Greater Number Of Individuals Research Articles

Diversity of Tree Species in Campus Forest of UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi

An indicator of the stability of a community within an ecosystem is diversity of species. The absence of data regarding the species diversity in the campus forest of UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi prompted the conduct of this study, which aimed to identify tree types and calculate the diversity index and evenness index for the campus forest. To achieve this aim, the research site was selected through the implementation of purposive sampling, whereas the plot was determined through the utilization of systematic sampling. Aside from that, tree data was collected in 22 plots using a quadratic method with dimensions of 20 m x 20 m. The research findings revealed the acquisition of 83 tree species, comprising 30 families and a total of 464/8.62 ha individuals. The species of tree that contains the greatest number of individuals is Ixonanthes sp. The genus Ixonanthes exhibited the greatest INP, which measured 37.64%. At 3.70, the species diversity index (H') indicates a significant degree of diversity across categories. Furthermore, the evenness index (E) acquired a value of 0.84, placing it within the category of high evenness

A Data-Infused Approach to optimal Paying Guest / Hostel Selections

The world's population is expanding quickly every day, and a great number of individuals are moving to big cities and other locations in search of employment, better living conditions, or educational opportunities. The development of rental websites is covered in this paper. Property details can be uploaded by landlords and tenants can rent properties through this website. In this research, we have developed website will assist people in giving or accepting rental properties without the need to interact with apartment brokers in order to ultimately come to a mutually beneficial agreement. Among the one hundred different options, the project's goal is to identify and suggest the PG that a user is most likely to book.

Evolution of delayed dispersal with group size effect and population dynamics

Individuals delay natal dispersal for many reasons. There may be no place to disperse to; immediate dispersal or reproduction may be too costly; immediate dispersal may mean that the individual and their relatives miss the benefits of group living. Understanding the factors that lead to the evolution of delayed dispersal is important because delayed dispersal sets the stage for complex social groups and social behavior. Here, we study the evolution of delayed dispersal when the quality of the local environment is improved by greater numbers of individuals (e.g., safety in numbers). We assume that individuals who delay natal dispersal also expect to delay personal reproduction. In addition, we assume that improved environmental quality benefits manifest as changes to fecundity and survival. We are interested in how do the changes in these life-history features affect delayed dispersal. We use a model that ties evolution to population dynamics. We also aim to understand the relationship between levels of delayed dispersal and the probability of establishing as an independent breeder (a population-level feature) in response to changes in life-history details. Our model emphasizes kin selection and considers a sexual organism, which allows us to study parent–offspring conflict over delayed dispersal. At evolutionary equilibrium, fecundity and survival benefits of group size or quality promote higher levels of delayed dispersal over a larger set of life histories with one exception. The exception is for benefits of increased group size or quality reaped by the individuals who delay dispersal. There, the increased benefit does not change the life histories supporting delay dispersal. Next, in contrast to previous predictions, we find that a low probability of establishing in a new location is not always associated with a higher incidence of delayed dispersal. Finally, we find that increased personal benefits of delayed dispersal exacerbate the conflict between parents and their offspring. We discuss our findings in relation to previous theoretical and empirical work, especially work related to cooperative breeding.

A Data-Infused Approach to Optimal PG / Hostel Selections

The world's population is expanding quickly every day, and a great number of individuals are moving to big cities and other locations in search of employment, better living conditions, or educational opportunities. That is why house renting is becoming an essential part of our society due to the increase in housing demand. Subsequently, I understood the significance of a web based house leasing site and thought of a choice to execute such a web application. The development of rental websites is covered in this paper. Property details can be uploaded by landlords and tenants can rent properties through this website. This website will assist people in giving or accepting rental properties without the need to interact with apartment brokers in order to ultimately come to a mutually beneficial agreement. Among the one hundred different options, the project's goal is to identify and suggest the PG that a user is most likely to book.

Identification of highly conserved Trypanosoma cruzi antigens for the development of a universal serological diagnostic assay

