Greater Antioxidant Research Articles

Phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of Hippophae tibetana and H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis berries produced in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Phenolic ingredients of Hippophae tibetana (Tib) and H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis (Rha) berry from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were identified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Results demonstrated that both of them possessed high levels of total phenolic and flavonoid, and compared to Tib, Rha berry exhibited higher contents. Moreover, flavonols was the most predominant subclass in Rha berry, flavonols and flavanols were the two most abundant subclasses in Tib berry. Among them, rutin and narcissin were present in the most abundant amounts in Rha berry, while (-)-epigallocatechin was the richest substance in Tib berry. Furthermore, both phenolic extracts of sea buckthorn berry exhibited strong in vitro and cellular antioxidant properties. Rha berry extract exhibited much stronger effects because of its higher levels of phenolic and flavonoid profiles. This finding proved that the Rha berry could serve as a food source for better health with great potential antioxidant activity.

Low-cost alternative for the bioproduction of bioactive phenolic compounds of callus cultures from Cereus hildmannianus (K.) Schum

The aim of this study was to establish a sustainable alternative callus culture of Cereus hildmannianus for the production and bioactive determination of phenolic compounds from this species. The conventional callus was cultivated using agar and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, while for the alternative culture the agar was replaced with a cotton support covered with filter paper and MS medium (incubated at 32 °C with photoperiod of 16 h), and the morphological characteristics and growth index were assessed (8 weeks). Extracts were obtained by maceration followed by partition, characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance - NMR and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - UHPLC, quantified (phenolic compounds) by UV-Vis methods, and their antioxidant, antitumor activities, as well as cytotoxicity, were evaluated. The establishment of an alternative callus culture was carried out successfully. Characteristic signals of phenolic compounds were determined by NMR, and 46 compounds with fragment ions were identified using UHPLC analysis. The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds, and greatest antioxidant and antitumor activities, were obtained with the dichloromethane fractions of both callus tissue cultures, which were not cytotoxic. The callus culture from C. hildmannianus has shown promise as a source for the sustainable production of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antiproliferative activities and thus, has potential use as a natural antitumor product.

Extraction of bioactive compounds from Dipsacus fullonum leaves using deep eutectic solvents

In this study, deep eutectic solvent (DES) based systems were evaluated for selective extraction and optimized for increased recovery of chlorogenic acid derivatives, flavone glycosides and iridoid glycosides from Dipsacus fullonum L. leaves. Bioactives from Dipsacus plants has shown great antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as effectiveness against several cancer strains and a source for anti-Borrelia compounds.Twelve different hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs were tested to find the best solvent composition. Choline chloride and betaine were used as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) for the preparation of hydrophilic DESs and menthol for hydrophobic DESs. The tested hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were various organic acids and glycerol. The composition of most effective DES was optimized using the Box-Behnken design for each of the three main group of analytes from D. fullonum L. to evaluate possible selectivity and highest recovery. HPLC-DAD-MS was used to identify and quantify the main bioactive compounds extracted from plant material.The optimal extraction for highest overall recovery was achieved using a molar ratio of choline chloride and lactic acid of 1:2.4 with 35% water and 27 mL of the solvent per one gram of dry material. The optimized DES extract gave concentrations 1.8 to 2.2 times higher than traditional organic solvent extracts depending on the group of analytes.

Ameliorating Effect of Standardized Extract From Textured Soy Protein (Glycine max L.) on Memory Deficit and Learning Insufficiency in Scopolamine-induced Amnesia.

