Greater Perception Research Articles

Calling. Making the World a Better Place from Within Multinational Corporations

Nobody seems to doubt that working toward a calling is much more rewarding than just working for financial rewards or promotions. Nevertheless, although it is acknowledged that people can experience callings in any activity, up to now, there are few studies on this construct in the context of commercial companies. In this paper we focus on studying calling orientation in employees of a multinational company. We test three hypotheses: 1) the different ways of relating to work (as a job, a career or a calling) is also reported among corporate employees; 2) there are differences in the levels of flow at work in accordance with the different ways that employees relate to their work; and 3) there are differences in the levels of perception that employees have of the social relevance of their work in accordance with the way in which they relate to their work. In order to verify these hypotheses we applied three instruments to a sample of employees of the Latin America brand (279 Argentinean and 193 Ecuadorian employees) of a multinational corporation: The University of Pennsylvania Work Life Questionnaire, the Work Related Flow Inventory and a scale of Social Work Relevance Perception. The results suggest that callings are identifiable among corporate enterprise employees and that employees with a calling orientation have higher levels of flow at work and a greater perception of the social relevance of their work than those employees who just relate to their work as jobs or careers.

Sensory perception of meat from entire male pigs processed by different heating methods

The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of androstenone in pork from entire male pigs with different androstenone levels (High≥2mgkg−1; Medium 0.5–0.7mgkg−1) applying four different heating methods (vacuum, grill, oven and frying). Androstenone (AND) perception was analysed during and after cooking by a trained panel.During cooking, the highest score for AND odour (greatest perception) was obtained with the grill and vacuum, while frying was the best option for reducing its perception, which was judged to be imperceptible for androstenone medium level (P<0.05). In cooked samples, there were level, heating method and its interaction effects for AND odour and flavour, meat flavour, juiciness and hardness (P<0.05).The samples treated by vacuum and frying had a proper texture profile. However the frying method provided the lowest score in AND perception, making it the best option for reducing both AND odour and flavour. In short, the use of different heating methods strongly affected AND perception.

CO-OP RESOURCES THAT LEAD TO SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

This study aims to analyze the organizational resources to assist the co-op to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The unit of analysis in this study, the co-op itself, has been showing on the market, its growth last year was more than 30%, reaching the second place in its segment on a national level. From this market segmentation are used various resources, as well as physical, human and organizational. The theory of research based view on resources and VRIO model provided the theoretical basis for this study. The research was used characterized with descriptive and objective quantitative method, and data collection via survey and secondary sources. As an instrument of collection, a questionnaire was used; which has been already validated by other theoretical studies. The questionnaire was applied with tactical and strategic-level managers of the co-op, whereas a total of 152 answers respecting a sampling error of approximately 6%. For analysis of the primary data statistic was used: relative frequency, average, standard deviation, Pearson correlation and factor analysis. The main results obtained for a sustainable competitive advantage are physical capital resources with greater perception of influence. The feature of organizational capital was considered of minor influence to the achievement of competitive advantage. However, it is noteworthy that the major averages highlight the items: ethics and respect to Member (physical Capital resource), the mark of the co-op (feature of Organizational Capital), the training offered by co-op and the benefits offered by the cooperative (Human Capital resource). This work helps the perception of managers who experience the daily life of the co-op, in relation to available resources, highlighting the points to be worked out and that today are a source of competitive advantage. Therefore, enabling new research as well as relating to organizational resources.

Examination of factors that influence use of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET).