ABSTRACT Chagas Disease is an important neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. There is no gold standard for diagnosis and commercial serological tests perform poorly in certain locations. By aligning T. cruzi genomes covering parasite genetic and geographic diversity, we identified highly conserved proteins that could serve as universal antigens for improved diagnosis. Their antigenicity was tested in high-density peptide microarrays using well-characterized plasma samples, including samples presenting true infections but discordant serology. Individual and combination of epitopes were also evaluated in peptide-ELISAs. We identified >1400 highly conserved T. cruzi proteins evaluated in microarrays. Remarkably, T. cruzi positive controls had a different epitope recognition profile compared to serologically discordant samples. In particular, multiple T. cruzi antigens used in current tests and their strain-variants, and novel epitopes thought to be broadly antigenic failed to be recognized by discordant samples. Nonetheless, >2000 epitopes specifically recognized by IgGs from both positive controls and discordant samples were identified. Evaluation of selected peptides in ELISA further illustrated the extensive variation in antibody profiles among subjects and a peptide combination could outperform a commercial ELISA, increasing assay sensitivity from 52.3% to 72.7%. Individual variation in antibody profiles rather than T. cruzi diversity appears to be the main factor driving differences in serological diagnostic performance according to geography, which will be important to further elucidate. ELISA with a combination of peptides recognized by a greater number of individuals could better capture infections, and further development may lead to an optimal antigen mixture for a universal diagnostic assay.

Identifying distant relatives using benchtop-scale sequencing

The genetic component of forensic genetic genealogy (FGG) is an estimate of kinship, often conducted at genome scales between a great number of individuals. The promise of FGG is substantial: in concert with genealogical records and other nongenetic information, it can indirectly identify a person of interest. A downside of FGG is cost, as it is currently expensive and requires chemistries uncommon to forensic genetic laboratories (microarrays and high throughput sequencing). The more common benchtop sequencers can be coupled with a targeted PCR assay to conduct FGG, though such approaches have limited resolution for kinship. This study evaluates low-pass sequencing, an alternative strategy that is accessible to benchtop sequencers and can produce resolutions comparable to high-pass sequencing. Samples from a three-generation pedigree were augmented to include up to 7th degree relatives (using whole genome pedigree simulations) and the ability to recover the true kinship coefficient was assessed using algorithms qualitatively similar to those found in GEDmatch. We show that up to 7th degree relatives can be reliably inferred from 1 × whole genome sequencing obtainable from desktop sequencers.

The Crimean War, Sevastopol, and British Military Collecting Strategies in the Black Sea Region c.1829–1856

Between 1854 and 1856 the shape of private and public collections of arms, armour, and ordnance were influenced directly by the conflict with Russia, especially from the main theatre in the Crimea and its key military engagements including Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, and Sevastopol. While antiquities and some examples of militaria had entered private collections through personal travel during the first half of the nineteenth century, it was the outbreak of war with Russia that perhaps had the strongest influence on collections. The new theatre of war provided fresh opportunities to begin a collection or expand an existing one. Moreover, a greater number of individuals from all levels of society were given chances to acquire objects than hithertofore, from militaria to objets d’art to ordinary domestic items. Pictures and photographs were often the most highly prized, particularly of the time before war had started and the destruction of cities such as Sevastopol had occurred. 1

GABAB1 receptor knockdown in prefrontal cortex induces behavioral aberrations associated with autism spectrum disorder in mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social interaction deficit, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. Apart from these core symptoms, a great number of individuals with ASD exhibit higher levels of anxiety and memory deficits. Previous studies demonstrate pronounced decrease of γ-aminobutyric acid B1 receptor (GABAB1R) protein level of frontal lobe in both ASD patients and animal models. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of GABAB1R in ASD-related behavioral aberrations. Herein, the protein and mRNA levels of GABAB1R in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of sodium valproic acid (VPA)-induced mouse ASD model were determined by Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis, respectively. Moreover, the behavioral abnormalities in naive mice with GABAB1R knockdown mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) were assessed in a comprehensive test battery consisted of social interaction, marble burying, self-grooming, open-field, Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Furthermore, the action potential changes induced by GABAB1R deficiency were examined in neurons within the PFC of mouse. The results show that the mRNA and protein levels of GABAB1R in the PFC of prenatal VPA-induced mouse ASD model were decreased. Concomitantly, naive mice with GABAB1R knockdown exhibited ASD-like behaviors, such as impaired social interaction and communication, elevated stereotypes, anxiety and memory deficits. Patch-clamp recordings also revealed that GABAB1R knockdown provoked enhanced neuronal excitability by increasing action potential discharge frequencies. Overall, these findings support a notion that GABAB1R deficiency might contribute to ASD-like phenotypes, with the pathogenesis most likely resulting from enhanced neuronal excitability. SubheadingsGABAB1 Knockdown Induces Behavioral Aberrations with ASD

