; denoted as MnTSPP) represents a promising efficient and reusable heterogeneous solid catalyst for facile and highly efficient one‐pot synthesis of 1,4 dihydropyridine derivatives via three‐component condensation reaction of aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate under green and mild reaction conditions. The simple operation, short reaction time (15 min), and the high efficiency (99%) are the special advantage of this protocol. Furthermore, the green aspects of this synthetic protocol were more studied by examination of the reusability of MnTSPP for four consecutive cycles without a significant loss of catalytic activity. Remarkably, the new synthesis presented advantages in terms of safety, commercially available catalyst, simplicity, stability, mild conditions, short reaction time, and excellent yields, using a mixture of H2O and C2H5OH environmental‐friendly solvent, operationally facile, wide tolerance of starting materials, and excellent recoverable of the catalyst.

Statistical optimization, soft computing prediction, mechanistic and empirical evaluation for fundamental appraisal of copper, lead and malachite green adsorption

This paper describes an efficient and low cost material for treatment of Cu2+, Pb2+ and malachite green from aquatic environments. Aerated Autoclave Concrete (AAC) was used as a low cost bed and modified by chitosan to synthesize of AACCH composite. Then, it was analyzed by the Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR) analysis. The key factors influencing on the removal percentage among each run including, sample's pH, amounts of adsorbent and contact time were optimized by the Central Composite Design in Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM). Based on the obtained results, the optimum conditions for the removal of both Cu2+ and Pb2+ are pH 5.8, amounts of adsorbent: 14 mg and 58 min contact time. Also, for MG, its maximum removal percentage obtained at pH 9.7, 13 mg adsorbent and 55 min removal time. In addition, the variations of adsorptive behaviors were scrutinized by Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based on Sugeno model with focusing on removal percentage predictions. Also, to evaluate the adsorption mechanism, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R), Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich (two parameter equations) and Sips, Khan and Toth isotherms (Three parameter equations) were appraised and the outcomes demonstrate that the adsorptive reaction of Pb2+, Cu2+ and MG governed by the Freundlich isotherm with the maximum adsorption capacities of 78.12, 56.82 and 833.33 mg g−1, correspondingly. Likewise, outputs of the D-R and Temkin isotherms show that the physiosorption process is the main interaction of analytes with AACCH composite. The consequences of the kinetic modeling illustrated that the adsorptive reaction of Cu2+, Pb2+ and MG followed by the pseudo second order adsorption kinetic. The geometry kinetic computing depicted that the adsorption/desorption rates don't have any interfering during reaction process. The advantages such as high efficiency, low cost, reusability and green aspect, make AACCH composite as a high performance adsorbent for decontamination of Pb2+, Cu2+ and MG from water resources.

Innovative two-phase air plasma activation approach for green and efficient functionalization of nanofibrillated cellulose surfaces from wheat straw

A green, facile two-phase air plasma/mild alkaline (TPAP/MA) pretreatment approach was developed for efficient production of carboxyl- and amino-functionalized nanofibrillated cellulose derivatives (TO-NFC and NFC-Amine, respectively) from wheat straw (WS). Herein, TPAP activation was performed stepwise through two-scissions at the level of WS fibers and, subsequently, WS-cellulosic fibers combined with mild NaOH pretreatment. The pretreated substrates showed altered surface-characterizations with a gradual-additional aldehyde, carboxyl, and reactive hydroxyl groups according to activation time, all of which promoted the subsequent cellulose isolation, nanofibrillation, and functionalization reactions. TPAP/MA pretreatment accompanied by TEMPO-oxidization and protecting-group-free amidation revealed high carboxyl and amine contents of TO-NFC and NFC-Amine (up to 2.55 mmol COO−/g and 2.20 mmol NH2+/g, DSs = 1.02 and 1.42, respectively), leading to a 5.9- and 6.5-fold increase in pH-responsive swelling ratios of their nanohydrogels compared to the conventional alkaline pretreated substrates. Considering feasibility and green aspects, the 90 s-TPAP/MA produced high cellulose and nanofibrillation yields of 73.4% and 97.6%, respectively. Furthermore, this pretreatment consumed only 158.5 kWh/t and showed a 90.4% reduction in the total energy consumption of the relative functionalized NFC production process compared to the baseline process, demonstrating an efficient and energetically friendly pretreatment route with significant potential to be scaled to industrial-level.

