Greater Tolerance Research Articles

RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN GEGURITAN NENGAH JIMBARAN

<p><em>Geguritan Nengah Jimbaran as a material object in this study is a traditional Balinese literary work written by Cokorda Mantuk Ring Rana. This study uses a qualitative approach that focuses on finding the meanings of religious moderation in the Geguritan Nengah Jimbaran text. The hermeneutic method is applied to understand and interpret the meaning and intention of Cokorda Mantuk Ring Rana in his writing. Based on the analysis carried out at Geguritan Nengah Jimbaran, it shows Balinese people are indeed dominated by Hindus but they have a great tolerance and can live harmoniously side by side among different faith during the reign of Cokorda Mantuk Ring Rana. It can be concluded that religious tolerance as one of the spirits of religious moderation has long been present and has become a habit of Balinese people today.</em></p>

Устойчивость дрожжей Saccharomyces cerevisiae к экстремальным условиям

The resistance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAW-3а and Y-503 to the conditions of extreme values of pH, NaCl, temperature has been studied. Under different cultivation modes, the rounded shape of DAW-3a cells is pre-served and this parameter Y-503 changes. Under conditions of different pH values and 30°C, the maximum sizes of cells and giant colonies of the polyploid Y-503 strain were found in comparison with the haploid DAW-3a; at 37°C, the advantage of Y-503 was not observed and the colony sizes of both strains were practically the same. The reaction of the strains to critical concentrations of NaCl in the medium was identical: a decrease in the size of cells and colonies was found; change in the shape, surface, color and structure of colonies. Under conditions of the simultaneous influence of an elevated temperature of 37°C, a wide range of pH and 5 % NaCl, the cell size decreased slightly; under neutral and alkaline conditions of cultivation, a slightly greater tolerance of yeast to salt stress was established; a decrease in the size of giant colonies was found, while the maximum size of the studied strains was noted at pH 11.0, the minimum at pH 3.0. The study of the tolerance of the yeast S. cerevisiae DAW-3a and Y-503 to extreme factors is of particular interest in connection with the possibility of using stress-resistant strains in biotechnological processes.

Dual pH responsive via double - layered microencapsulation for controlled release of active ingredients in simulated gastrointestinal tract: A model case of chitosan-alginate microcapsules containing basil oil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.)

Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have gained more attention to replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry industry. However, the efficiency of PEAs might be lost during feed pelleting, storage and gastrointestinal (GI) tract resulting in an insufficient level at the small intestine. The present work demonstrates the use of double-layered polymers with opposite charges leading to a dual pH responsiveness where the encapsulated ingredients are remained active through the acidic gastric stage and ready to be released at the intestine. Anionic sodium alginate (SA) and cationic chitosan (CS) are a good combination to represent double-layered polymer of which an effective incorporation of active ingredient, i.e. basil oil (BO), a model PEA, can be achieved. By simply fabricating SA porous microcapsules followed by the absorption of BO before the surface coating with CS, the double-layered microcapsules, CS-SA, are obtained. The release performances confirm that CS-SA retains the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of BO under storage in addition to a great tolerance of acids, bile, trypsin, including the thermal conditions. The present work, for the first time, proposes the concept of porous double-layered polymer in microcapsule form which shows the dual pH responsive for controlled release application. The use of ionic polysaccharides is simple, biocompatible and environmentally friendly, whereas the plausible upscaling for wide range of controlled release applications has to be further investigated.

Improvements of the productivity and saccharification efficiency of the cellulolytic \u03b2-glucosidase D2-BGL in Pichia pastoris via directed evolution