Textured soy protein (TSP) and nuts are two processed forms of soybean (Glycine max L.) that are widely consumed for nutritional purposes in Iran. Recently, we have reported the antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of raw soybean (RS) attributed to isoflavones, such as genistein. In this work, we aimed to compare in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of TSP, nuts, and RS to select the most effective one for learning capacity and spatial memory studies. Genistein content was determined using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), while diphenylpicrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to study antioxidant evaluation and Ellman's colorimetric method was used to measure anticholinesterase. TSP extract (TSPE) was administered to male rats (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p] for 7 days) before scopolamine injection (1 mg/kg). Learning capacity and spatial memory were evaluated using passive avoidance test (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) methods compared to physostigmine and piracetam. The greatest antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect was observed for TSPE, which significantly prolonged initially latency in PTA (P<0.05) and improved all indicators in the MWM test at 200 mg/kg. The memory-improving effect of TSPE may be due to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect as well as neuroprotective effects of its isoflavones. Different samples (nuts-raw soybeans-TSP) prepared from soybeans.All samples exhibited antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase effects in vitro studies.TSP showed the most biological activity and the greatest genistein content.TSP significantly improved memory and learning indicators at 200 mg/kg.These effects are attributed to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity.Plant isoflavones have neuroprotective effects. Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the problems of the elderly society, which has a lot of emotional and financial costs. AD is a type of progressive brain disease in which neurons are destroyed and memory is lost. This disease currently has no definitive treatment and the only way is to prevent the disease from spreading. Much research has been devoted to finding suitable and effective treatments for AD. Many food and herbal medicines have shown to be effective in controlling this disease. Soybean is a plant that is widely used as food and snacks in Iran in different ways. In this study, we prepared three preparation from soya beans which have been widely used by Iranian people including raw soya, nut (roasted form) and textured soy protein (TSP). The effect of these preparations have been studied on memory and learning in amnestic rats through different pharmacological studies. The results indicated that TSP due to antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity significantly can augment memory enhancing and learning ability Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the problems of the elderly society, which has a lot of emotional and financial costs. AD is a type of progressive brain disease in which neurons are destroyed and memory is lost. This disease currently has no definitive treatment and the only way is to prevent the disease from spreading. Much research has been devoted to finding suitable and effective treatments for AD. Many food and herbal medicines have shown to be effective in controlling this disease. Soybean is a plant that is widely used as food and snacks in Iran in different ways. In this study, we prepared three preparation from soya beans which have been widely used by Iranian people including raw soya, nut (roasted form) and textured soy protein (TSP). The effect of these preparations have been studied on memory and learning in amnestic rats through different pharmacological studies. The results indicated that TSP due to antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity significantly can augment memory enhancing and learning ability. TSP also contains some phytochemicals such as phytoestrogens which have shown neuroprotective activity in different studies.

Fractions of laurel essential oil obtained by molecular distillation with greater antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil (LEO) and its fractions obtained by short-path molecular distillation. According to the chemical composition, it can be said that LEO and its fractions proved to have antioxidant activity sinceboth have a high content of total phenolic content (TPC). Short-path molecular distillation was used to separate essential oil fractions with superiorantioxidant activity. Laurel residue (LR) exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity, with higher values of trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity with ABTS radical cation (TEAC-ABTS) assay and TPC. In addition, LR had the lowest value of IC50-DPPH. For antimicrobial activity, all natural products tested had an effect on all foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. LEO, as well as its fractions, showed antimicrobial, bacteriostatic, or bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The LEO and its fractions obtained by molecular distillation can be used as antimicrobials and as food preservatives to prevent oxidation. Also, consumers considered the addition of LEO or its fractions in food products as positive.

Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Cardiac and Hepatic Toxicity Induced by Azithromycin-Etoricoxib Drug Interaction.

The complexity of prescribing safe and effective drug therapy is still challenging. Due to the increased number of medications taken by patients, the potential for drug-drug interactions has clinically important consequences. This study focuses on the potential drug-drug interaction between azithromycin and etoricoxib and the possibility of counteracting this adverse reaction by giving ascorbic acid intraperitoneally to male albino rats. Sixty adult male albino rats weighing 150–180 g were used. The rats were allocated into six equal groups. One group was a control, and the others were given azithromycin, etoricoxib, either alone or combination, with one group treated with ascorbic acid and the last group treated with the drug combination and ascorbic acid. Blood samples were collected for measuring AST, ALT, LDH, CK-MB, and troponin alongside antioxidant enzymes and histopathological examination for both liver and heart tissue. The results showed both hepatic and cardiac damage in azithromycin and etoricoxib groups represented by increasing levels of heaptoc enzymes (ALT, AST, LDH, CK-MB, and troponin) with declining antioxidant enzymes and elevation of malondialdehyde and the appearance of hepatic and cardiac toxicities. Upon administration, ascorbic acid ameliorated all the mentioned biochemical parameters. In conclusion, ascorbic acid has great antioxidant capacities and hepatic and cardiac ameliorative effects and can alleviate drug interaction toxicity.

