Greek Studies Research Articles

Contributors

Previous article FreeContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreShadi Bartsch is the Helen A. Regenstein Professor of Classics at the University of Chicago and Director of the Institute on the Formation of Knowledge. She has written or edited some twelve books on classical antiquity and, recently, several essays on the Chinese reception of the Western classical tradition. Her new translation of Vergil’s Aeneid came out in 2022 and her new study, Plato Goes to China, was published by Princeton University Press in January 2022.Jue Hou is a PhD Candidate in Social Thought and Comparative Literature at the University of Chicago. His research interests include translation studies, East Asian and European literary modernisms, and Chinese and Japanese intellectual history.Huang Yang is Professor and Chair of the History Department, Fudan University, and President of the Chinese Society for the Study of Ancient World History. His research interest is Greek history. Among the books he published are Studies in Politics and Society in Ancient Greece (2014); A Study on Land Tenure in Ancient Greece (1995); and An Introductory Guide to Research in Greek History (co-authored with Yan Shaoxiang, 2nd ed., 2021), all in Chinese. His latest publications also include “The Prehistory of Western Political Science: Political Thought in Greece in the Fifth Century BC” (2020, in Chinese) and “The Invention of the ‘Barbarian’ and Ethnic Identity in Early Greece and China” (2021, in English). His current project is a comparative study of Greek and Chinese ideas of the “barbarian.”Nie Minli is Professor of Philosophy, Renmin University of China. Professor Nie’s research interests focus on ancient Greek philosophy, especially Plato and Aristotle. He was a visiting scholar at the University of Crete, Greece, during 2005–6. His important works include Being and Substance: A Study of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Zeta (Z 1–9) (2011); Substance and Form: A Study of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Zeta (Z 10–17) (2016); and The Origins of Western Thought (2017), all published in Chinese and by Chinese publishing companies.Leihua Weng is Chinese Endowed Assistant Professor of Chinese Language and Literature at Kalamazoo College. She is interested in traditions, including the formations, transformation, and transmission of traditions, as well as their modern receptions in China and in the West. She is finishing a book project on reading Plato and Leo Strauss in China.Zhang Longxi is Chair Professor of Comparative Literature and Translation at City University of Hong Kong and an Honorary President of the International Comparative Literature Association. A leading scholar in East-West cross-cultural studies, he has published more than twenty books and many articles in English and Chinese, and his major book publications in English include The Tao and the Logos: Literary Hermeneutics, East and West (1992); Mighty Opposites: From Dichotomies to Differences in the Comparative Study of China (1998); Allegoresis: Reading Canonical Literature East and West (2005); Unexpected Affinities: Reading across Cultures (2007); From Comparison to World Literature (2016); and, most recently, A History of Chinese Literature (2023).Yiqun Zhou is Associate Professor of East Asian Languages and Cultures and, by courtesy, of Classics, at Stanford University. Her research interests include the comparative study of ancient societies and the reception of classical antiquity in modern China. She is the author of Festivals, Feasts, and Gender Relations in Ancient China and Greece, published by Cambridge University Press. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge Volume 6, Number 2Fall 2022The Complexities of Inheritance: Contemporary Chinese Readings of Antiquity East and West Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/723567 © 2022 The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Immigrant Work Force in Greece: Social Inequalities, Labor and Crisis. The Road to Subservience

This article focuses on the subject of labor and social inequalities through an overview of classical sociological approaches and certain important recent Greek studies, having as their central subject the itineraries to subservience of immigrants employed in personal services. The work force, undergoing radical change during periods of crisis, lies at the core of the classical sociological approaches, while the immigrant work force – and, mostly, people working in personal services and composing, through certain itineraries, a new service staff in Greece – lies at the core of the recent Greek studies. The question is how exactly this shift happens, that is how an employment relationship turns into subservience.