Boosting the catalytic performance of zinc linked amino acid complex as an eco‐friendly for synthesis of novel pyrimidines in aqueous medium

Zinc linked amino acid complex, Zn(l‐proline)2, is considered as a green catalyst for the synthesis of novel series of pyrimidine derivatives5a–q.The pyrimidines5a–qwere prepared via two pathways: the first is a one‐pot reaction of guanidines3a–cwith aromatic aldehyde1and acetophenones2; and the second one is the reaction of guanidines3a–cwith different chalcones4a–jin aqueous medium. The simplicity of the operation, the short reaction time, and the high efficiency (97%) are the main advantages of this protocol. Furthermore, the green aspects of this synthetic protocol were further investigated by examining the reusability of Zn(l‐proline)2complex throughout five consecutive cycles without a significant loss of catalytic activity. This new procedure has presented remarkable advantages in terms of safety, simplicity, stability, mild conditions, a short reaction time, excellent yields, and high purities without using any organic solvents.

UV-LED as a New Emerging Tool for Curable Polyurethane Acrylate Hydrophobic Coating.

The elimination of mercury, low energy consumption, and low heat make the ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) system emerge as a promising alternative to conventional UV-mercury radiation coating. Hence, a series of hydrophobic coatings based on urethane acrylate oligomer and fluorinated monomer via UV-LED photopolymerisation was designed in this paper. The presence of fluorine component at 1160 cm−1, 1235 cm−1, and 1296 cm−1 was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy. A considerably high degree C=C conversion (96–98%) and gel fraction (95–93%) verified the application of UV-LED as a new technique in radiation coating. It is well-accepted that fluorinated monomer can change the surface wettability as the water contact angle of the coating evolved from 88.4° to 121.2°, which, in turn, reduced its surface free energy by 70.5%. Hence, the hydrophobicity of the coating was governed by the migration of the fluorine component to the coating surface as validated by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. However, above 4 phr of fluorinated monomer, the transparency of the cured coating examined by UV-visible spectroscopy experienced approximately a 16% reduction. In summary, the utilisation of UV-LED was a great initiative to develop green aspect in photopolymerisation, particularly in coating technology.

Sustainable green solvents for microextraction techniques: Recent developments and applications

The development and application of alternative green solvents in analytical techniques consist of trends in sample preparation, since this subject represents an important step toward sustainability in experimental procedures. This review is focused on the main theoretical aspects related to deep eutectic solvents (DES), switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS) and supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS). Recent applications are highlighted, particularly for the extraction of different analytes from environmental, biological and food matrices. Moreover, novel configurations are emphasized, aiming for efficient, automated and high-throughput procedures. This review also provides some critical points regarding the use of these solvents and their green aspects.

Efficient Assay for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide by Estimating Enzyme Promiscuous Activity in the Perhydrolysis Reaction

AbstractHydrogen peroxide is an ideal oxidant in view of its availability, atom economy, or green aspects. Furthermore, it is produced by the cell mitochondria and plays a meaningful role in controlling physiological processes, but its unregulated production leads to the destruction of organs. Due to its diverse roles, a fast and selective method for hydrogen peroxide detection is the major limitation to preventing the negative effects caused by its excess. Therefore, we aimed to develop an efficient assay for the detection of H2O2. For this purpose, we combined the enzymatic method for the detection of hydrogen peroxide with the estimation of the promiscuity of various enzymes. We estimated the activity of an enzyme in the reaction of p‐nitrophenyl esters with hydrogen peroxide resulting in the formation of peracid. To our knowledge, there is no example of a simple, multi‐sensor demonstrating the promiscuous activity of an enzyme and detecting hydrogen peroxide in aqueous media.

Efficient carbon-based electrocatalyst derived from biomass for hydrogen peroxide generation

Abundantly available natural source of litchi shell was investigated as the precursor for a P-doped carbon-based electrocatalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to generate hydrogen peroxide. The obtained carbon with a BET specific surface area of 693 m2 g−1 exhibited hierarchical porous structures with micropores and macropores derived from the special structure of the litchi shell. The hierarchical porous structure is beneficial for a high catalytic activity. An onset and half wave potential of ∼0.98 and ∼0.80 VRHE were obtained in the electrolyte of 0.1 M KOH solution, respectively. More importantly, the high H2O2-efficiency (∼60 %) can be achieved with the porous carbon. The present work provides a new pathway to fabricate an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst of heteroatom-doped carbon from biomass while addressing the disposal issue of litchi shell, making a contribution to the biomass utilization, demonstrating the potential of the present work in sustainable and green aspects.