e21618 Background: Extending adjuvant ET from 5 to 10 years has been shown to improve outcomes; however, limited data are known about if and why women pursue extended ET. The primary objective was to estimate the proportion of women who were willing to receive extended ET and secondarily, to determine what factors were associated with this decision. Methods: 133 women on ET for 3-5 years who had not made a decision on extended ET completed a survey about willingness to continue ET, quality-of-life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Endocrine Subscale [FACT-ES]), and beliefs about medicines (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire Specific [BMQ-S]). BMQ-S assesses patients need for a treatment (necessity beliefs) and concerns about its adverse effects (AEs). The primary outcome, responses to "If in meeting with your doctor, he or she recommends continuing hormonal therapy for longer than 5 years (up to 10 years), how willing ("Not at all" to "Extremely") would you be to continue taking your current hormonal therapy?" was analyzed descriptively. Logistic regression tested for associations between clinical factors (age, stage, chemotherapy), FACT-ES, BMQ-S, and the primary outcome. Results: Most women (112, 85%, 95% confidence interval, CI, 78-91%) were "Moderately" to "Extremely" likely to pursue extended ET. On univariate analysis, younger age (&lt;49 vs ≥50), lower total and social well-being on FACT-ES, and lower necessity and higher concerns on BMQ-S were associated with less willingness to pursue extended ET. Neither stage nor prior chemotherapy was associated with this decision. On multivariable analysis, age and FACT-ES were not associated with this decision (odds ratio, OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.09, p=0.41; OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.05, p=0.49). Greater patient perception of necessity of ET compared to concern for AEs was the only independent factor associated with willingness to pursue extended ET (BMQ-S OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.15-1.57, p=0.0005). Conclusions: Most women are likely to purse extended ET if recommended by their physician. Patient decision-making appears to be largely influenced by beliefs of medicines rather than breast cancer-specific clinical factors and should be considered when counseling patients on extended ET.

Gender differences in the experience of violence, discrimination, and stress hormone in African Americans: Implications for public health

ABSTRACTViolence is more prevalent in African American communities than in other American communities. This has impacts not only on criminal justice interventions but also on the physical and mental health of these communities including their risk for acquiring life-threatening diseases. While many studies have focused on the effects of violence on African American males, we sought to understand the relative gender effects that violence has on African American females. This is of particular interest given the wide array of scientific literature suggesting maternal health has inter-generational health effects. Understanding gender differences associated with exposure to violence, depression, and immune function is an important step in understanding how young women perceive and internalize societal violence directed toward and around them. We analyzed a cohort of 557 young African American adults aged 18–25 years old from the Washington, DC area. We use sociological, epidemiological, mental health, computational biology, and quantitative genetics approaches to build a predictive portrait of the effects of violence on African American health. This study demonstrates that African American males and females experience different constellations of societal violence, that African American women report greater perception of racial and gender bias, and that cortisol, an indicator of stress response, is correlated to perceived discrimination. This work contributes to current understandings of how violence contributes to negative health outcomes and lays the foundation for a predictive model for sociological, health, and behavior risk that young African Americans encounter.

Low Power Consuming 1 KB (32 × 32) Memory Array Using Compact 7T SRAM Cell

Rapid increase in technology is showing a great perception in assessing the complexity of design that can be integrated on a single chip dramatically. Minimum feature sizes, low power consumption, minimum cost and high performance have become the key characteristics of any electronic component. All these factors have plunged the designers into the sub micron space which brings the leakage parameters into forefront. Many electronic components especially digital designs are designed for the storage of data, highlighting the use of memory. So this paper is dedicated to the storage of data by designing 1 KB memory using SRAM. The cell used in implementing the array structure is 7T SRAM with the minimum leakage current 20.16 pA and average delay of 21 ns. This has been done in the form of an array which is a two dimensional structure of basic unit cell SRAM. The array formed in this paper is a squared array of 32 × 32. The other supporting devices in executing this array are address decoder, precharge circuit, write driver circuit and sense amplifiers. The verification of working of 1 KB SRAM array has been done in cadence virtuoso tool in 45 nm technology.

Surgical Correction of Alar Collapse with Alar Batten Graft : Technique and Results