Socio-cultural determinants of antibiotic resistance: a qualitative study of Greeks’ attitudes, perceptions and values

BackgroundAntibiotic resistance is a complex phenomenon heavily influenced by social, cultural, behavioural, and economic factors that lead to the misuse, overuse and abuse of antibiotics. Recent research has highlighted the role that norms and values can play for behaviours that contribute to resistance development, and for addressing such behaviours. Despite comparatively high antibiotic consumption in Greece, both at the community and healthcare level, Greeks have been shown to be relatively aware of the connection between antibiotic overuse and antibiotic resistance. This suggests that Greeks’ non-judicious use cannot simply be explained by lack of awareness but may relate to other factors specific to Greek society. The present study aimed to explore attitudes, perceived norms, and values in relation to antibiotics, in order to improve understanding of socio-cultural determinants of antibiotic resistance in Greece.MethodsData were collected through online focus group discussions in 2021. Twenty Greeks were recruited through purposive sampling, aiming for as heterogeneous groups as possible regarding gender (12 women, 8 men), age (range 21–55, mean 33), and education level. Interview transcripts were analysed inductively using thematic content analysis.ResultsParticipants considered antibiotic overconsumption as a consolidated habit influenced by ease of access, social expectations and, more generally, cultural practices. While critical of such norms and practices, participants opposed stewardship measures that would prioritize the societal interest in maintaining antibiotic effectiveness over individual needs. Participants considered responsibility for antibiotic resistance to be shared by the whole society, but the role of government actors and health professionals as well as of food producers was emphasized. Notably, scepticism about the prospect of effectively managing antibiotic resistance in Greece was commonly expressed.ConclusionsThe study makes explicit attitudes, perceived norms and values that, besides limited awareness, may contribute to non-judicious antibiotic use in Greece. These socio-cultural determinants of antibiotic resistance warrant further research and should be considered when designing measures aimed to mitigate this problem.

On Fruit and Dialogues, and Fruitful Dialogues

I found my way to rhetoric while completing graduate work in ancient Greek and Roman studies and comparative literature. Like a good classicist, I first adopted an Aristotelian-inspired (and conveniently tripartite) view of rhetoric, which resulted in a strict boundary between my rhetorical and literary worlds. The division remained until I read Plato’s Timaeus. I began to believe that I could tie together my interests in rhetorical theory, philosophy, and literary studies, but I wasn’t sure how. In the process of writing a seminar paper on the Timaeus, I came across Andrea Nightingale’s book Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy, which manifested the kind of interdisciplinarity I was after. Nightingale foregrounds the deliberate intertextuality of Plato’s dialogues, proposing that Plato first defined and demarcated “philosophy” by engaging with contemporary rhetorical and poetic genres, thus creating a dialogue among these genres within dialogues of his own. In this way, Nightingale reads Plato’s works as philosophical, rhetorical, and literary texts. Reading Genres in Dialogue motivated me to think more expansively and creatively about my own work in Platonic philosophy and rhetorical theory, and to be more attentive to my writerly inclinations. For years I set aside the Timaeus because, after all, it’s a work of natural philosophy and is rarely read in a rhetorical context. But I had a feeling there was something else there, something that warranted my attention, and I’m on my way to figuring out what that is.In a different genre altogether, Yung In Chae’s essay “Apples and Oranges, Ravens and Writing Desks: How to Compare Stuff,” published in the public-facing classics journal Eidolon, is one I wish I had read much earlier. It’s a common impulse to want to compare the ancient and modern worlds, and this essay was originally aimed at writers who pitched to Eidolon to deter them from falling into comparatist traps, though its directives are much more broadly applicable. Comparing two things can be fun, writes Chae, but to make the comparison productive, you must be able to explain what is at stake with the comparison. I have fallen into all the traps Chae warns of in “Apples and Oranges,” and I fear my past writing contains some of Chae’s “least favorite comparisons,” which “resort to mass generalizations of both cultures, and in the end, make interesting arguments about neither.” Though Eidolon is no longer publishing new material, its archive is available to the public, including Chae’s essay “Like Dionysus: BTS, Classics in K-Pop, and the Narcissism of the West,” which for me exemplifies what comparatist work can do and be. It’s productive to acknowledge shortcomings in my past writing as long as I commit to better and more complex comparisons in the future. Now when I write, I aim to keep Chae’s question in the forefront of my mind: what are the stakes of the comparison I’m making?