ДЕРЖАВНА ПОЛІТИКА ПІДТРИМКИ «ЗЕЛЕНОЇ» ЕКОНОМІКИ У ПЕРЕДОВИХ КРАЇНАХ СВІТУ

The article analyzes the key measures of state policy on the formation of environmental awareness and support of environmental standards in economic activity. The main tools and key policy measures for the greening of economic activity are identified. The key Directives that guide the developed countries of the world for the formation of environmental awareness, the formation of a conscious civil society, each of whose participants is interested in environmental standards, guided by environmental principles and defines the key conditions of their lives in terms of greening. The main documents regulating the activities of various economic entities in different sectors of the economy and production are identified. It is determined that the developed countries of the world form a purposeful policy of sustainable development, which is focused on synergetic participation of all economic entities and their active cooperation, which would generally allow to adhere to the key principles of greening and socialization. In addition to general policies and programs in the European Union, there are separate programs that focus on certain aspects of greening economic activity. These include programs aimed at: sustainable consumption and production; air quality assurance; regulation of the use of various substances in the chemical industry; regulation of waste management; closed cycle economy; land use, afforestation; the level of funding for projects aimed at the environment; sustainable financing. All policy measures aimed at environmental policy can be divided into: caused by external factors, incentives, institutional, investment, information and inclusive. It should be noted that a significant number of policies of developed countries relate not only to general aspects of greening, but also to certain activities (for example, protection of forests, river basins, etc.). The article analyzes the experience of developed countries, in particular the countries of Northern and North-Western Europe. The developed countries of the world are guided by a large number of documents that regulate and standardize the activities of companies, households, individuals and the state in general.

Organoselenium ligands for heterogeneous and nanocatalytic systems: development and applications.

Organoselenium ligands have attracted great attention among researchers during the past two decades. Various homogeneous, heterogeneous and nanocatalytic systems have been designed using such ligands. Although reports on selenium ligated homogeneous catalysts are quite high in number, significant work has also been done on the development of heterogeneous and nanocatalytic systems using organoselenium ligands. A review article, focusing on the utility of organoselenium compounds in the development of catalytic systems, was published in 2012 (A. Kumar, G. K. Rao, F. Saleem and A. K. Singh, Dalton Trans., 2012, 41, 11949). Moreover, it mainly covered the homogeneous catalysts. There are no review articles in the literature on heterogeneous and nanocatalytic systems designed using organoselenium compounds and their applications. Hence, this perspective aims to cover the developments pertaining to the synthetic aspects of such catalytic systems (using organoselenium compounds) and their applications in catalysis of a variety of chemical transformations. Salient features and advantages of organoselenium compounds have also been highlighted to justify the rationale behind their use in catalyst development. Their performance in various chemical transformations [viz. Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Heck coupling, Sonogashira coupling, O-arylation of phenol, transfer hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones, aldehyde-alkyne-amine (A3) coupling, hydration of nitriles, conversion of aldehydes to amides, cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC), photodegradation of substrates (formic acid, methylene blue), reduction of nitrophenols, electrolysis (hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions), organocatalysis and dye sensitized solar cells] and relevant aspects of catalytic processes (such as recyclability, substrate scope and green aspects) have been critically analyzed. Future perspectives have also been discussed.

Social entrepreneurship in Saint-Petersburg as green economy aspect

Identification of the prospects for the social entrepreneurship expansion as one of the aspects of green economy uses the example of St. Petersburg. We use a statistical method for processing nominal data with the aid of SPSS. The study revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and government social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services. Therefore, to increase the competitiveness of not-for-profit organizations, these organizations should provide services at a high client-oriented level. We found that because of the lack of permanent sources of funding, the problem of fundraising exists. The results of the current study are applicable for improvement of commercial and social practices of social-oriented not-for-profit organizations, in the expansion of services for the additional professional education of such organizations’ personnel, in the development of practices in fundraising and crowdsourcing, in improving applications for grant support from the state, in the diversification of services. We revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and state social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services; we found that the problem of fundraising becomes a priority for this organizations; personnel in these organizations has different education; the representatives of not- for-profit organizations understand the purposes of social entrepreneurship.

