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被遗忘的城市“生境”:重庆市墙体自生植物调查分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 被遗忘的城市“生境”:重庆市墙体自生植物调查分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201804130848 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题（2017YFC0505705）；国家自然科学基金项目（51408584） Forgotten urban habitats: Analysis of spontaneous vegetation on the urban walls of Chongqing City Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:被称为"钢筋水泥森林"的现代城市存在大量的墙体，包括建筑外墙、独立围墙、挡土墙等类型。通常情况下，这些完全硬质化的界面不会被认作为生境或栖息地。以典型山城重庆市为例，探索城区范围内墙体成为城市生境的可能性。于2017年9-11月对重庆主城区共120块墙，包含359个4×1 m小样方，调查墙面上自生植物的物种、覆盖度等信息；记录墙体4类特征共22个因子作为生境影响因素；并采用方差分解和典范对应分析（CCA）排序法研究影响因素与自生植物组成和分布的关系。结果表明：（1）市区墙境自生植物丰富，共记录到70科149属193种，以菊科植物种类最丰富，其次是禾本科和荨麻科。优势种包括蜈蚣草（蕨类）、井栏边草（蕨类）、构树幼苗（乔木）、贯众（蕨类）和黄葛树幼苗（乔木）。相比平面环境的自生植物以旱生为主，墙体上喜阴湿的蕨类植物占明显优势，反映出墙体作为生境的独特性，可以作为城市生态空间的有效补充。（2）墙体4类特征共解释自生植物组成与分布变化的14.4%，植物传播、定植与构建是一个综合复杂的过程，受各种随机因素影响；此外，本文所选因素也未考虑更大尺度的周边景观等因素。所有因子中，墙体高度、藤蔓覆盖度和墙体遮阴率是影响植物变化的主要因子，且与CCA排序第1轴相关性最强。这些因子均与墙体自身湿度有关，表明水分在决定墙面植物组成与分布起主要作用，植物在墙面沿水分呈梯度分布。讨论了本研究对现代城镇绿化的启示，从自然做功的角度提升城市生态系统服务，为城市生态设计与低成本管理提供科学依据。 Abstract:Cities are known as "concrete forests," and they have substantial walls of many types, including buildings, free-standing (boundary), and retaining (those used for reinforcing slopes or to confine river channels). Generally, these completely concrete walls are not considered as habitats. Using a typical mountainous city, Chongqing, as the case study, we aimed at exploring the possibility that urban walls can act as habitats in cities. From September to November 2017, we surveyed 120 walls, across 359 sampling quadrates, to obtain spontaneous vegetation data and associated wall characteristics. The effects of wall characteristics on the variation of spontaneous vegetation was calculated using variance partitioning and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination method. Vascular plants totaled 193 species in 149 genera from 70 families. The Compositae family had the greatest number of species and was followed by Gramineae and Urticaceae. The dominant species included Pteris vittata, Pteris multifida, seedlings of Broussonetia papyrifera, Cyrtomium fortune, and seedlings of Ficus virens. They occurred in more than 40% of all quadrates. The wall vegetation showed a diverse range of plant life-forms (i.e., woody, fern, and vine). Compared to xerophytes that dominate planar environments, more fern species inhabited the walls. This finding is consistent with that of other studies. This reflects the uniqueness of walls as habitats, and urban walls can act as a valuable complement to urban ecological spaces. The explanatory power of all four wall characteristics was low (14.4%). The spontaneous species assemblage was a complex process, and it was influenced by environmental stochasticity. Additionally, the unexplained portion may come from the influence of the large-scale landscape context. Among all the variables, wall height, vine coverage, and wall shade were the most important factors that influenced vegetation composition and distribution, and they had the highest correlation with the first constrained axis of the CCA ordination. All variables were relevant to wall humidity. This indicates that moisture plays a decisive role in structuring vegetation on urban walls. Lastly, we discussed the implications of this study on greening and landscaping contemporary cities. Urban biodiversity improvement can be done by "allowing nature to work". Our study also provides scientific support for urban ecological design and low-cost management. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Species richness and composition of snake assemblages in poorly accessible areas in the Brazilian Amazonia