Backgroundβ-Glucosidases are essential for cellulose hydrolysis by catalyzing the final cellulolytic degradation of cello-oligomers and cellobiose to glucose. D2-BGL is a fungal glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) β-glucosidase isolated from Chaetomella raphigera with high substrate affinity, and is an efficient β-glucosidase supplement to Trichoderma reesei cellulase mixtures for the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass.ResultsWe have carried out error-prone PCR to further increase catalytic efficiency of wild-type (WT) D2-BGL. Three mutants, each with substitution of two amino acids on D2-BGL, exhibited increased activity in a preliminary mutant screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Effects of single amino acid replacements on catalysis efficiency and enzyme production have been investigated by subsequent expression in Pichia pastoris. Substitution F256M resulted in enhancing the tolerance to substrate inhibition and specific activity, and substitution D224G resulted in increasing the production of recombinant enzyme. The best D2-BGL mutant generated, Mut M, was constructed by combining beneficial mutations D224G, F256M and Y260D. Expression of Mut M in Pichia pastoris resulted in 2.7-fold higher production of recombinant protein, higher Vmax and greater substrate inhibition tolerance towards cellobiose relative to wild-type enzyme. Surprisingly, Mut M overexpression induced the ER unfolded protein response to a level lower than that with WT D2 overexpression in P. pastoris. When combined with the T. reesei cellulase preparation Celluclast 1.5L, Mut M hydrolyzed acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse more efficiently than WT D2.ConclusionsD2-BGL mutant Mut M was generated successfully by following directed evolution approach. Mut M carries three mutations that are not reported in other directed evolution studies of GH3 β-glucosidases, and this mutant exhibited greater tolerance to substrate inhibition and higher Vmax than wild-type enzyme. Besides the enhanced specific activity, Mut M also exhibited a higher protein titer than WT D2 when it was overexpressed in P. pastoris. Our study demonstrates that both catalytic efficiency and productivity of a cellulolytic enzyme can be enhanced via protein engineering.

Evaluation of cactus pear clones subjected to salt stress

Cactus pear is an important source of fodder for herbivores, though its production is affected by soil salinity. This work aimed to evaluate the development of cactus pear clones subjected to salt stress as a measure of their salinity tolerance. The experimental design was a randomized block with 6 replications. Twenty genotypes of cactus pear were used from the Active Germplasm Bank, with variability in resistance to carmine cochineal [Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell)] as this insect species destroys many stands of cactus on farms. One cladode was planted per pot containing 12 kg of sandy soil. Water with a salinity of 3.6 dS/m was applied at 14-day intervals. The clones were scored at 28-day intervals for degree of damage to cladodes (1‒5) and were harvested when they reached a score of 5, showing 100% damage (chlorosis and dehydration) to the whole plant. The Liso Forrageiro clone took 419 days to reach Score 5, indicating its greater tolerance to salinity. Highest dry matter yields were achieved by Orelha de Elefante Mexicana and Orelha de Elefante Africana clones with 51.5 and 50.8 g/plant, respectively, while Liso Forrageiro yielded only 36.1 g/plant, despite having similar surface area and weight of roots to these 2 clones. Further studies in the field involving these better-performing clones seem warranted to determine how the pot trial results are repeated in the field, especially in areas where carmine cochineal insect is prevalent.

Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy with Asymmetric Phase Currents for Single to Four-Phase Open-Circuit Faults of Six-Phase PMSM

Multi-phase motors and generators are regarded with great fault tolerance capability, especially on open-circuit faults. Various mathematics analytical methods are applied for their fault control. In this paper, a fault-tolerant control strategy with asymmetric phase current for the open-circuit faults with arbitrary phases in the six-phase PMSM (six-phase permanent magnetic synchronous motor, 6P-PMSM) system, is proposed for better electrical and dynamical performance of the machine. An innovative mathematical model for PMSM under one to four-phase-open circuit faults are established considering the asymmetry of the machine. Combining with time-varying relations in machines’ working conditions, targeted decoupling transformation matrixes of every kind of open-circuit faults are settled by voltage equations under different faults. Modified control strategy with a connection between the neutral point and the inverter’s DC side is presented, which aims at increasing the system redundancy and reducing the amplitude of phase currents. Besides, improved control loops with two layers are put forward as well, with which the PMSM system acquires fewer harmonics in phase current and smoother electromagnetic torque. Simulation and experimental results of open-circuit faults are provided for verification of the theoretical analysis.