Selected fungi of the genus Lactarius - screening of antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, and genotoxicity

ABSTRACT It is well-known that mushrooms of the genus Lactarius constitute a natural food resource providing health benefits as a nutritient. This genus contains 4 mushrooms identified as L. deliciosus, L. volemus, L. sanguifluus, L. semisanguifluus and L. piperatus which were collected in Serbia. The aim of this study aimed was to identify and characterize the content of phenolic compounds and examine the antioxidant potential of 5 wild edible mushrooms. L. sanguifluus contained the highest content of total phenol compounds (75.25 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g dry extract weight (GAE/g DE) and exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity through the ability to remove radicals as evidenced by ABTS assay (8.99 mg of trolox equivalents (TE) per g dry extract weight (mg TE/g DE); total reducing power (TRP) assay mg ascorbic acid equivalents per mg of dry extract weight (0.42 mg AAE/g DE) and CUPRAC (14.23 mg TE /g DE). L. deliciosus methanolic extract produced greatest scavenging of the DPPH radical (46%). The methanol mushroom extracts were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacterial strains using the microdilution method. Of all the extracts tested, L. sanguifluus extract showed the best antibacterial properties. The cytokinesis block micronucleus assay results for the examined mushrooms demonstrated that extracts at a concentration of 3 μg/ml decreased the number of micronuclei (MN) in the range of 19–49% which is significant bearing in mind that radioprotectant amifostine reduced the frequency of MN by only 16.3%. Data thus demonstrate that the 5 wild edible mushrooms of genus Lactarius contain constituents that are beneficial not only as nutrients but also have the potential as antioxidants, antibacterial and antigenotoxic properties.

Oxidative potential and in vitro toxicity of particles generated by pyrotechnic smokes in human small airway epithelial cells

Pyrotechnic smokes are widely used in civilian and military applications. The major issue arise from the release of particles after smoke combustion but the health risks related to their exposure are poorly documented whereas toxicity of airborne particles on the respiratory target are very well known. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in vitro toxicity of the particle fraction of different pyrotechnic smokes.Particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS), an hexachloroethane-based obscuring smoke (HC-OS) and an anti-intrusion smoke (AIS) were collected from the cloud. RSS particles displayed the highest organic fraction (quinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of the three samples characterized. AIS particles contained K and cholesterol derivatives. HC-OS particles were mainly metallic with very high concentrations of Al, Fe and Ca. Intrinsic oxidative potential of smoke particles was measured with two assays. Depletions of DTT by RSS particles was greater than depletion obtained with AIS and HC-OS particles but depletion of acid ascorbic (AA) was only observed with HC-OS particles. In vitro toxicity was assessed by exposing human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) to various concentrations of particles. After 24 h of exposure, cell viability was not affected but significant modifications of mRNA expression of antioxidant (SOD-1 and -2, catalase, HO-1, NQO-1) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were observed and were dependent on smoke type. Particles rich in metal, such as HC-OS, induced a greatest depletion of AA and a greatest inflammatory response, whereas particles rich in organic compounds, such as RSS, induced a greatest DTT depletion and a greatest antioxidant response.In conclusion, the three smoke particles have an intrinsic oxidative potential and triggered a cell adaptive response. Our study improved the knowledge of particle toxicity of pyrotechnic smokes and scientific approach developed here could be used to study other type of particles.

Fabrication and characterization of oxidized esterified tapioca starch films encapsulating oregano essential oil with mesoporous nanosilica

Oregano essential oil (OEO) has great antioxidant and antifungal potential as a natural bioinhibitor, which is limited by its volatility and instability. In this study, OEO was loaded onto mesoporous nanosilica (MNS) to prolong the efficacy of biological inhibitors and then oxidized esterified tapioca starch (OETS) was used as a film-forming matrix to develop bio-nanocomposites for packaging by the casting method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyze the loading effect of nanoparticles. Then, the microstructure, physical, barrier, antioxidant and antifungal properties of the active films containing OEO–MNS were evaluated and compared with those of the OETS-based film. The results showed that the presence of OEO–MNS endowed the film with antioxidant, antifungal, and ultraviolet-blocking properties, as well as improved tensile strength (TS) and water resistance. Specifically, the best performance was obtained for the OETS-based film containing 0.9% OEO–MNS with a uniform nanoparticle distribution. Meanwhile, the TS of the active films reached up to 6.97 MPa, which was about 236% higher than that of the pure OETS-based films. In addition, the film incorporating 1.5% OEO–MNS had the highest antioxidant capacity and excellent antifungal activity. The prepared multifunctional nanocomposite films containing essential oil have promising applications in the field of active packaging.