Abstract: Snakes are a diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates of the order Squamata. Despite that, in the Amazonian biome, information about distribution and identification of snakes is limited when compared to other groups. Additionally, in Amazonia there is a sampling bias towards areas geographically close to urban centers and more densely populated areas. This in turn leads to false distribution gaps in poorly accessible areas of Amazonia. In this article we report the composition of snake assemblages in six areas of the Brazilian Amazonia, based on field sampling conducted over four years using standardized methods. We sampled 70 species from eight families: Typhlopidae (n=1), Leptotyphlopidae (n=1), Anillidae (n=1), Boidae (n=5), Colubridae (n=15), Dipsadidae (n=35), Elapidae (n=7), and Viperidae (n=5). The largest number of species was recorded in the Trombetas River area and the lowest in the Jatapu River area. The total beta diversity was 0.40 and the snake assemblages were structured mainly by replacement (72.5%). The time-limited search was the method that recorded the greatest number of individuals in the studied areas (44.1%) and also the greatest number of species (n=40). However, some species were recorded only by other methods such as interception by pitfall traps with directional fences. Despite the large number of species sampled in the study, no particular area comprised more than 40% of species registered in all the areas, indicating that snakes are poorly detected even with large sampling effort across multiple areas of a species distribution.

How does tree regeneration respond to mixed‐severity fire in the western Oregon Cascades, USA?

AbstractDendroecological studies of historical tree recruitment patterns suggest mixed‐severity fire effects are common in Douglas‐fir/western hemlock forests of the Pacific Northwest (PNW), USA, but empirical studies linking observed fire severity to tree regeneration response are needed to expand our understanding into the functional role of fire in this forest type. Recent increases in mixed‐severity fires offered this opportunity, so we quantified the abundance, spatial distribution, species richness, and community composition of regenerating trees across a mixed‐severity fire gradient (unburned–high‐severity fire) 10 and 22 yr post‐fire, and use our results to inform a discussion of fire's functional role in western Oregon Cascades Douglas‐fir forests. Regeneration abundance was unimodal across the fire severity gradient such that the greatest mean abundance followed moderate‐severity fire (25–75% basal area mortality). Similarly, the greatest number of species was present within the most 25‐m2 regeneration quadrants (most extensive distribution) following moderate‐severity fire, relative to any other fire severity class. On average, species richness also exhibited a unimodal distribution across the severity gradient, increasing by 100% in stands that experienced moderate‐severity fire relative to unburned forests or following high‐severity fire, as predicted by the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis. Several distinct regeneration communities emerged across the fire severity gradient, including early seral tree communities indicative of those observed in initial and relay floristics successional models for this forest type. Most significantly, moderate‐severity fire alters successional trajectories and facilitates the establishment of a more diverse tree regeneration community than observed following low‐ or high‐severity fire. These communities are reflective of the diverse overstory communities commonly encountered throughout this forest type. The emergence of these diverse forests is unlikely to develop or persist in the absence of moderate‐severity fire effects, and may be perpetuated longer by recurring moderate‐severity fire relative to experiencing stand replacing fire. Therefore, moderate‐severity fire may be the most functionally important fire effect in Douglas‐fir forests and should be better represented in successional models and more prominent in ecologically based fire and forest management.

Species composition and distribution of rust fungi in Zailisky Alatau (Kazakhstan)

Mycobiota of the Zailisky Alatau includes 176 species of rust fungi, the Microbotryomycetes class has 5 species, the Pucciniomycetes class is represented with 171 species. The largest number of species is characteristic of the genera Puccinia (98 species) and Uromyces (24 species). Others genera are represented with 1-13 species. The greatest number of species of rust fungi is noted for altitudes of 1700-1900 and 1900-2100 m above sea level, what correlates with the vegetation zone of dark coniferous forests and meadows. Great aridity does not allow fungi to develop intensively in the lower foothills and steppe zone, and low temperatures and intense solar insolation inhibit the development of rust fungi in the alpine and subalpine zones. 337 plant species from 165 genera are registered as host plants. The largest number of rust fungi species is noted in the Small and Big Almaty gorges (73 and 57 species, respectively), in the Talgar and Turgen gorges (57 and 63 species, respectively). The gorges of Karakastek, Ush-Konyr, Uzyn-Kargaly, Chemolgan, Small Kemin and Oi-Karagai are characterized by an insignificant diversity of rust fungi (from 3 to 8 species), which is associated with lower humidity of these gorges.