Population size in QTL detection using quantile regression in genome-wide association studies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Quantile Regression (QR) in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) regarding the ability to detect QTLs (Quantitative Trait Locus) associated with phenotypic traits of interest, considering different population sizes. For this, simulated data was used, with traits of different levels of heritability (0.30 and 0.50), and controlled by 3 and 100 QTLs. Populations of 1,000 to 200 individuals were defined, with a random reduction of 100 individuals for each population. The power of detection of QTLs and the false positive rate were obtained by means of QR considering three different quantiles (0.10, 0.50 and 0.90) and also by means of the General Linear Model (GLM). In general, it was observed that the QR models showed greater power of detection of QTLs in all scenarios evaluated and a relatively low false positive rate in scenarios with a greater number of individuals. The models with the highest detection power of true QTLs at the extreme quantils (0.10 and 0.90) were the ones with the highest detection power of true QTLs. In contrast, the analysis based on the GLM detected few (scenarios with larger population size) or no QTLs in the evaluated scenarios. In the scenarios with low heritability, QR obtained a high detection power. Thus, it was verified that the use of QR in GWAS is effective, allowing the detection of QTLs associated with traits of interest even in scenarios with few genotyped and phenotyped individuals.

Distribution Pattern and Management Strategy of Invasive Weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Gorakhpur, India

Background: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Family Asteraceae, local name Chatakchandni), an invader weed, assumes importance and poses a problem because of its nuisance value. The present study accounts for its population structure, community relation and its probable association with neighbour species within the major grassland vegetation types of the region. Materials and Methods: For the study of population status, phytosociological characters, neighbour relations of Parthenium and its contribution to the two major grasslands’ the managed and natural were calculated by the standard sampling methods. Results: Highly disturbed or completely cleaned sites may be fast colonized and aggregated by Parthenium, as evident from the values of its phytosociological attributes. In natural grassland, however, the number of species as the nearest neighbour of Parthenium was quite high. Parthenium was found to occur at all different stages of growth and at every stage of its life cycle throughout the year. In the months of July, November and March, a much greater number of individuals were in the seedling stage. Conclusion: Since there is no lapse period between seed dispersal and germination, effective management may be exercised only before they enter the reproductive phase. Since there is no mode of asexual regeneration in this species, manual elimination must be held at juvenile stage to get an area rid of this noxious weed.

The cracks of classical mechanics and the Birth of quantum mechanics

At the end of the 19th century, with the development of Newton's classical mechanics and Maxwell's electromagnetism, a great number of individuals believed that the laws of physics had reached the point of perfection. Physicists like Pierre-Simon Laplace even thought that Newtonian mechanics could be used to calculate the future. However, the "dark clouds" such as the Michelson-Morley experiment and black body radiation demonstrated the flaws of the classical theory. With the efforts of quantum mechanics pioneers such as Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, and Heisenberg, the discipline of quantum mechanics has gradually developed and has become the key to opening the door to the microscopic world. This paper demonstrates the cracks that occurred in classical physics at the end of the 19th century, and then illustrates the birth of the quantum mechanics and some of the most important concepts of it. Finally, some cutting-edge technologies related to quantum are introduced.

On land, life, and labour: Abundance and scarcity in Locke, Smith, and Ricardo

On land, life, and labour: Abundance and scarcity in Locke, Smith, and Ricardo

The coefficients of inbreeding revealed by ROH study among inbred individuals belonging to each type of the first cousin marriage: A preliminary report from North India.

Genome-wide runs of homozygosity (ROH) are appropriate to estimate genomic inbreeding, determine population history, unravel the genetic architecture of complex traits and disorders. The study sought to investigate and compare the actual proportion of homozygosity or autozygosity in the genomes of progeny of four subtypes of first cousin mating in humans, using both pedigree and genomic measures for autosomes and sex chromosomes. For this purpose, Illumina Global Screening Array-24 v1.0 BeadChip followed by cyto-ROH analysis through Illumina Genome Studio was used to characterise the homozygosity in five participants from North Indian state (Uttar Pradesh). PLINK v.1.9 software was used to estimate the genomic inbreeding coefficients viz. ROH-based inbreeding estimate (FROH) and homozygous loci-based inbreeding estimate (FHOM). A total of 133 ROH segments were detected with maximum number and genomic coverage in Matrilateral Parallel (MP) type and minimum in outbred individual. ROH pattern revealed that MP type has a higher degree of homozygosity than other subtypes. The comparison of FROH, FHOM, and pedigree-based inbreeding estimate (FPED) showed some difference in theoretical and realised proportion of homozygosity for sex-chromosomal loci but not for autosome for each type of consanguinity. This is the very first study to compare and estimate the pattern of homozygosity among the kindreds of first cousin unions. However, a greater number of individuals from each type of marriage is required for statistical inference of no difference between theoretical and realized homozygosity among different degrees of inbreeding prevalent in humans worldwide.

Ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter to detect intracranial hypertension: an observational study

ObjectivesTo evaluate the ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) as a predictor of intracranial hypertension as compared to the invasive measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP).DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingIntensive Care Unit (ICU) of two tertiary university hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay.PatientsWe included 56 adult patients, over 18 years of age, who required sedation, mechanical ventilation, and invasive ICP monitoring as a result of a severe acute neurologic injury (traumatic or non-traumatic) and had a Glascow Coma Score (GCS) equal to or less than 8 on admission to the ICU.InterventionsUltrasonographic measurement of ONSD to detect intracranial hypertension.Measurements and main resultsIn our study, a logistic regression model was performed in which it was observed that the variable ONSD is statistically significant with a p value of 0.00803 (< 0.05). This model estimates and predicts the probability that a patient will have an ICP greater than 20 mmHg. From the analysis of the cut-off points, it is observed that a value of 5.7 mm of ONSD maximizes the sensitivity (92.9%) of the method (a greater number of individuals with ICP > 20 mmHg are correctly identified).ConclusionsIn sedated neurocritical patients, with structural Acute Brain Injury, the ONSD measurement correlates with the invasive measurement of ICP. It was observed that with ONSD values less than 5.7 mm, the probability of being in the presence of ICP above 20 mmHg is very low, while for ONSD values greater than 5.7 mm, said probability clearly increases.

Activity Patterns, Population Dynamics, and Spatial Distribution of the Stick Tea Thrips, Dendrothrips minowai, in Tea Plantations.

The stick tea thrips, D. minowai Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is one of the most economically significant thrips pests of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze.) in China. Here, we sampled D. minowai in tea plantations from 2019 to 2022 to characterize its activity patterns, population dynamics, and spatial distribution. A large proportion of D. minowai individuals were caught in traps placed at heights ranging from 5 cm below to 25 cm above the position of tender leaves at the top of the tea plant, and the greatest number of individuals were captured at a height of 10 cm from the position of tender leaves at the top of the tea plant. Thrips were most abundant from 10:00 to 16:00 h in the spring and from 06:00 to 10:00 h and from 16:00 to 20:00 h on sunny days in the summer. The spatial distribution of D. minowai females and nymphs was aggregated on leaves according to Taylor's power law (females: R2 = 0.92, b = 1.69 > 1; nymphs: R2 = 0.91, b = 2.29 > 1) and Lloyd's patchiness index (females and nymphs: C > 1, Ca > 0, I > 0, M*/m > 1). The D. minowai population was dominated by females, and male density increased in June. Adult thrips overwintered on the bottom leaves, and they were most abundant from April to June and from August to October. Our findings will aid efforts to control D. minowai populations.

Cognitive task performance in sitting and standing: A pilot study

Abstract Study aim: The aims of this study were to compare the effectiveness of performing tasks involving different cognitive functions in sitting versus standing positions and to assess the perceived workload. Standing or moving at work increases energy expenditure and brings health benefits while lowering the risk of diseases related to physical inactivity. The question arises whether this occurs at the expense of the effectiveness of professional activities. Material and methods: Twenty-nine physical education students (including 20 women and 9 men) volunteered to participate in the study. The participants performed four cognitive tests: two tests based on the Vienna Test System (Cognitron and ALS) and two paper-and-pencil tests (TUS and Toulouse-Pieron test). Results: There were no significant differences found between the sitting and the standing groups as regards the results of the cognitive tests. The number of omissions in the TUS test was higher in a standing position. The groups significantly differed in the perceived workload: A greater value of the summary weighted index was obtained in the sitting group. Also, the sitting students perceived their mental effort as significantly more onerous. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that the standing position does not reduce the effectiveness of activities involving cognitive functions. This is an incentive to continue randomized trials with a greater number of individuals.

Uticaj bakterijskih tretmana na morfološke osobine jednogodišnjih sadnica hrasta kitnjaka dve srpske provenijencije

Plant growth promoting bacteria present a diverse group of bacteria with wide applicative potential in seedling production, especially in referring to the Green agenda concept. The effect of 2 bacterial species on one-year-old sessile oak seedling's height, root collar diameter, and their ratio was studied. Oak plants were from 2 provenances - Avala and Košutnjak. The most significant influence on measured traits in Avala had treatment with Pseudomonas koreensis, and in Košutnjak, with Viridibacillus arvi. However, a two-way analysis of variance showed no statistical significance of provenance effect and bacterial treatment on measured traits. The research needs to be repeated on a greater number of individuals in order to confirm the results since the bacteria manifested their PGP potential in vitro.

Cortical auditory potentials and cognitive potentials in individuals with and without vestibular dysfunction.