Enantioselective access to chiral aliphatic amines and alcohols via Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylations

Chiral aliphatic amine and alcohol derivatives are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural products and fine chemicals, yet difficult to access due to the challenge to differentiate between the spatially and electronically similar alkyl groups. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed enantioselective hydroalkylation of acyl enamines and enol esters with alkyl halides to afford enantioenriched α-branched aliphatic acyl amines and esters in good yields with excellent levels of enantioselectivity. The operationally simple protocol provides a straightforward access to chiral secondary alkyl-substituted amine and secondary alkyl-substituted alcohol derivatives from simple starting materials with great functional group tolerance.

Expérience amoureuse la plus difficile : Qu’en disent les garçons rapportant un vécu de violence physique dans leurs relations amoureuses ?

Objectifs : Bien que la majorité des écrits portant sur la violence physique dans les relations amoureuses (VRA physique) s’attardent à la victimisation chez les filles, les garçons sont également à risque. Cette étude vise à documenter les expériences amoureuses de garçons ayant vécu de la VRA physique.Méthode : Dans l’Enquête Parcours Amoureux des Jeunes, 1 701 garçons ont rapporté avoir eu une relation amoureuse dans la dernière année. Parmi eux, 184 ont subi au moins un épisode de VRA physique et ont répondu à une question ouverte les invitant à décrire l’expérience la plus difficile vécue dans une relation amoureuse. Une analyse qualitative a été réalisée à partir des réponses, puis a été complétée avec des analyses corrélationnelles et de comparaison de moyennes.Résultats : Cinq catégories conceptuelles ont émergé, relatant des difficultés relationnelles (n = 39) ou sexuelles (n = 9), des ruptures amoureuses (n = 47), des expériences d’infidélité (n = 57) ou de VRA (n = 19). Treize participants ne rapportaient aucun événement difficile. Seulement 15 participants ont évoqué un événement de VRA, et trois de VRA physique subie. Les analyses révèlent que plus un participant rapporte une tolérance élevée envers la violence, plus il a vécu de formes différentes de VRA.Implications : Les témoignages recueillis soulignent la présence de plusieurs sources de détresse dans leurs relations amoureuses, cumulés à la VRA physique. Ces constats soulèvent l’importance d’aider les garçons à développer leurs capacités de résilience et à reconnaître les différentes formes de VRA, et de les soutenir dans leur recherche d’aide.

Coordinated adjustments of carbohydrates and growth of tree legumes under different fertilization regimes in degraded areas in Amazonia

Soil fertility management and N-fixing species can support the ecosystem-level restoration of disrupted biogeochemical cycles in tropical degraded environments. However, the effectiveness of N-fixers during tropical forest restoration remains unclear. We hypothesized that tree legumes adjust growth, nonstructural carbohydrate allocation and foliar nutrients under different fertilization regimes. We compared the following six tree legume species: three native nonfixers (Cenostigma, Senna and Dipteryx), two native N-fixers (Clitoria and Inga) and an introduced N-fixer (Acacia). Twenty-four months after the experiment was established, fertilized plants increased growth rates and starch allocation to leaves, whereas unfertilized plants primarily increased their biomass and starch allocation to roots. The greater tolerance to nutrient deficiency of the Acacia than other native tree legumes was due to Acacia’s ability to adjust carbohydrate pools. N-fixers adjusted the shoot-to-root ratio and soluble sugar allocation to leaves, increasing biomass growth. The three N-fixing species were especially suitable for restoration because Acacia had tolerance of nutrient deficiencies, Clitoria and Inga had fast growth and biomass production. Hence, fertilization management and N-fixing species may have a considerable impact on C stocks in different plant compartments. Overall non-structural carbohydrate adjustments influence growth responses of species, especially the ratio between leaf and root tissues. Our findings suggest that this aspect should be considered as a tree species selection criterion for forest restoration programs in the Amazon region.