The fingerprint of essential bio-oils by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

Six essential oils were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry coupled to negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI(-)/FT-ICR MS). ESI offers selective ionization of a compound's polar functional groups containing nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms. ESI in negative-ion mode allows the identification of the acidic compounds. The results showed that the samples contain between 1100-3600 individual molecular compositions, which corresponds to the greatest number of species detected to date in essential oils obtained from aromatic plant material. The compositions cover a mass range between m/z 150-500 with up to 41 carbon atoms. The dominant organic constituents of the essential oils correspond to species incorporating 2-5 oxygen atoms, detected as deprotonated/sodiated/chlorinated species. A set of 580 molecular assignments were found in common across all the samples and for the first time, a set of unique molecular systems were identified, and up to 1373 species as a unique composition for each essential oil. The molecular distributions plotted in van Krevelen diagrams (classified by their H/C vs. O/C values) suggest the presence of species with long alkyl chains and low numbers of rings plus double bonds.

Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasitic infection in Captive Wild Animals of a Central Zoological Garden in Iran

Zoos are places where a great number of valuable animal species are put together taken out of their natural habitats .This survey was carried out to survey the gastrointestinal parasites in animals at a zoological garden in Tehran, Iran. A total of 143 fecal samples from various captive wild animals, consisting of 40 different species were collected randomly and analysed for the presence of the different stages of parasites by direct smear preparation and zinc sulfate flotation followed by Ziel-Neelsen staining method. Data showed that the examined animals were consist of 12 species of carnivores (36 samples), 17 species of herbivores (75), 3 species of non-human primates (11 samples), and 8 species of different species of birds (21 samples). 23(16.08%) of animals, that belonging to 14 animal species, were infected with different intestinal parasites. Among 143 samples from captive wild animals 23 samples (16.08%) were positive for gastrointestinal parasites that 5 samples (3.49%) belong to Carnivores, 13 samples (9.09%) to Herbivores, 4 samples (2.8%) to Non-human primates and 1 sample (0.7%) to Aves. The prevalence of parasites was higher in Non-human primates (36.36%) followed by Herbivores (17.33%), Carnivores (13.88%) and Aves (4.76%).Some animals infected with more than one parasite species and have mixed infection, thus, out of 23 animal samples that parasites were encountered, 12 (8.39%) were infected with helminths and 13 (9.09%) were infected with protozoa. The high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites found in zoo animals examined in this study emphasizes the importance of controlling these parasitic diseases in order to keep animals, especially in the case of endangered species, in healthy conditions and prevent probable infection of humans working with these animals to zoonotic parasites. Keywords: Wild animals; Zoological park; Parasite, Iran

As plantas e seus usos nos quintais de Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso

As plantas dos quintais urbanos são utilizadas para múltiplas finalidades, com destaque para as espécies alimentícias e medicinais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar o levantamento das espécies vegetais e seus respectivos usos nos quintais de dois bairros em Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso e estabelecer o perfil dos informantes. Na seleção dos entrevistados aplicou-se a amostragem bola de neve, onde foram utilizadas as técnicas de observação direta e participante, sendo os principais envolvidos na manutenção dos quintais indagados sobre o manejo das plantas e as partes utilizadas para cada uso. Foram observados 99 táxons pertencentes a 49 famílias botânicas. As famílias mais frequentes foram Lamiaceae, Fabaceae e Myrtaceae. As espécies Cocos nucifera L., Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O.Berg e Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex P. Wilson estavam presentes em 50% dos quintais. As categorias de uso citadas pelos informantes foram: a) arborização; b) condimentar; c) cultivo; d) frutífera; e) medicinal e f) paisagismo. Mais de 50% das espécies destina-se ao uso alimentício, destacando a função de segurança alimentar dos quintais. A segunda categoria com maior número de espécies foi a de uso medicinal com 29 táxons, pertencentes à 17 famílias e, Lamiaceae foi a família com maior número de espécies usadas. O uso medicinal mais citado foi na forma de decocção (chá) para gripes e resfriados.