Background: nasal valve collapse has great perception of nasal obstruction. The alar batten graft technique has proven to be a valid method for treatment of external and internal valve collapse. Aim: the aim of the present study was to evaluate a two year experience and follow up for external nasal valve collapse treatment using alar batten graft technique regarding results and complications. Patients and Methods: this prospective study was carried out on 18 patients attended the ENT and Plastic Surgery outpatient clinics of Al-Azhar University hospitals from January, 2014 to January 2016. Written consent was taken from every patient. All patients were complaining of nasal obstruction of gradual onset and progressive course with 7 years average. All patients were subjected to detailed history taking and questionnaire including the NOSE scale. Surgical correction was performed to all patients using the alar batten graft harvested from the septa cartilage or conchal cartilage. Postoperative results recorded in relation to subjective sensation of nasal obstruction and aesthetic appearance of the nose. Results: eleven patients (61.1%) were males and seven (38.9%) were females. Their age ranged from 18 to 45 years with a mean of 32±2. Bilateral obstruction was found in 33.3% of cases and unilateral obstruction in 66.7% of cases. There were 22.2%, 27.8%, and 50.0% of the cases had moderate, fair, and severe obstruction, respectively. Postoperatively, these figures were changed to no obstruction77.8% (P=0.0), mild 0.0%, moderate 11.1%, fair 11.1%, and sever 0.0%(P=0.0005). The technique significantly abolishes the severe nasal obstruction. Postoperative complications include 1 case with graft resorption (4.2%) and 1 case of graft displacement (4.2%). Both were improved on subsequent surgery. Regarding postoperative findings there was tenderness and hypertrophic postauricular scar in 5.5% of patient and nasal tip edema in 22.2%, all resolved. In the early postoperative period, 33.3% of patients complained of fullness in the supraalar region. Conclusion: Successful surgical correction of nasal obstruction requires the precise diagnosis of the anatomic point of collapse. Alar batten graft improves the rigidity of lower lateral cartilage preventing collapse of the lateral nasal wall preventing collapse during moderate and deep inspiration. The graft varies according to the severity of the obstruction and size of the collapsible area of the lateral nasal wall. The septal cartilage is usually sufficient. The technique significantly improves nasal breathing.

Three-dimensional laparoscopy: Principles and practice.

The largest challenge for laparoscopic surgeons is the eye–hand coordination within a three-dimensional (3D) scene observed on a 2D display. The 2D view on flat screen laparoscopy is cerebrally intensive. The loss of binocular vision on a 2D display causes visual misperceptions, mainly loss of depth perception and adds to the surgeon's fatigue. This compromises the safety of laparoscopy. The 3D high-definition view with great depth perception and tactile feedback makes laparoscopic surgery more acceptable, safe and cost-effective. It improves surgical precision and hand–eye coordination, conventional and all straight stick instruments can be used, capital expenditure is less and recurring cost and annual maintenance cost are less. In this article, we have discussed the physics of 3D laparoscopy, principles of depth perception, and the different kinds of 3D systems available for laparoscopy. We have also discussed our experience of using 3D laparoscopy in over 2000 surgeries in the last 4 years.

Estresse em cuidadores de crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade

Objetivou-se avaliar o estresse, auto-percepção de estresse e de fatores estressantes em cuidadores de crianças com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH). Participaram 40 cuidadores, divididos em: Grupo clínico (G1) – 20 cuidadores de crianças diagnosticadas com TDAH; Grupo de comparação (G2) – 20 cuidadores de crianças sem TDAH. Utilizaram-se os instrumentos: Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades, Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp, Questionário de Auto-Percepção de estresse. Os resultados apontaram percentual de cuidadores com indicadores de estresse significativamente maior no G1 do que encontrado no G2 (p = 0,001). No G1 houve maior percepção de estresse no convívio com a criança (p &lt; 0,001), no cuidado com a criança (p &lt; 0,001) e maior percepção de estresse (p = 0,003) quando comparados ao G2. Destaca-se a necessidade de cuidado ao cuidador, pois a vivência de estresse afeta a qualidade de vida, bem como a relação e o vínculo entre este e a criança.

A mudança percebida pelo usuário do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial frente ao tratamento

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Problems of elderly patients on inhalation therapy: Difference in problem recognition between patients and medical professionals