Optimizing Coherence Suppression in a Laser Broadened by Phase Modulation With Noise

Phase noise can be modulated onto the output of a laser with an electro-optic phase modulator (EOM) to create a highly incoherent broadened source with low intensity noise. This technique leaves a small but finite fraction of the coherent carrier power that can be highly detrimental in applications requiring incoherent light. This article shows that the carrier suppression in a laser broadened by this technique can be calculated for an arbitrary noise probability density function. The carrier suppression can be varied experimentally by adjusting the noise voltage standard deviation Gv <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">σ</sub> and saturation voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> of the amplifier that amplifies the noise source that drives the EOM. Simulations show that suppressions better than -30 dB are attainable for reasonable tolerances in Gv <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">σ</sub> , for example an EOM with a V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> of 4.7 V, a V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> of 6.3 V, and Gv <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">σ</sub> /V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> = 0.73 ± 0.03. Even greater tolerances can be achieved with a higher V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> (21 V), lower V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> (3.5 V), and Gv <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">σ</sub> /V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> ≈ 3.2 ± 2.3. This model aids in selecting these parameters such that the carrier suppression is resilient to fluctuations in these voltages due to temperature variations and aging of the components. The model predictions are validated by testing a fiber optic gyroscope interrogated with a broadened laser for various Gv <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">σ</sub> and V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> and inferring the carrier suppression from its measured noise. A -44-dB carrier suppression was observed for a nonlinear amplifier with Gv <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">σ</sub> = 3.43 V, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> = 6.3 V, and an EOM with V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> = 4.7 V, in agreement with predictions.

Green Propolis Compounds (Baccarin and p-Coumaric Acid) Show Beneficial Effects in Mice for Melanoma Induced by B16f10.

: Background: Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with the worst prognosis, and it affects a younger population than most cancers. The high metastatic index, in more advanced stages, and the high aggressiveness decrease the effectiveness of currently used therapies, such as surgical removal, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and chemotherapy, used alone or in combination. Based on these disadvantages, research focused on alternative medicine offers great potential for therapeutic innovation. Medicinal plants represent a remarkable source of compounds for the treatment of various diseases. Methods: In this study, we investigated the tumoral behavior of melanoma under treatment with the compounds baccharin and p-coumaric acid, extracted from green propolis, in mice inoculated with B16F10 cells for 26 days. Results: A significant modulation in the number of inflammatory cells recruited to the tumor region and blood in the groups treated with the compounds was observed. In addition, a significant reduction in the amount of blood vessels and mitosis in the neoplastic area was noticed. Conclusions: Through our research, we confirmed that baccharin and coumaric acid, isolated substances from Brazilian green propolis, have a promising anticarcinogenic potential to be explored for the development of new antitumor agents, adhering to the trend of drugs with greater tolerance and biological effectiveness.

Dragon fruit: A review of health benefits and nutrients and its sustainable development under climate changes in Vietnam

Dragon fruit or pitaya is an exotic tropical plant that brings multiple benefits to human health thanks to its high nutritional value and bioactive compounds, including powerful natural antioxidants. Extracts from stems, flowers, peels, pulps of dragon fruit own a range of beneficial biological activities against pathogenic microbes including bacteria, fungi and viruses, and diseases like diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, and cancer. Moreover, dragon fruit extracts have cardiovascular and hepatoprotective properties, as well as prebiotic potential. Vietnam is a tropical country with favourable climate conditions for the development of pitaya plantations, which have great adaptability and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions (e.g. salinity adaptation, favour light intensity, drought resistance, etc.). The dragon fruit, thanks to its nutritional properties, biological activities, and commercial value has become a cost-effective product for the Vietnamese economy, particularly in the poorest areas of the Mekong Delta region, and a driving force in the sustainable development of Vietnam under the challenges posed by the global climate change such as saline intrusion and drought.

Tetraploid Citrumelo 4475 rootstocks improve diploid common clementine tolerance to long-term nutrient deficiency