Forest Diversity and Structure in the Amazonian Mountain Ranges of Southeastern Ecuador

We analyze the structure of diameter, richness, and diversity of the forests in the upper limit of the great Amazon basin located in the Ecuadorian territory of the Cordilleras del Cóndor and Cutucú. Our hypothesis was that the forests of the eastern mountain ranges are not homogeneous, but rather present differences in their structure, richness, and floristic diversity. Our main objective was to classify the types of forests based on the characteristics of the diameter structure and the species composition of the Amazonian forests of the eastern mountain ranges in southern Ecuador, and we determined the influence of critical edaphic, environmental, and geomorphological factors, For this we installed eight permanent plots of one hectare in homogeneous and well preserved forest stands, four plots in the province of Zamora Chinchipe and four in the province of Morona Santiago. We identified and measured all trees >10 cm at chest height and for each plot, soil samples, as well as environmental and slope data were taken. We performed an non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) analysis to evaluate changes in climatic and geomorphological gradients, and used the CCA analysis to assess the relationship between the composition of the species at the plot level and the edapho-climatic variables. Finally, we modeled the change in diversity ad species (Fisher’s alpha) in relation to climatic, altitudinal, and geomorphological gradients using a GLM. We determined the existence of two different types of forest, the first called Terra Firme, characterized by the presence of a greater number of species and individuals per plot as compared to the second type of forest called Tepuy or Sandstone forest. Species richness was negatively correlated with the phosphorus content of the soil and the pH, annual average temperature, annual rainfall, and altitude. Terra Firme forests, settled in more stable and nutrient-rich climatic areas, were more diverse and Sandstone forests are poor in nutrients and develop in areas with greater seasonality.

Differences in vegetation characteristics with shoreline position on a tropical pocket beach

ABSTRACT Composition and richness of coastal vegetation differs with distance from the water and sheltering by topography. Transition from pioneer beach plants to mature forests is expected to be narrow on low wave energy coasts with a tropical climate favorable to vegetation growth. The goal of this paper is to determine whether vegetation on the beach and foredune will be denser and have a greater number of species and more woody shrubs near the water as wave and wind stresses diminish because of favorable shoreline orientation within a pocket beach. Field data on beach width, beach mobility, dune height, vegetation species, vegetation height and percent vegetation cover were collected in Puerto Rico along six cross-shore transects. Beaches are more stable at transects in the lee of an eolianite barrier and a tombolo. The vegetation gradient there is compressed, with denser, taller, more diverse vegetation and more tree species close to the waterline than at more exposed sites. The lack of mobility of the beaches and dunes and lack of geomorphically significant disturbance events is in contrast to the conspicuous feedbacks between overwash, topography, and vegetation on exposed mid-latitude coasts, revealing the need for more study of low-energy beach environments.

Characteristics of the butterflies on various forms of land uses

Abstract The purpose of the work was to identify the occurrence of butterflies depending on landform uses and human influence on the population domination structure. The research was conducted in the ‘Krzywda’ field-and-forest Site occupying 172 ha. The area consists of the land leaving in fallow, meadows and wasteland including about 68 ha of swamps that are strongly eutrophic due to human economic activity. The area is subjected to artificial succession inhibition processes in the form of mowing and cutting of trees and shrubs. 32 species of butterflies were recorded during the research, that is, 20% of all species within this group occurring in Poland. The research has approved the great spatial and quantitative diversification of the occurring area of butterflies depending on the form of the land uses. The greatest number of species and their greatest populations were found in the land laying in fallow without the removal of the biomass. The least number of species and their specimens were collected in the unmown laying fallow land. Lycaena virgaureae was the most numerous species collected. The correct domination structure characterized by a small number of numerous species and a large number of species consisting of a low number of specimens. Processes observed in the studied Site subjected to various types of land use influence the occurrence diversity of this group of insects.