Eric C. Moore. Claiming Places: Reading Acts through the Lens of Ancient Colonization

In this revised dissertation completed at Emory University under the supervision of Carl R. Holladay, Eric Moore notes that numerous scholars label Acts a story of origins or foundations that emphasizes community replication but that very few seek to situate this aspect of the story within its ancient Mediterranean context. Thus, Moore argues, simply and convincingly, that Acts is illuminated when it is read “in light of a specific topos in Mediterranean antiquity: civic or community origins” (p. 2). Moore uses the term and concept “colonization” to refer to community replication and the variety of standard features found in these ancient stories.Moore argues that while “the subject matter of Acts is the foundation and replication of the Christian community” (p. 12), this insight is not one that can be used to determine the specific genre of Acts given that stories of colonization pervade a variety of different types of texts and nonliterary media. Moore unpacks his primary argument in four lengthy chapters (chs. 2–5). Moore first establishes a framework for understanding Acts and colonization through a detailed study of Greek and Roman stories of community/civic replication (ch. 2, “Colonization—An Analytic Framework”). The chapter is divided into two major sections: the first section examines three major colonization motifs. Most colonization stories, for example, emphasize the origins of the new community and often as a result of a crisis such as civic conflict, droughts, plagues, and threats from foreign countries. New communities are often replicated by means of divine sanction whether that be through oracles or the involvement of the gods. The stories also frequently refer to the founder of the new community as one who often has a divine calling to form and establish the colony’s identity. The second section of the chapter is a thorough examination of a variety of colonization stories from Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman sources and successfully shows how origins, divine sanction, and founders/leaders pervade the stories.In chs. 3–5, Moore tests his thesis with respect to Acts. Moore argues that the early chapters of Acts function “like a foundation account” (p. 88), which traces how the “mother community” of the Jerusalem church is replicated in other locations—especially Antioch (ch. 3, “The Origins of the Cult Community in Jerusalem [Acts 1–5]”). Acts 1–2 contains the colonization motifs of the founding figures (Jesus and the 12 apostles), origins (Jerusalem is specified as the site of divine activity), and divine sanction (the emphasis on the Holy Spirit). Intriguing here is the way in which the geographical list in Acts 2:9–11 previews the text’s emphasis on community replication.Chapter 4 (“Antioch of Syria—Colony and Mother Community”) examines how the Jerusalem church is replicated in Syrian Antioch due to the crisis of the persecution of the Jerusalem church. Luke shows that members of the Jerusalem community within Antioch results in Antioch maintaining its close ties with Jerusalem. Divine sanction for the new community is evident by means of the note that “the hand of the Lord was with them” (Acts 11:21) and “he [Barnabas] was full of the Holy Spirit” (11:24). The transfer of the worshiping community to Antioch leads to a mixed community of both Jews and Gentiles—mixed communities being another common motif among colonization stories. But Antioch of Syria is also a mother community as it sponsors colonizing missions, and these stories contain the same colonizing motifs (see Acts 13:1–4).The final chapter (ch. 5, “Pisidian Antioch and the Rhetoric of Second-Generation Colonization”) shows how Paul (and Barnabas) is depicted as replicating a Christian community in the Roman colony of Pisidian Antioch. The chapter offers an insightful analysis of Paul’s lengthy sermon (Acts 13:17–41) by showing how it resonates with familiar colonizing themes.Moore’s book is an excellent example of the profitability of reading Acts within a robust analysis of its broader ancient Mediterranean world. His third chapter on ancient colonizing motifs is a rich resource for others interested in cult transfer stories in antiquity. His argument that Acts is an example of ancient colonizing rhetoric enables him to give historical substance to the fairly obvious claim that Acts is a foundation document, which emphasizes community replication. Ancient colonization stories do not explain everything related to the origins of the church, of course (and Moore notes this), and so this study is one very useful supplement to our understanding of Acts 1–5 (and the emphasis on community replication).

Visual Translation: A Creative Tool for Practising Metacognition and Analysing Agency and Power

Abstract‘Visual Translation: A Creative Tool for Practising Metacognition and Analysing Agency and Power’ describes the design for a ‘visual translation’ project that I developed to help high school students in an advanced Ancient Greek literature course differentiate between literal and literary translation. This project could potentially be adapted for students at any level of Ancient Greek or Latin language studies, but would likely be particularly apt for the longer passages that are taught in intermediate and advanced language courses.

The perceived social rejection of sexual minorities: Substance use and unprotected sexual intercourse.