Nutrient deficiency alters growth and the production of high-quality nutritious food. In Citrus crops, rootstock technologies have become a key tool for enhancing tolerance to abiotic stress. The use of doubled diploid rootstocks can improve adaptation to lower nutrient inputs. This study investigated leaf structure and ultrastructure and physiological and biochemical parameters of diploid common clementine scions (C) grafted on diploid (2x) and doubled diploid (4x) Carrizo citrange (C/CC2x and C/CC4x) and Citrumelo 4475 (C/CM2x and C/CM4x) rootstocks under optimal fertigation and after 7 months of nutrient deficiency. Rootstock ploidy level had no impact on structure but induced changes in the number and/or size of cells and some cell components of 2x common clementine leaves under optimal nutrition. Rootstock ploidy level did not modify gas exchanges in Carrizo citrange but induced a reduction in the leaf net photosynthetic rate in Citrumelo 4475. By assessing foliar damage, changes in photosynthetic processes and malondialdehyde accumulation, we found that C/CM4x were less affected by nutrient deficiency than the other scion/rootstock combinations. Their greater tolerance to nutrient deficiency was probably due to the better performance of the enzyme-based antioxidant system. Nutrient deficiency had similar impacts on C/CC2x and C/CC4x. Tolerance to nutrient deficiency can therefore be improved by rootstock polyploidy but remains dependent on the rootstock genotype.

An In‐Depth Theoretical Exploration of Influences of Non‐Metal‐Elements Doping on the ORR Performance of Co−gN4

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) show a great attraction towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) owing to its advantage in overcoming the cost issue of fuel cell because of its high utilization, low cost and great CO tolerance. However, theoretical investigation on the influences of different doping on the ORR catalytic activity of Co SACs has not been systematically performed. In this regard, the influences of non‐metal‐elements doping (B, N, Si, P, S) on the ORR catalytic activity of Co−gN4 is well explored based on density functional theory (DFT). The rate‐limiting step for the ORR on Co−gN4 is the formation of OOH. When the doping content of B increases, the adsorption on Co site becomes weaker which limits the occurrence of 4e− ORR process. N doping shows a weak promotion on the ORR process on Co site. The Si site next to N can be poisoned by OH. The P site next to N will be poisoned by O at high potential and OH at low potential. The S site next on N would be poisoned by O. It is revealed that the ORR process on Co site can be promoted when the carbon next to N is replaced by Si/P/S by promoting the rate‐limiting step.

Is the Platinum Rule credible? An examination of other-regarding perceptions and attitudes toward unethical behavior

This paper uses data for 53 countries from the World Values Survey in a multilevel regression analysis that seeks to disentangle individual, institutional and other-regarding factors affecting ethical decision-making. The dependent variable is an index of how intolerant people are of unethical conduct. The explanatory variables indicate the perceived trustworthiness and fairness of others. Controls include variables for individual and institutional factors. Findings are that perceptions of trustworthiness in people unknown to them and perceptions of fairness in others correlate with a greater tolerance of unethical behavior, especially in countries with moderate levels of institutional quality. High institutional quality moderates the negative relationship between perceptions and ethical attitudes. The findings confirm the relevance of other-regarding factors and reinforce the importance of quality institutions in supporting ethical decision-making.

Visible-infrared (0.4–20 μ m) ultra-broadband absorber based on cascade film stacks

In this paper, we present a glass-based double-side cascade film stack structure for visible-infrared ultrabroadband absorption. The proposed structure demonstrates an average absorption as high as ∼95% over an ultrawide range of wavelengths from 0.4 μm to 20 μm. The high absorption feature of the different bandgap materials is applied in this absorption device to realize the ultrabroadband absorption, combining with the metal-dielectric-like configuration for those unmatched-admittance wavelengths and the graded index profile arrangement for the 0.4–2.5 μm band. The proposed ultrabroadband absorber shows a great angular tolerance up to 60° with the average absorption of 90% remaining. The proposed approach can have tremendous potential in fields of optical sensing, camouflage, optical imaging, passive cooling, and sustainable power generation, profiting from the good mechanical characteristics of this compact multilayer film structure and the low manufacture costs with the simple physical vapor deposition.