Екологізація економічних відносин в системі управління господарськими процесами

Objective: to investigate the problem of greening economic relations in the management of economic processes to determine the essential content of this category, to outline the main problems and identify existing obstacles to its greening of economic relations in the management of economic processes, as well as to try to develop an economic management mechanism. on the financial interests of the participants involved in the processes related to the use of natural resources. Method. The research led to the use of methods of scientific knowledge: formal logic, analysis and synthesis, systems approach, theoretical generalization, causation, scientific assumption, comparison, expert research methods. Results. The study showed that in defining the essence of the category of "greening" in scientific circles has not yet formed a single approach; scientists hold different views on this. It is established that quite a few of them understand the issues of integration of ecological and economic aspects of greening. The article defends the position on the need for such an integration combination. The interaction and relationships of participants in the process of greening, which the authors include society as a whole, the state and enterprises that use natural resources in their economic activities. The inclusion of economic incentives in the mechanism of environmental management, which is based on the economic interests of these entities, is justified. The main legislative acts regulating economic relations in the management system of economic processes taking into account the requirements of environmental nature are analyzed, a comparative analysis of the main provisions and identified imperfections of institutional tools for greening economic relations in the management system of economic processes in Ukraine. The author's definition of the concept of "greening" as a complex phenomenon formed on the basis of a combination of systems of processes and measures for the effective from the standpoint of economic and environmental criteria for the use of natural resources. The order of combination of economic interests in the system of greening of management of economic processes is specified. Scientific novelty. The essence of greening is defined as a system of processes and measures for the management and use of natural resources that meet the criteria of efficiency and savings, requirements for reducing the destructive impact on society and the environment, and are based on economic interests of all economic actors participation in the implementation of these processes and measures. The interaction of these economic entities is studied and the necessity of reforming the fiscal levers of influence on the users of natural resources is substantiated. Practical significance. The study proved the need to clarify the content of economic relations in management processes and increase the environmental and economic efficiency of the interests of business entities in modern conditions. The presented scheme creates preconditions for development of the effective mechanism of restoration of natural resource potential and increase of efficiency of managing. Key words: greening, natural resources, nature management, economic interests, management, integration, stimulation.

Green-Agile Maturity Model: An Evaluation Framework for Global Software Development Vendors

Agile methods are extensively adapted by software development organizations due to the competitive benefits it offers. In recent years global software development (GSD) projects practice agile methods as prominent methods to deliver the software in increments with utmost user satisfaction and affordable cost. Beside the use of agile methods, the software industry has also considered the green aspect of software, to be in line with the demands of the organizations and the world technological ecosystem. The green and sustainable feature of software should focus both the energy and resource efficiency key factors. This phenomenon of embedding the green flavor in software has emerged a new research area, green software engineering, that promises the development of eco-friendly software with minimum energy and use of less computing resources, to trim down the adverse effects on both society and environment. The principal objective of this research study is to design and develop a multi-level Green-Agile Maturity Model (GAMM) to assess the GSD vendors’ agile maturity in terms of green software development. The model has been built in four phases. In phase I and II, systematic literature review (SLR) was performed to identify the success factors and risk factors that either supports or hinders the green and sustainable software development respectively by practicing the agile methods in GSD. The results have been validated from 106 relevant experts, dealing with agile and green software projects, through questionnaire survey. The experts’ demographic represents 25 different countries. We also identified the industry practices through SLR and survey, to address our identified critical factors. Phase III of this research deals with development of the GAMM by categorizing the identified factors into seven Green-Agile maturity levels. A similar approach has been used in other models such as Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), Implementation Maturity Model (IMM) and Software Outsourcing Vendors Readiness Model (SOVRM). In phase IV of this research, five case studies were conducted at GSD organizations, to evaluate the structure and efficacy of the GAMM, while as a major contribution, this paper presents our developed model, the GAMM, which aims to assess the green-agile maturity of the GSD vendors in terms of green and sustainable software development.