This study presents associations between the perceived social rejection of sexual minorities and tobacco, alcohol and cannabis consumption and unprotected sexual intercourse in the capital of Greece, Athens. This is the first Greek study to evaluate the concept of the minority stress theory on sexual minorities' substance use and unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, this is among the first international studies to examine whether periods of adverse economic conditions are associated with sexual minorities' substance use and unprotected sexual intercourse. Two-panel datasets covering the periods 2013-2014 and 2018-2019 were used to determine the perceived social rejection, that is, whether sexual minorities have been rejected by friends, treated unfairly in educational and/or workplace environments, treated negatively in social situations and received poor health and public services due to their sexuality. The estimates indicate that perceived social rejection is associated with the increased consumption of tobacco (by 9.1%, P < 0.01), alcohol (by 7.1%, P < 0.01) and cannabis (by 12.5%, P < 0.01), as well as unprotected sexual intercourse (by 6.5%, P < 0.01). In the first three cases, the magnitude of the associations is stronger for men than women and there is increased cannabis consumption during periods of deteriorated economic conditions (by 5.5%, P < 0.01). In the European Union, reducing stigma, substance use, risky sexual behaviours and health inequalities for sexual minorities is a goal of public health. If minority stress is correlated with substance use and risky sexual behaviours leading to detrimental physical/mental health outcomes then prevention and support interventions should be designed.

ЕЛЕМЕНТИ РЕТОРИКЕ У ФУНКЦИЈИ РАЗВИЈАЊА УСМЕНЕ ПРОДУКЦИЈЕ НА СТРАНОМ ЈЕЗИКУ – ПРИМЕР МОДЕРНОГ ГРЧКОГ

One of the main goals of foreign language teaching is enabling effective communication through giving students tools to express their views and interact with other language speakers. There are many factors that affect the process of oral production development, as well as various strategies that can be applied in the process of motivating students to acquire knowledge and express themselves orally. Oratory techniques can be very useful in this process, because they can help the learner prepare for oral production in a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of rhetorical elements and oratory techniques that can be applied in the case of oral production in Modern Greek as a foreign language. The paper primarily compares the views expressed by Durbaba (2011) on the successful foreign language oral production and what Nusic (2009) and Avramovic (2008) underline as important for oratory. In addition, we present the oratory techniques that can be used in learning correct articulation and accentuation at A1/A2 (CEFR) level, as well as in preparation for a wellargued oral presentation on B1/B2 (CEFR) level of Modern Greek, with emphasis on learning Modern Greek as a foreign language on university level, at the Department of Modern Greek Studies of the Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade. In addition, we point out the influence of affective factors, such as anxiety and motivation, on oral expression, as well as the ways in which oratory techniques can be a great tool for foreign language teachers in the process of motivating their audience (the learners).

О НЕКИМ ПРЕДЛОЗИМА У ГРАМАТИКАМА И ПРИРУЧНИЦИМА ЗА УЧЕЊЕ САВРЕМЕНОГ ГРЧКОГ ЈЕЗИКА КАО СТРАНОГ

The paper analyzes the semantics of prepositions that syntactically correspond to the accusative case in the Modern Greek language and that are also used with genitive and nominative cases. Prepositions, as indeclinable words, have limited lexical meaning and cannot stand alone, but they may govern one or more cases. Since Modern Greek language has four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative), the focus of this paper will be on the analysis of prepositions used with the accusative case and that at the same time can be also used with both nominative and genitive case. Finally, by analyzing examples from the grammar handbooks and textbooks for learning Modern Greek as a foreign language used at the Department of Modern Greek studies at the Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, we try to point out the basic characteristics of certain propositions and their significance in the Modern Greek language.

Analysis of 20 year data for the assessment of dietary exposure to chemical contaminants in the region of Thessaly, Greece