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of pomegranate peel antioxidants: A green process to obtain a meat preservative

As an agro-food by-product, pomegranate peel is a potential source of bioactive compounds with preservative properties. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is a green extraction method that is useful in increasing extraction yields and reducing extraction time without using toxic solvents. This study aimed to optimize the UAE of a pomegranate peel for its use as a preservative using water as the solvent, maximizing its antioxidant potential for its particular application to chicken burgers. A Box–Behnken design was applied using extraction time, extraction temperature, and ultrasound amplitude as independent variables. The response surface methodology (RSM) results showed that the highest concentration of the phenolic compound is obtained at amplitude—50%, temperature—38°C, and time—15 min. The extracts with RSM conditions at a concentration of 0.8% indicated that the extracted preservative exerts the ability to delay meat oxidation on days 1, 2, 4, and 7, even better than ascorbic acid. Practical applications The waste and elimination of agro-industrial by-products generate significant environmental impacts and critical economic losses. Today, a sustainable paradigm it seeks to add extra value to these by-products by giving them a new application in the production chains, thus favoring the circular economy. The ultrasound-assisted process is an excellent tool to obtain green compounds that cover the recent concern from the industry and consumers for healthier foods. In this case, the application of the pomegranate peel extract is presented as an alternative to synthetic preservatives due to its great antioxidant capacity.

Preparation of Pickering emulsions based on soy protein isolate-tannic acid for protecting aroma compounds and their application in beverages

In the present study, soy protein isolate was modified by tannic acid and used as a stabilizer for Pickering emulsions loaded with aroma compounds. The nanoparticles with tannic acid concentrations above 2 mg/mL were found to show great antioxidant properties. Essential oils, aroma compounds, and flavours can be stabilized by nanoparticles to form Pickering emulsions with a droplet diameter of<600 nm. E-nose analysis shows that nanoparticles provide outstanding protective functionalities for the 6 essential oils at 37 °C for 30 days. Further study of limonene and citral indicates that the nanoparticles afford nearly 60% protection against loss with a tannic acid concentration of 10 mg/mL. Furthermore, the nanoparticles also maintain the aroma of the beverages and lengthen the five-day shelf life. Overall, this research provides a sustainable, low-cost, and quickly prepared stabilizer for aroma compounds in foods.

Antioxidant and Photoprotective Potentials and Chemical Comparison of Three Species of Ocimum

Several species of the genus Ocimum are traditionally known and consumed by the population, but studies on aqueous extract composition are restricted to preparations by infusion. The aim of this study was to compare three different aqueous extractive methods (decoction, infusion, and maceration) of the leaves from Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, and O. kilimandscharicum, using their chemical composition, and antioxidant and photoprotective potentials. Using the data from LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, we identified two organic acids and ten flavonoids in the extracts. Comparing the three studied species, O. gratissimum showed the greatest antioxidant and photoprotective potentials and the highest concentration of phenolic substances, followed by the species O. basilicum and O. kilimandscharicum. Considering the extraction methods, decoction showed the greatest antioxidant and photoprotective potentials and the highest content of phenolic substances regardless of the species.

A study on protective effect of Piper longum and Hybanthus enneaspermus on glucose induced diabetic cataract in cultured goat lens

Introduction and Aim: The maintenance of protein redox status, thought to be largely responsible for cell survival and function, may be the outcome of oxidative events, antioxidant protection and degradation of damaged proteins. Diabetes has been one of the substantial predisposing factors of cataract. Cataractogenesis in diabetes is mainly due to generation of free radicals causing oxidation of long-lived proteins. phytonutrient isolated from medicinal herbs are now proven to have great antioxidant &amp; other therapeutic properties. The present study was done to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic cataract to formulate and develop novel and effective anticataract agents and to explore role of Piper longum and Hybanthus enneaspermus in the prevention of oxidative damage of lens proteins in glucose induced cataract. Material and Methods: A total of 120 goat lenses were distributed into four groups of 30 each viz. Normal control, experimental diabetic cataract, experimental diabetic cataract + extract of Piper longum (0.25%), experimental diabetic cataract extract of H. enneaspermus (0.25%). Various study parameters measured in lens homogenates comprised malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble lens proteins, and protein carbonyl level as a measure of lens protein oxidation. Results: Both extract of Piper longum and H. enneaspermus showed significantly declined concentrations of protein carbonyl level, preserved total soluble proteins and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) (p&lt;0.001). P. longum aqueous seed extract performed better over H. enneaspermus. Conclusion: It is concluded that aqueous extract of Piper longum and H. enneaspermus contains potent antioxidant compounds which shown protective role against cataractogenesis in the present.

Antioxidant activity of delphinidin and pelargonidin: Theory and practice.