Social representations of different generations about everyday life of homosexuals in modern Russia

IntroductionThe problem of homosexuality is constantly in the spotlight of the mass media, social media and politicians. At the same time, the cultural and national specificity of attitudes towards the phenomenon of homosexuality seems obvious, as well as a significant polarization of opinions within Russian society itself. With significant attention to this issue, there are not many attempts to analyze the socio-psychological basis of representations about homosexuality. At the same time, in a number of foreign studies it was revealed that the modern Z Gen is distinguished by greater tolerance and freedom of views in terms of attitude towards traditionally segregated social groups.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify representations about homosexuality among different generations of modern Russians.MethodsThe methodological basis of the research was the study of the structure of social representations (Vergesse methodique). The research methods implied the author’s questionnaire aimed at identifying representations about homosexuality and a modified version of the RAHI questionnaire. The sample was N = 444 (residents of Russia, age 16-65).ResultsThere was shown a significant difference between the Z Gen in terms of tolerance of representations about homosexuality. So called ‘double standards’ were identified in terms of attitudes towards male and female homosexuality. The rooted concept of homosexuality as a relationship based, rather, on a sexual rather than a romantic-spiritual level of relationships, was stated.ConclusionsMain hypothesis was confirmed: an inverse relationship between age and perceptions of homosexuality as normative was revealed.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Tolerância de cultivares de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) à salinidade na germinação e crescimento inicial

A utilização de cultivares tolerantes à salinidade é uma das estratégias para a produção de alimentos em regiões afetadas pela salinização do solo. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a tolerância de cultivares de pimentão ao estresse salino durante o processo de germinação das sementes e desenvolvimento das plântulas. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório, adotando-se delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado, em esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído por duas cultivares de pimentão (Casca Dura Ikeda e Amarelo SF 134); e o segundo, por cinco níveis de salinidade da água (0,0; 3,0; 6,0; 9,0 e 12,0 dS m-1). Avaliou-se a germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, comprimento de plântula, massa seca da raiz e parte aérea e índice de tolerância à salinidade. De forma geral, a salinidade da água promoveu efeitos deletérios na germinação e crescimento de plântulas das duas cultivares a partir da CE 6,0 dS m-1. A ‘Amarelo SF 134’ indica apresentar tolerância ao estresse salino no processo germinativo, enquanto a ‘Casca Dura Ikeda’, na fase de crescimento inicial de plântulas.

The superiority of cuprous chloride to iodide in the selective aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols at ambient temperature

Cuprous halides, best described as (CuX)n (X = Cl−, Br−, and I−) in their solid state, catalyse selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols with the assistance of both NMI (N‐methylimidazole) and TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl), and the iodide generally demonstrates the highest activity, for example, in the oxidation of 1‐octanol at ambient temperature under 24 h' reaction. However, in the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols, the chloride showed superiority to the iodide in that the aerobic oxidation was quantitatively completed within 3 h at ambient temperature whereas the iodide showed only about half the activity of the chloride analogue. By probing the system using electrochemistry, electric conductivity, and 1H NMR titration, it was revealed that the surprising anomaly was due to the difference in the rate of forming active species, [Cu (NMI)2X(MeCN)], from the polymeric solid in a two‐stage process. Substrates expansion of 11 benzylic alcohols indicated that CuCl/NMI/TEMPO system demonstrated quantitative conversion of benzylic alcohols into corresponding aldehydes within 3 h and showed great tolerance to the substituents on the phenyl ring of the substrates. Furthermore, electron‐withdrawing substituent was beneficial to the oxidation and could offset the steric effect at orthro‐substituent. Such a behaviour suggested that in the catalysis, increasing the acidity of the hydroxyl group (OH) of the substrates could ease the oxidation, which implied that the deprotonation via an internal pathway might be one of the rate‐determining steps. Our results also showed that the anion halide participated actively in the catalysis by coordinating to Cu(I) in the active species.

Darolutamide in hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer

ABSTRACT Introduction: Important changes in the treatment of prostate cancer have taken place in recent years. Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) has been clinically delineated. In this setting, three drugs have been approved in high-risk disease: apalutamide, enzalutamide and darolutamide. Areas covered:This manuscript aims to profile darolutamide, its clinical development, pharmacologic properties, efficacy and safety. We presented the results of published clinical studies, but we also investigated ongoing ones. Expert opinion: An indirect comparison with the other two aforementioned drugs emerged. While the clinical efficacy is comparable, the toxicity profile is different for darolutamide, resulting in greater tolerance. We must wait for the results of the trials that study darolutamide in hormone-sensitive disease, both in the metastatic phase and in the localized phase. Clinical experience will also be important to determine ever more personalized treatments for patients.