Food safety is a key issue for the modern consumer who is often exposed through diet to a variety of hazardous agents. The presence of chemical contaminants in food is an important risk factor with potential serious consequences in consumer's health. Therefore, assessing the extend of consumer's exposure to chemical contaminants is an important parameter in the context of food hazard analysis. Dietary exposure is determined by correlating the eating habits of a population group with the levels of contaminants in food. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary exposure of the general population to a variety of chemical contaminants by combining questionnaire-based food consumption data with concentration of certain chemicals in foodstuffs. In a sample of 403 people living in Thessaly, their nutritional habits were recorded using the Nutrition Frequency Questionnaire, through a telephone interview. Regarding the data collection on the residues of various chemical pollutants (toxic metals, mycotoxins, biotoxins, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, veterinary drugs) in foodstuffs of the Greek market, studies and reports from 2000 to 2020 were used. The combination of the daily consumption of food and beverages, with their contamination concentrations in chemical pollutants, led to the assessment of the dietary intake of chemical pollutants. The analysis of the results showed that the examined sample maintains several elements of the Mediterranean diet, such as the daily consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products. Chemical contaminants in food produced/marketed in Greece were generally below the acceptable limits, while cereals, fish, fruit, vegetables and alcohol seem to contribute mostly to the human chemical exposure. Gender and age affected the overall dietary intake of pollutants, with women presenting the highest overall nutritional exposure compared to men in all categories of pollutants. Elderly individuals (ages +65) showed a higher, in general, intake of the contaminants evaluated. This study reveals the necessity for monitoring the levels of various chemical contaminants in all food groups, in order to have a valid base of assessing the risk of human exposure.

A wavelet‐based novel approximation to investigate the sensitivities of various path‐independent binary options

We present a novel idea of a wavelet‐based approximation technique using a multi‐resolution analysis to investigate the sensitivities of various path‐independent binary options under the Black–Scholes environment. The final value problem is transformed into a dimensionless initial value problem; also, to avoid the large truncation error, the infinite domain is truncated into a finite domain. A noteworthy observation is that the proposed Haar wavelet scheme is effective and easy to implement to analyze the different physical and numerical aspects of the options' Greeks. It explicitly provides the numerical approximation of all the derivatives of the solution function. Also, the non‐smooth payoff functions are approximated well with the Haar wavelet approximation technique of estimating the spiked functions, so there is no need to deal with the discontinuity separately. We prove the consistency and stability of the proposed method and show that the proposed method is the first‐ and second‐order accurate in the temporal and spatial directions, respectively. A variety of test examples conclusively demonstrates the computational proficiency and the theoretical results of the proposed scheme. Different attributes of the Greeks of distinct binary options are analyzed graphically. The motivational work of the study of various Greeks of different binary options significantly impacts the hedging strategies used by different financial institutes.

Voicing and frication at the phonetics-phonology interface: An acoustic study of Greek, Serbian, Russian, and English

This paper presents the results of an acoustic investigation of /f, v, s, z/ in Greek, Serbian, Russian, and English. The study is motivated by phonological considerations, specifically the cross-linguistic phonological identity of /v/ as either an obstruent (Greek, English), a sonorant (Serbian), or as a segment that patterns with both obstruents and sonorants (Russian). The investigation is framed in two ways, reflecting different interpretations of what it means for /v/ to be classified as part of the obstruent or sonorant system of a language: (1) a cross-linguistic comparison of /v/ tokens tackles the question of whether /v/ tokens are realized with frication indicative of an obstruent or sonorant realization; (2) within-language investigations into the relationship between voicing and frication type probe whether /f, v/ are a voicing pair analogous to /s, z/. Four acoustic measures are considered: duration, harmonicity, spectral centroid, and spectral energy difference. Furthermore, devoicing rates of /v, z/ are examined, contributing to our understanding of how aerodynamic tensions in voiced fricatives are resolved on a language-specific basis. Results show that in all languages, /z/ devoices more than /v/, but that otherwise fidelity to underlying voicing differs across languages. The cross-linguistic comparison of /v/ tokens and the within-language investigations suggests a partial correlation between phonological identity and phonetic realization, but that there is not a one-to-one relationship between phonological patterning and phonetic realization.

Modern Greek Studies: Language and Linguistics

Modern Greek Studies: Language and Linguistics

Modern Greek Studies: Literature, Enlightenment to the Present Day

Modern Greek Studies: Literature, Enlightenment to the Present Day

Graecia Belgica: writing Ancient Greek in the early modern Low Countries

Abstract The early modern Low Countries formed a multilingual region where Latin and several vernaculars lived in symbiosis. It is often forgotten, however, that Ancient Greek was also cultivated among the cultural and intellectual elite, so intensely that a vast corpus of Greek texts was produced in this region. This article offers a first exploration of the reasons behind this cultural phenomenon. It starts with a general introduction, including a state of research in the field and a first survey of the source materials. The main body of the article is divided into two parts. The first situates the so-called New Ancient Greek literature of the early modern Low Countries in historical perspective by introducing first Greek studies and then Greek composition in this region. Against this background, the second part explores what motivated and inspired this Greek literary production in four sections, each discussing an important aspect of the phenomenon under study: language learning, cultural distinction, networks and communities, and aesthetic appreciation. The article thus demonstrates that writing in Greek in the early modern era had uses far beyond showing off one’s literary talent and erudition.