Floristic composition, phytosociology and weed diversity in chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

Assessment of floristic composition, phytosociology and diversity of weed communities are crucial for weed control in chives. A survey was conducted on two selected chives cropping fields in the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil to identify the weed flora and the most important weed species associated with chives. The weed survey was carried out by the quadrat method with 30 weed samples taken from each chives field. Phytosociological parameters assessed were absolute and relative densities, frequencies and abundances and the importance value of each species. Weed diversity was assessed by the Shannon Diversity Index (H’). We recorded a total of 3,689 individuals from 36 species and 16 families. The two families with the highest species richness were Poaceae (n = 7) and Cyperaceae (n = 5). The greater number of species (30) was recorded in the chives grown in Catucá. The most important species based on the importance value were Hediotys corimbosa, Schoenoplectus juncoides and Ludwigia octovalvis, in Areal and Eleusine indica, Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus iria in Catucá. Floristic diversity was higher in Areal (H’ = 5.21 nats. ind-1). These results could lead to improved weed management strategies in chives croppping in the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil.

Beetles (Coleoptera) in Stagnant Water Bodies of the Middle Part of the Gydan Peninsula

The fauna of water beetles of the main types of stagnant water bodies in the middle part of the Gydan Peninsula was studied. Altogether, 20 species were found, with 2 to 16 species recorded in diff erent types of water bodies. The family Dytiscidae was represented by the greatest number of species; the most diverse genera were Agabus and Hydroporus, which together accounted for 60% of the total species richness. Most of the recorded species have vast ranges extending both longitudinally and latitudinally. The East Palaearctic species Helophorus niger was recorded within the “penetration area” at its western distribution boundary. The most common species in the material studied were Agabus serricornis and A. arcticus. Beetles were the most abundant in floodplain lakes and temporary water bodies. The highest faunal similarity was recorded between temporary water bodies and swamps.

Convergent evolution of cytochrome P450s underlies independent origins of keto-carotenoid pigmentation in animals.

Keto-carotenoids contribute to many important traits in animals, including vision and coloration. In a great number of animal species, keto-carotenoids are endogenously produced from carotenoids by carotenoid ketolases. Despite the ubiquity and functional importance of keto-carotenoids in animals, the underlying genetic architectures of their production have remained enigmatic. The body and eye colorations of spider mites (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) are determined by β-carotene and keto-carotenoid derivatives. Here, we focus on a carotenoid pigment mutant of the spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai that, as shown by chromatography, lost the ability to produce keto-carotenoids. We employed bulked segregant analysis and linked the causal locus to a single narrow genomic interval. The causal mutation was fine-mapped to a minimal candidate region that held only one complete gene, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP384A1, of the CYP3 clan. Using a number of genomic approaches, we revealed that an inactivating deletion in the fourth exon of CYP384A1 caused the aberrant pigmentation. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CYP384A1 is orthologous across mite species of the ancient Trombidiformes order where carotenoids typify eye and body coloration, suggesting a deeply conserved function of CYP384A1 as a carotenoid ketolase. Previously, CYP2J19, a cytochrome P450 of the CYP2 clan, has been identified as a carotenoid ketolase in birds and turtles. Our study shows that selection for endogenous production of keto-carotenoids led to convergent evolution, whereby cytochrome P450s were independently co-opted in vertebrate and invertebrate animal lineages.

Mapping the consequences of artificial light at night for intertidal ecosystems.

Widespread coastal urbanization has resulted in artificial light pollution encroaching into intertidal habitats, which are highly valued by society for ecosystem services including coastal protection, climate regulation and recreation. While the impacts of artificial light at night in terrestrial and riparian ecosystems are increasingly well documented, those on organisms that reside in coastal intertidal habitats are less well explored. The distribution of artificial light at night from seaside promenade lighting was mapped across a sandy shore, and its consequences for macroinvertebrate community structure quantified accounting for other collinear environmental variables known to shape biodiversity in intertidal ecosystems (shore height, wave exposure and organic matter content). Macroinvertebrate community composition significantly changed along artificial light gradients. Greater numbers of species and total community biomass were observed with increasing illumination, a relationship that was more pronounced (increased effects size) with increasing organic matter availability. Individual taxa exhibited different relationships with artificial light illuminance; the abundances of 27% of non-rare taxa [including amphipods (Amphipoda), catworms (Nephtys spp.), and sand mason worms (Lanice conchilega)] decreased with increasing illumination, while 20% [including tellins (Tellinidae spp.), lugworms (Arenicola marina) and ragworms (Nereididae spp.)] increased. Possible causes of these relationships are discussed, including direct effects of artificial light on macroinvertebrate behaviour and indirect effects via trophic interactions. With increasing light pollution in coastal zones around the world, larger scale changes in intertidal ecosystems could be occurring.