BackgroundThere is no systematic analysis to identify problems involved with instruction on inhalation therapy for elderly patients. We conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey for patients and medical professionals. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted of adult patients on inhaled drugs (ages 18–92 years, 820 individuals) and medical professionals (pharmacists or nurses) who provided instruction on inhalation therapy to these patients in 23 institutions in Japan to investigate the technique and the level of understanding (knowledge) of the inhalation therapy. Changes in the recognition of performance of inhalation technique and inhalation knowledge with increasing age were analyzed. ResultsAccording to patients' subjective assessment, there was no deterioration in the performance of the inhalation technique or loss of the knowledge with increasing age. On the other hand, medical professionals' objective assessment revealed a significant loss of both inhalation technique and knowledge with increasing age. Not many elderly patients noticed their own problems themselves, revealing a great perception gap between elderly patients and medical professionals. Thus, there was concern that patients would unconsciously practice the inhalation procedure improperly. On the other hand, in comparison with non-elderly patients, elderly patients were less resistant to continuation of therapy, suggesting that they would be more likely to accept instruction on inhalation therapy. ConclusionsElderly patients are apt to assume that they “understand well”, therefore, in order to recognize and close the perception gap between elderly patients and medical professionals, it is necessary to provide them with more aggressive (frequent) instructions on inhalation therapy.

HoloTube: a low-cost portable 360-degree interactive autostereoscopic display

This paper proposes a novel, low cost, and portable 360-degree cylindrical interactive autostereoscopic 3D display system. The proposed system consists of three parts: the optical architecture (for back-projecting image correctly on the cylindrical screen), the projection image transformation workflow (for image rectifying and generating multi-view images), and the 360-degree motion detection module (for identifying viewers' locations and providing the corresponding views). Based on the proposed design, only one commercial micro projector is employed for the proposed cylindrical screen. The proposed display offers great depth perception (stereoacuity) with a special designed thick barrier sheet attached to the screen. The viewers are not required to wear special glasses and within appropriate range (< 5m) the viewers can view the screen at any distance and angle. The user study verified that the proposed display offers satisfactory depth perception (binocular parallax, shading distribution, and linear perspective) for various viewing distances and angles without noticeable discomfort. The production cost of the current prototype is about USD$ 300. With mass production, the unit cost is expected to decline to within USD$60. The proposed display system has the advantages of ease of use, low production cost, high portability and mobility. The proposed system is suitable for application such as museum virtual exhibition, remote meeting, multi-user online game, etc. We believe that the proposed system is very promising for the market of low-cost portable 360-degree interactive autosereoscopic displays.

Women’s work in urban Bangladesh: do types of organizations matter?

Purpose Women’s participation in the formal labour force has increased over the past three decades and continues to do so in Bangladesh. This paper aims to look at trends in that phenomenon and how it has been influenced by privatization in the economy and the social transitions that have occurred during this process. Design/methodology/approach The findings are based on a survey of women in large formal sector organizations in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study focuses on the adjustment of women in various ranks to work in different organizations – public, non-profits, and private – and makes comparisons among these workplaces. Seven individuals were interviewed and filled out questionnaires on work–life balance and job satisfaction. Findings Results show that although private organizations pay better, non-governmental institutions evoke a greater sense of employee commitment to organizational mission and public organizations provide women with a greater perception that their work is valued and respected. It is found that stated and implemented policies with respect to family-friendly work environments are variable. Research limitations/implications The sample size has some limitations that were addressed through interviews. Practical implications Each type of organization has its own set of advantages and setbacks with respect to work-life balance and job satisfaction, pointing to the need for concerted policies that could encourage women to choose and remain in their professions. Originality/value Work–life balance is a new concept in developing countries. As they go through the second phase of demographic transition, this is a key factor in stabilizing population growth. A comparison of the three types of organizations as workplaces for women has not been done. The phenomenon is not unique to Bangladesh and has lessons for many developing countries.

Implicaciones del hostigamiento psicológico (mobbing) sobre los testigos: Un estudio observacional en enfermería

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;El hostigamiento psicológico en el trabajo (mobbing) es un problema de considerable magnitud para el personal de enfermería a nivel mundial. Aunque el maltrato psicológico laboral esté basado en comportamientos subjetivos, el elevado número de personas que lo testifica plantea, como mínimo, una mayor reflexión sobre este tema. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la problemática del mobbing desde el punto de vista exclusivo de los testigos y conocer las repercusiones psicológicas del fenómeno sobre los mismos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, usando cuestionarios autoadministrados. La muestra está compuesta de 204 profesionales de enfermería, de los cuales el 28.4% reportaron haber testificado conductas hostiles hacia sus compañeros de trabajo. Las conductas más observadas fueron el desprestigio profesional, la humillación, el rechazo profesional, el ninguneo y el aislamiento profesional. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los resultados demostraron que los testigos de hostigamiento psicológico, aunque no se percibían víctimas de ello, presentaban significativamente más síntomas de estrés que los no testigos, así como un mayor deseo de abandonar la profesión y una mayor percepción de que la enfermería es una profesión poco valorada. Los resultados indican que el mobbing en enfermería es un comportamiento objetivable y que su impacto repercute negativamente en los observadores del mismo, convirtiéndolos en víctimas secundarias del fenómeno.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Self-perception of ethical behaviour: The case of listed Spanish companies