Introduction

The University of Florida Classics Graduate Student Symposium is an annual meeting of graduate students organized and hosted by the graduate students of the Classics Department of the University of Florida. Every year, under the supervision of Dr. Eleni Bozia, and with the generous support of the Rothman Endowment of the Classics Department and the Center for Greek Studies, we pose questions and invite consideration of topics that push the boundaries of our field in an attempt to interpret antiquity, modernity, and their intersection. Since October 2017, we have been welcoming graduate students from the United States and Europe whose research is invested in different fields in the humanities and engaging with them in constructive discussions that illuminate the Greco-Roman world as well as current social, political, and cultural issues.

Classics in the Modernists' World

Classics in the Modernists' World Stephanie Nelson (bio) While the range of Gregory Baker's new work on Celtic Modernism and Classics is impressive, even more impressive is the web of interconnections that it calls forth. On the one hand, Baker uncovers the fascinating variety in the nationalist and language-revival movements of Ireland, Wales, and Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries. On the other, he reveals the profound differences possible in the role of "Classics" in the modern world. Far from the normative view of a gradual disappearance of Greek and Latin as irrelevant to modernity—an issue Baker interestingly, and ably, leaves to his conclusion—we see, for example, Scotland, where the study of academic English prevailed early over Classics, Wales, which viewed itself as Roman, and Ireland, seen now as an oral culture on the verge of finding its Homer. In each case, Classics, which had served as a key instrument of the English ruling class, connects with movements supporting the national language against the over-powering encroachment of English. Again, this occurs in a variety of ways: in Wales linked to anti-industrialism, in Scotland to the divide between Lowland Lallans and Highland Gaelic, and in Ireland to a mythologized past. Moreover, as Baker points out, Classics' "decline" in fact opened it up for different kinds of repurposing, while work such as that of Cornford and Harrison "superannuated in a stroke the Victorian Homer," as Eliot put it (100) by bringing ethnography, archaeology, and cultural anthropology into Classics, radically changing the implications of its reception. To add another intriguing touch, the four writers treated here, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, David Jones, and Hugh Mac-Diarmid [End Page 109] (Christopher M. Grieve) linked the Celtic and the Classical even though (excepting Joyce and Latin) they had only a peripheral knowledge of the languages. And all of this before we even get to the infinitely tangled question of what modernism actually is. The work thus brings together what might be, in other hands, a dizzying combination of factors, underlining the need that Baker describes, to resist a prevailing "temptation to employ categories or other abstract principles as a blunt instrument" (xi). There is, of course, a reason why the simple idea of "inheritors of a so-called classical tradition" (xiii) has taken hold—among other things it puts the forest and the trees in their proper places and proportions. Baker manages the same in a far more nuanced and productive way, through an approach he describes as narrative historicism, a method that gives thick historical context while (citing Kevin Birmingham) embedding arguments in a story rather than stories in an argument (xv). The method is extremely à propos, rejecting the idea of an "ossified 'classical tradition' of predetermined significance" and exploring instead a series of relations in which Classics "catalyzed a variety of insurgent ideologies, literary idioms and experimental expressions across languages" (xvii). Given this complexity, Baker's choice to focus his discussion through Yeats, Joyce, Jones, and MacDiarmid and to look closely at specific works rather than an entire oeuvre was extremely wise. In the case of Yeats, where any attempt to summarize could only be superficial, the choice to concentrate on The Wanderings of Oisin (1889) and King Oedipus, Yeats' translation of Oedipus Rex (published in 1928), not only brings out how drastically Yeats' approach to the Classical changed, but also serves as a brilliant contrast to the consideration of the "Cyclops" episode from Joyce's Ulysses (1922) which Baker places between the two chapters on Yeats. The final two chapters, on the Welsh and Scots poets, David Jones and Hugh MacDiarmid, range more widely, as is appropriate for lesser-known authors, but maintains its focus by concentrating on Jones' Anathemata (1952) before moving into a consideration of the changes in MacDiarmid's poetry. Baker's conclusion caps the study by remarking how, as the study of Greek and Latin was replaced by academic English, Yeats and Joyce themselves became [End Page 110] canonized—just as English, inexorably, and against the grain of all four authors, moved from taking over the Celtic languages into the world-language it has become. Baker's...