RIQUEZA Y DENSIDAD DE ESPECIES DE AVES DE PASTIZAL EVALUADAS POR DOS MÉTODOS


 
 
 Dentro de las aves, las de pastizal son de las más amenazadas en el mundo. En México, estos ecosistemas se han visto afectados por el sobre-apacentamiento con ganado doméstico y la conversión a la agricultura. Para desarrollar planes de conservación es necesario evaluar las poblaciones y utilizar herramientas precisas que permitan conocer el estado de éstas. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el conteo de aves por transecto y el puntual, para contrastar su efectividad al estimar la riqueza de especies y densidad de poblaciones, mediante cuatro diferentes distancias de detección en tres tipos de hábitats: pastizal mediano abierto, sabana y áreas agrícolas, las cuales diferían en su cubierta vegetal. La cuantificación se realizó en el periodo invierno-primavera 2004 - 2005. Las densidades más altas se obtuvieron con la técnica del conteo puntual en los intervalos de 0 - 25 y 25 - 50 m. El mayor número de especies se detectó con ambos métodos en las distancias de 0 a 75 m. Los resultados son consistentes para las dos estaciones y los tres hábitats, por lo que es posible combinar los métodos probados cuando se realicen inventarios referentes a la diversidad de aves de los pastizales semiáridos de México.
 
 

Spatial distribution of phytoplankton in the subarctic estuary (Kem’ river, the White Sea)

The species composition and biomass of the phytoplankton (Ph) as well as hydrological characteristics were estimated in 4 spatial surveys in the subarctic tidal estuary of the Kem’ River and adjacent area of Onega Bay (White Sea, Russia) in June–July 2008–2011. The study area was divided into 3 zones (the river zone, the gradient zone and the marine zone), based on the salinity variation of the surface layer. In total, 318 species of Ph were registered, 143 species are found in the river zone, 225 — in the gradient zone, 106 — in the marine zone. The greatest number of species in all zones was represented by diatoms. The highest biodiversity of Ph in the surface layer was detected in the gradient zone. The averages of total biomass of the Ph in the surface layer (Bo) at different years varied in range 2.8–16.9 mg C/m3. Although Bo did not differ significantly between zones, with the exception of 2011, when Bo was the highest in the river zone, dissimilarity in the structure of the Ph in the river, gradient and marine zones were 61–95%. The similarity of the Ph at the stations of each zone was poor (22–53%) with the lowest values in the gradient zone. It is postulated that the tidal cycles determine the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the composition, structure and abundance of Ph in the Kem’ river estuary in summer.

Survey of ethnoespecies used by rural dwellers in the municipality of Lajeado do Bugre (RS)

This study was conducted aiming to realize a setting up of ethnoespecies used by the rural population in the municipality of Lajeado do Bugre (RS). The setting up was conducted in October 2016, in 14 properties in the rural area of the municipality. The collect of data was done through an interview with open and semistructured questions, which was performed with an adult resident. After the interview, the species were listed in alphabetical order of the botanical family, followed by the scientific name, indications of use, form of preparation, used plant part, popular names and other complementary information. As results, we observed that the age of the interviewees ranged from 20 to 83 years old, being 70% of them being male. Were cited twenty-five ethnoespecies distributed in 17 botanical families. The families with greater number of species cited were the Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families. There were no records of medicinal plants for mystical use The three species most cited were: macela [ Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.], capim limao [ Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.] e poejo ( Mentha pulegium L.) . The most mentioned indications of use were for the treatment of anemia, kidney problem, infantile colic, headaches and for the slimming. Of the interviewees, 60% reported that the main vegetative part used is the leaves. Regarding the forms of preparation, the most cited were the preparation as infused tea. It was verified that the inhabitants of the rural area of Lajeado do Bugre (RS) use a large number of ethnospecies for medicinal purposes for relief and / or cure of symptoms, and knowledge about the use of medicinal plants has a strong influence on popular knowledge inherited and passed on from generation to generation.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS TUMBUHAN PAKU (PTERIDOPHYTA) DI KAWASAN HUTAN KUSU-KUSU KECAMATAN NUSANIWE DAN SOYA KECAMATAN SIRIMAU KOTA AMBON SEBAGAI SUMBANGAN ILMIAH BAGI MATA KULIAH EKOLOGI TUMBUHAN