The quantum chemical density functional theory and in vitro chemical-based antioxidant assays were used to research the reaction mechanism of delphinidin/pelargonidin with free radicals including superoxide anion radicals (O2 - ∙) and hydroperoxide radicals (OOH∙). The geometric configuration, bond dissociation energy, PCM (polarizable continuum model) solvent model reaction enthalpy changes were studied to explain the transition states, and the reaction enthalpy change value was calculated to determine the active site. From the results of spatial configuration, delphinidin showed a stronger conjugation effect than that of pelargonidin. The dihedral angle between the three rings of delphinidin was almost 180°, and the angle between the B and C rings was only -2.81868°. Both coplanar and antioxidant activity of delphinidin was better than pelargonidin. The consequences of reaction enthalpy change in PCM were consistent with the bond dissociation energy. The phenolic hydroxyl bond dissociation energy of delphinidin was slightly smaller than that of pelargonidin. Moreover, the C4' site of delphinidin and the C3 site of pelargonidin were the active sites for scavenging free radicals. The free radical scavenging ability of delphinidin was marginally higher than that of pelargonidin. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant results proved the scavenging ability of delphinidin and pelargonidin on superoxide anions, DPPH, and ABTS∙+ free radicals. It was shown that the chemical-based antioxidant activity was consistent with the theoretical calculation results, with delphinidin showing greater antioxidant activity. These results could explain the antioxidant mechanism of delphinidin/pelargonidin in scavenging free radicals from chemical reactions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This manuscript explained the antioxidant mechanism of delphinidin/pelargonidin in scavenging free radicals through the analysis of the geometric configuration of delphinidin/pelargonidin and the theoretical calculation of the reaction transition state. It could also speculate on the possible reaction sites, and provide a basis for judging how to efficiently select antioxidants with great antioxidant activity.

A green approach to phenolic compounds recovery from olive mill and winery wastes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery of phenolic compounds from olive mill and winery wastes by conventional solid-liquid extraction (SLE) using water as the extraction solvent. The studied variables were extraction time (5–15 min), temperature (25–90 °C), solid-to-liquid ratio (1:10–1:100 (kg/L)), pH (3−10) and application of multiple extractions (1–3). The extraction efficiency was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV), but also from the recovery of some representative phenolic compounds. The optimized conditions were one extraction step, 10 min, 25 °C, 1:30 (kg/L), pH 5 for olive pomace, and one extraction step, 10 min, 70 °C, 1:100 (kg/L), pH 5 for winery residues. The extraction method is simple and suitable for scaling-up in industry, and the aqueous extracts are fully compatible with further purification schemes based on the use of membranes or resins. The optimized technique was applied to a set of different representative residues from olive mill and winery industries, to assess their suitability as sources for phenolic compounds recovery. The phenolic content in the extracts was evaluated by chromatographic analysis and by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay (FC). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-azinobis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfonat (ABTS), 2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Because of their high contents in phenolic compounds and great antioxidant capacity, olive pomace and lees filters were identified as especially suited sources for phenolic compounds recovery.

Terminalia chebula extracts ameliorate methamphetamine-induced memory deficits via activating the ERK and Nrf2 pathway

As a psychoactive substance abused worldwide, methamphetamine (METH) abuse leads to multiple neurodegenerative symptoms including memory deficits. Terminalia chebula retzius extracts (TREs) isolated by our lab have great antioxidant activity and its effect on METH-induced memory deficits has not been investigated yet. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of TREs on METH induced cell apoptosis in vitro and memory deficits in vivo. The results showed that TREs treatment attenuated free radical release and improved cell survival of primary hippocampal neurons after METH injury. In the Morris water maze task, TREs treatment reversed METH-induced learning and memory deficits in acquisition and retention. Moreover, TREs reduced oxidative stress in the serum and hippocampus of mice. Additionally, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) pathway and the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway were inactivated after METH treatment, and were significantly activated after TREs pretreatment. These findings suggest that TREs may exert potent neuroprotective effect via activation of both ERK and Nrf2 pathways, thus providing a basis for its potential use for ameliorating memory deficits induced by METH.