Politics, Migration and Race. A Conversation with Yannis Hamilakis

Yannis Hamilakis is Joukowsky Family Professor of Archaeology and Professor of Modern Greek Studies at the Brown University (USA). His main research and teaching interests are the socio-politics of the past, the body and bodily senses, the archaeology of eating and drinking, the ontology and materiality of photography, archaeology and nationalism, archaeological ethnography, and critical pedagogy in archaeology. Yannis is committed to an anthropologically-informed, critical archaeological engagement with past and present material culture, and to the inter-disciplinary nature of archaeological work. This position recognises the historically contingent nature of archaeology as a device of western modernity, as well as its potential to enable a critical and reflexive experiential encounter with the material world. He also believes on a politically committed archaeological and academic practice, devoted to social justice.

DNA barcoding identification of Greek freshwater fishes.

Biodiversity is a key factor for the functioning and efficiency of an ecosystem. Greece, though covering a relatively small surface area, hosts a great deal of species diversity. This is especially true for freshwater fishes. In recent years, the traditional methods of species identification have been supplemented by the use of molecular markers. The present study therefore aims to extensively produce DNA barcodes for Greek freshwater fish species and investigate thoroughly if the presently accepted species classification is in agreement with molecular data. A 624-bases long fragment of the COI gene was sequenced, from 406 freshwater fish specimens belonging to 24 genera and originating from 18 lake and river sites. These sequences were used along with 596 sequences from the same genera, recovered from BOLD, for the construction of phylogenetic trees and the estimation of genetic distances between individuals. In total, 1002 sequences belonging to 72 species were analyzed. The method was found to be effective for 55 of 72 studied species. 17 closely related species with low interspecific genetic distances were observed, for which further study is proposed. It should also be noted that, in four cases, cryptic diversity was observed, where groups originally identified as one species exhibited genetic distance great enough to be separated into discrete species. Region specific haplotypes were also detected within populations of 14 species, giving the possibility to identify even the geographic origin of a species. Our findings are discussed in the light of the rich history of the Balkan peninsula and provide a significant steppingstone for the further study of Greek and European freshwater fish biodiversity.

Increasing Incidence and Shifting Epidemiology of Candidemia in Greece: Results from the First Nationwide 10-Year Survey.

Globally, candidemia displays geographical variety in terms of epidemiology and incidence. In that respect, a nationwide Greek study was conducted, reporting the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections and susceptibility of isolates to antifungal agents providing evidence for empirical treatment. All microbiologically confirmed candidemia cases in patients hospitalized in 28 Greek centres during the period 2009–2018 were recorded. The study evaluated the incidence of infection/100,000 inhabitants, species distribution, and antifungal susceptibilities of isolated strains. Overall, 6057 candidemic episodes occurred during the study period, with 3% of them being mixed candidemias. The average annual incidence was 5.56/100,000 inhabitants, with significant increase over the years (p = 0.0002). C. parapsilosis species complex (SC) was the predominant causative agent (41%), followed by C. albicans (37%), C. glabrata SC (10%), C. tropicalis (7%), C. krusei (1%), and other rare Candida spp. (4%). C. albicans rates decreased from 2009 to 2018 (48% to 31%) in parallel with a doubling incidence of C. parapsilosis SC rates (28% to 49%, p < 0.0001). Resistance to amphotericin B and flucytosine was not observed. Resistance to fluconazole was detected in 20% of C. parapsilosis SC isolates, with a 4% of them being pan-azole-resistant. A considerable rising rate of resistance to this agent was observed over the study period (p < 0.0001). Echinocandin resistance was found in 3% of C. glabrata SC isolates, with 70% of them being pan-echinocandin-resistant. Resistance rate to this agent was stable over the study period. This is the first multicentre nationwide study demonstrating an increasing incidence of candidemia in Greece with a species shift toward C. parapsilosis SC. Although the overall antifungal resistance rates remain relatively low, fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis SC raises concern.