Background: Nail plants (Pteridophyta) are cormus plants whose bodies can be clearly distinguished between roots, stems, and leaves. However, ferns cannot produce seeds because they breed with spores. Nail plants are divided into 4 classes, namely (1) Psilophytinae (ancient nail); (2) Lycopodiinae (wire nail); (3) Equisetinae (horsetail); and (4) Filicinae (true nail). Community structure is a concept that studies species composition or composition and its abundance in a community.
 Method: This research is a quantitative descriptive study to reveal information about the community structure of ferns. The study was conducted on July 18, 2018 - August 18, 2018.
 Results: The ferns found in the Kusu-Kusu forest area were 10 species and the Soya region as many as 20 species. Overall the types of ferns found in the two study locations were grouped into 2 classes, namely Filicinae / Pteropsida (true nail) and Lycopodiinae (wire nails). The Filicinae / Pteropsida class has a greater number of species, both in the Kusu-Kusu forest area (8 species) and the Soya forest area (13 species). The Lycopodiinae class has a smaller number of species, both in the Kusu-Kusu forest area (2 types), and the Soya forest area (7 species).
 Conclusions: 10 ferns were found in the Kusu-Kusu Sereh forest area in Nusaniwe Subdistrict, while in the Soya District of Sirimau District there were 20 species.

LIFE CYCLES OF CESTODES OF THE ORDER CYCLOPHYLLIDEA VAN BENEDEN IN BRAUN, 1900

A compilation of data on life cycles of cestodes structured into 6 suborders basing on our own data and literature analysis is given for the first time. It is established that world fauna of Cyclophyllidea currently consists of 1381 species life cycles of many of which are studied but poorly. Data from literature and our own studies shows that life cycles of Cyclophyllidea include two or sometimes three hosts: a definitive one, an intermediate one and sometimes additional (or second intermediate) one. As a result, characteristics of the life cycles and role of the specific definitive and intermediate hosts have been established for each Cyclophyllidea suborder. E.g., the suborder Acoleata's definitive hosts are birds connected to water environment, the intermediate ones are dragonfly larvae, for suborder Anoplocephalata definitive hosts are mammals, reptiles, rarely birds, intermediate ones are Oribatidae ticks, Psocoptera, for suborder Davaineata definitive ones are birds (mainly land ones), mammals (rodents, rarely humans), intermediate ones are worms, mollusks, arthropods, for Hymenolepidata definitive hosts are birds (mainly aquatic ones), mammals, intermediate ones are water invertebrates: crustaceans, rarely oligochaetes, mollusks and land mammals, for Mesocestoidata definitive hosts are carnivorous mammals and birds, intermediate ones are amphibia, reptiles, birds, mammals, for Taeniata definitive hosts are carnivorous mammals, birds, humans, intermediate ones are various vertebrates. Taking into account their great number of species, character and broad area of distribution, it is certain that this group of parasites is at the state of biological progress.

Spatial Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Subarctic Estuary (Kem’ River, the White Sea)

The species composition and biomass of the phytoplankton (Ph) as well as hydrological characteristics were estimated in 4 spatial surveys in the subarctic tidal estuary of the Kem’ River and adjacent area of Onega Bay (White Sea, Russia) in June–July 2008–2011. The study area was divided into 3 zones (the river zone, the gradient zone and the marine zone), based on the salinity variation of the surface layer. In total, 318 species of Ph were registered, 143 species are found in the river zone, 225 — in the gradient zone, 106 — in the marine zone. The greatest number of species in all zones was represented by diatoms. The highest biodiversity of Ph in the surface layer was detected in the gradient zone. The averages of total biomass of the Ph in the surface layer ( B o) at different years varied in range 2.8–16.9 mg C/m3. Although B o did not differ significantly between zones, with the exception of 2011, when B o was the highest in the river zone, dissimilarity in the structure of the Ph in the river, gradient and marine zones were 61–95%. The similarity of the Ph at the stations of each zone was poor (22–53%) with the lowest values in the gradient zone. It is postulated that the tidal cycles determine the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the composition, structure and abundance of Ph in the Kem’ river estuary in summer.