Accumulation of anthocyanins and phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of lettuce cultivars grown hydroponically and in the open ground

We assess the level of anthocyanins and phenolic acids accumulated in the leaves of lettuce cultivars grown hydroponically and in the open ground. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the cultivars under study was determined. The plant material was macerated overnight using a selected extractant. The anthocyanin concentration was determined by spectrophotometry, while the composition of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds was determined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. In general, anthocyanins in the extracts of all red-leaved lettuce cultivars were represented by cyanidin-3-(6″- malonylglucoside) with a small amount of its isomer – cyanidin-3-(3″-malonylglucoside). The highest level of anthocyanins was detected in the leaves of c.v. Thurinus, amounting up to 0.200 g per 100 g of fresh product for the intensively painted leaf areas. The cultivation of lettuce under the green-house conditions (hydroponically) leads to a significant reduction in the anthocyanin concentration in its leaves. The loss of anthocyanins during leaf drying was established to exceed 50%. Along with anthocyanins, the derivatives of caffeic acid, including chlorogenic (5-caffeoylquinic) acid, 5CQA, chicoric (3,4-caffeoyltartaric) acid, and 3,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid are important water-soluble compounds with antioxidant effects. The 5CQA accumulation was the highest, comprising 140 mg per 100 g of fresh weight (Red Thurinus). Antioxidant properties correlating with the level of anthocyanin accumulation were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In comparison with green-leaved cultivars, red-leaved lettuce was found to exhibit a greater antioxidant activity, thus representing a more valuable and functional food product. According to the obtained results, a system of additional illumination is required for intensification of the anthocyan biosynthesis aimed at obtaining highquality products cultivated hydroponically in green-house facilities.

Utilization of Nanogold and Nanosilver in Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) Leaf Extract for Pandemic of Covid-19

This research has the purpose to determine the characteristics of the synthesis of 20 ppm nanogold using TEM, determine the effect of adding nanogold on the antioxidant activity of Moringa leaves, and determine the best concentration that supports increasing antioxidant activity in Moringa leaves. Nanogold and nanosilver were synthesized using bottom-up methods. The concentrations used for Moringa leaf extract and nanogold were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ppm. The concentration of the nanosilver used is 20 ppm. Nanosilver at a concentration of 20 ppm had the best inhibition of antibacterial activity. Testing of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method which was analyzed with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of the TEM nanogold test have a dominant cluster size of 22.17 nm. The best test results for the antioxidant activity of Moringa leaf extract at a concentration of 30 ppm was 60.7258 ppm. The addition of nanogold with a greater concentration of 30 ppm Moringa leaf extract resulted in greater antioxidant activity. The results showed that the best concentration of nanogold as a supporter of antioxidant activity in Moringa leaves was 30 ppm with a percent reduction of 79.288 ppm (very strong category).

α-Glucosidase inhibitory properties of leaves and bark extracts of Curatella americana L.

In this article, we investigate the inhibitory activity of methanolic extracts of bark and leaves of Curatella americana L. against α-glucosidase. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays, and the interaction of the identified compound of the extracts and α-glucosidase was tested by molecular docking. The results show that C. americana has a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase reaching an IC 50 value of 7.29 µg/ml and 7.26 µg/ml for the extracts of bark and leaves, respectively. The enzyme kinetics reveals a mixed competitive mechanism for the leaves extract and an uncompetitive type of inhibition for the bark extract. The results of the antioxidant activity showed that both extracts have great antioxidant capacity, with the leaves extract having a better performance. The identified compounds of the extracts have a high binding affinity to the enzyme. Therefore, the study showed that C. americana extracts have a great potential for the treatment of diabetes, possibly serving as a therapeutic option to treat postprandial hyperglycemia and prevent long-term pathologies associated with diabetes.

Extracts fromCinnamomum cassialeaf residues display antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities

In order to explore the potential utilization value of Cinnamomum cassia leaf residues (CcLRs), the extracts of CcLRs and their biological activities were investigated in this study. The results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of CcLRs’ crude extract had the highest total phenolic content (361.53 ± 19.24 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (652.48 ± 9.91 mg RE/g extract), and its antioxidant capacity was 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher than that of the crude extract and other fractions. The in vitro NO inhibition rate of the EA fraction was up to 92.25% at concentration of 200 μg/ml. The in vivo study showed that the EA fraction significantly improved the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in D-galactose-induced aging mice by enhancing the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, as well as inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the induced nitrogen monoxide synthase (iNOS) activity. Thus, the extract from CcLRs possesses excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and has potential as a new dietary supplement in the food industry. Novelty impact statement 1. Cinnamomum cassia leaf residues (CcLRs) are promising source of bioactive compounds. 2. Ethyl acetate fraction of CcLRs has higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. 3. Ethyl acetate fraction possesses great antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.