Purpose: This article aims to research into the perception that companies have of their ethical behavior. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire was conducted in June 2014 among the listed companies that comprise the IBEX35 index of Spanish stock exchanges. For the statistical analysis, contingency tables (double entry) were drawn up as well and several statistical tests (Cramer’s V, Pearson’s x 2 , Kendall’s correlation coefficient; and Goodman and Kruskal’s Gamma). Findings: The results show the self-perception that listed Spanish companies have of their ethical behaviour, with the observation that, generally, they have a greater perception than the reality of the study actually shows. Research limitations: Main limitations are that the sample size is small, although it includes the largest listed companies in the country. Respondents were essentially the Corporate Social Responsibility managers, so they may not be familiar with some of the subjects on which they were questioned, as we are dealing with large companies where responsibilities may be very compartmentalised. Practical implications: This line of research helps to know more about the self perception of big Spanish listed companies about their ethical behavior. Social implications: The evidence provided by this study helps to know more about aspects than can be improved in connection the ethical behavior in companies. Recent scandals make the topic very relevant from a social point of view. Originality/value: In recent years there has been much talk about the ethics of organisations and studies on the subject are plentiful. However, there has been scarcely any research into the perception that companies themselves have of their ethical behaviour.

Self-perceptions of pubertal timing and patterns of peer group activities and dating behavior among heterosexual adolescent girls

This study identified patterns of past and concurrent peer group and dating behavior in a sample of adolescent girls (N = 511; aged 17–19 years; 49% White). Peer group activities and dating behaviors were classified as occurring in either early (ages 10–13 years), middle (ages 14–16 years), or late (ages 17–19 years) adolescence according to the age at which each participant indicated the activity/behavior was first experienced. Latent class analysis identified four latent classes: Early Interactions/Early Daters (15%), Early Interactions/Late Daters (17%), Early Interactions/Middle Daters (33%) and Middle Interactions/Middle Daters (35%). Class membership was associated with girl's perceived pubertal timing. Compared to Early Interactions/Early Daters, girls in the Early Interactions/Late Daters class reported higher levels of pubertal timing, indicating greater perception that their pubertal development was late relative to peers. Late perceived pubertal timing is potentially relevant for dating but not necessarily other mixed- and cross-sex peer interactions.

Assessing the relationship between locus of control and continued hearing aid use: Application of the Origin and Pawn Scales

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between locus of control (LoC) and continued hearing aid (HA) use with a novel approach employing content analysis.Method: Participants were 70 adults with hearing impairment (HI): 35 HA wearers and 35 former HA wearers. Demographic, audiometric, self-report questionnaires, and perception of LoC were compared between the groups. Data for the LoC measurement were obtained through an interview and assessed using the Origin Scale (OS) and Pawn Scale (PS), a content analysis procedure.Results: Current HA wearers were older, had greater difficulty understanding speech in noise, had greater perception of hearing problems, and better HA outcomes than former HA users. Former HA users had higher PS scores and lower OS scores than current HA users. There was no effect of gender on the perception of LoC.Conclusion: The OS and PS can be used reliably to assess LoC for adults with HI. Informal assessment of the perception of LoC through interviews may assist clinicians in identifying clients at risk for HA disuse.

Extensão Médica Acadêmica: uma análise retrospectiva dos seis anos do projeto e seu impacto na humanização do cuidado, treinamento clínico e formação multidisciplinar dos alunos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo

INTRODUÇÃO: A necessidade de um ensino baseado em comunidade para a formação de profissionais de saúde mais humanizados é evidente e mandatória. A Extensão Médica Acadêmica surge nesse âmbito buscando estimular a formação de profissionais de saúde mais humanizados desde os primeiros anos de faculdade. Estruturado como um projeto de voluntariado que engloba diversos cursos da saúde (fisioterapia, nutrição, fonoaudiologia e medicina), busca-se promover o contato do aluno com a prática profissional, mantendo-o estimulado a estudar, melhorando suas habilidades técnicas e fornecendo atendimento de saúde multiprofissional de qualidade. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a percepção dos membros de medicina quanto ao aprendizado e humanização. Levantar o número de atendimentos e membros por ano nos últimos 6 anos. Analisar a estrutura organizacional do projeto e verificar se atende aos seus objetivos. MÉTODOS: Foram coletados dados dos atendimentos no período de 2009 a 2014, calculando número de atendimentos, número de voluntários por curso, e número de alunos de medicina por ano de graduação. Dados foram obtidos pelo Projeto de Satisfação com questionário respondido por 68 alunos de medicina contendo 5 questões formuladas na escala de Likert de 5 pontos. Utilizamos o Ranking Médio (RM) das respostas para analisar os dados coletados. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento gradativo dos membros, com predomínio de alunos de medicina e dos primeiros anos da faculdade. No primeiro semestre de 2015 existiam 252 acadêmicos, e 40 profissionais. Dos questionários obteve-se um RM de percepção de aprendizado de 4,162 e percepção de humanização de 3,964, sendo 67,6% dos entrevistados alunos do primeiro ano. O total de consultas foi de 1656 e 597 coletas de exames laboratoriais. CONCLUSÃO: A EMA atinge seus objetivos, com um RM de 3,964 na percepção de humanização e 4,162 na de aprendizado. Além disso, observou-se um aumento de voluntários no projeto, e um grande impacto para as comunidades atendidas.

The influence of nonconscious processes on perceptions of downsizing and terminations

ABSTRACTAlthough social and cognitive psychologists have developed a large body of research on priming and other nonconscious processes, relatively little research has focused on how these issues influence organizationally relevant phenomena. The current research sought to partially fill this void by examining the influence of nonconscious processes on perceptions of organizational downsizing. In three studies, individuals were primed with traits of self-reliance or employer-reliance either supraliminally (Study 1) or subliminally (Studies 2 and 3). Studies 1 and 2 found that individuals primed with self-reliance had less negative views of downsizing. Experiment 3 found that those primed with self-reliance reported greater perceptions of fair treatment, respect for their boss, and decreased levels of anger in response to a termination scenario. Implications and future directions are discussed.

A Community-Based Oral Health Intervention in Navajo Nation Head Start: Participation Factors and Contextual Challenges.

Successful interventions require consistent participation by intended recipients. We utilized mixed methods to describe participation of 518 parent-child dyads enrolled in a randomized cluster trial of a 2-year oral health intervention for Head Start (HS) families across Navajo Nation delivered by native Community Oral Health Specialists (COHS). We quantitatively assessed factors that contributed to participation and qualitatively examined barriers and strategies. The intervention offered fluoride varnish (FV) and oral health promotion (OHP) activities for two cohorts (enrolled in 2011, N = 286, or 2012, N = 232) of children in the HS classrooms and OHP for parents outside the classroom. Child participation was good: FV: 79.7 (Cohort 1) and 85.3 % (Cohort 2) received at least 3 of 4 applications; OHP: 74.5 (Cohort 1) and 78.4 % (Cohort 2) attended at least 3 of 5 events. Parent participation was low: 10.5 (Cohort 1) and 29.8 % (Cohort 2) attended at least three of four events. Analysis of survey data found significant effects on parent participation from fewer people in the household, Cohort 2 membership, greater external-locus of control, and a greater perception that barriers existed to following recommended oral health behaviors. Qualitative analysis of reports from native field staff, COHS, community members, and the research team identified barriers (e.g., geographic expanse, constraints of a research trial) and suggested strategies to improve parent participation (e.g., improve communication between COHS and parents/community). Many challenges to participation exist when conducting interventions in rural areas with underserved populations. Working with community partners to inform the development and delivery of interventions is critical.