Background: Among individuals withvestibular dysfunction, the loss of vestibular sensory information is found to alter cognitive abilities that coordinate spatial and non-spatial information. P300 is an event-related potential commonly used to assess cognitive processing. The aim of the present study was to compare the latency and amplitude of cortical auditory evoked potential and P300 between individuals with vestibular dysfunction and individuals with no vestibular dysfunction. Methods: Forty adults with a mean age of 40.5 ± 13.07 participated in the study. Group I included 20 adults diagnosed with vestibular dysfunction and group II included 20 age-matched adults with no vestibular dysfunction. The P300 was recorded from the electrode site Cz and Pz. It was elicited using pure-tones in odd-ball paradigm. The latency and amplitude of peaks P1, N1, P2, and N2 of the cortical auditory evoked potential and the P300 were measured. Results: Significant amplitude difference was observed in cortical potentials at Cz and Pz. The P300 was present only in 70% of individuals with vestibular dysfunction compared to 100% among individuals with no vestibular dysfunction. The mean amplitude of the P300 was slightly larger in group 1 compared to group 2 and the mean latency of the P300 was similar in both groups. However, the difference in amplitude of the P300 between groups was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Knowing the cognitive function of individuals with vestibular dysfunction enables planning vestibular rehabilitation therapy, which enhances the quality of life in these individuals by improving their vestibular and cognitive functions.

Diversity and abundance of soil arthropods in Jahangirnagar University campus, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Soil arthropods are an essential part of an ecosystem contributing significantly to maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The present study was conducted to investigate the diversity and abundance of soil arthropods in selected habitats in Jahangirnagar University campus, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sampling was conducted at three different habitats, viz., woodland (W), grassland with herbs (GH), and woodland with herbs (WH), from February 2022 to July 2022 using pitfall traps. A total of 9054 arthropods belonging to 19 different orders viz., Collembola, Diplura, Thysanoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Acari, Araneae, Mesostigmata, Polydesmida, Isopoda, Scolopendrellida and Scolopendromorpha were collected. The most abundant order was Collembola (64.49%) followed by Diptera (12.89%), Hymenoptera (9.82%), Orthoptera (4.73%), Araneae (2.85%) and Coleoptera (1.38%), and the least abundant orders were Isoptera (0.17%), Scolopendrellida (0.13%), Thysanoptera (0.10%), Acai (0.09%), and Diplura (0.08%). Blattodea, Polydesmida, Lepidoptera and Isopoda represented 0.76%, 0.64%, 0.34% and 0.27% of the total captured individuals, respectively. The greatest number of individuals were collected from habitat-W (49.78%) followed by habitat-GH (28.32%) and habitat-WH (21.90%). The collembolans exhibited the highest abundance in all three habitats. Both the Shannon-Weiner index (H&#39;) and Pielou’s evenness index. (J&#39;) showed the highest score in habitat-GH (H&#39;=1.49, J&#39;=0.5), whereas the least score in habitat-W (H&#39;=1.04, (J&#39;=0.36). Information revealed in this study is expected to contribute to developing baseline data of arthropod fauna in Jahangirnagr University campus. More importantly, this information would help us monitor any change in the abundance and diversity of soil-dwelling arthropods in Jahangirnagar University campus.

Social networks and health information sharing in COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Background Understanding health information flow in social networks is important for designing effective health communications strategies and to achieve health literacy. Limited information is known about variation in social networks and health information sharing in the COVID-19 pandemic by demographic factors. Young people are of particular interest given their heavy exposure to digital media sources, which include considerable health misinformation. Methods Hawai'i (n = 324) residents between 18-35 completed a Spring 2021 online survey including questions on health information flow in social networks: (1) how many they talked to and (2) listened to about health. Two Poisson regression models were fit with gender, education, and race/ethnicity predicting social network size. Results Respondents were 67.6% female. Respondents discussed their own health with 2-3 people (M = 2.18, SD = 2.95) and listened to roughly the same number. Respondents who talked with a greater number of individuals about their own health were significantly more likely to have larger networks for listening to others (r (317) = .614; p&amp;lt; .001). In the model for discussing their own health, as education increased so did social network size. For the model predicting discussing others’ health, gender was significant (p = 0.003); women listened to 30.6% more individuals than men. Most (73%) respondents had conducted a recent digital health search for either themselves or someone else, including for parents, grandparents, and children. Facebook (63%) and Instagram (58%) were the most popular online sources for COVID-19 health information. Conclusions Understanding social networks and digital health sources in young people are important for designing effective health communications to reach all communities, especially those experiencing health inequities, given the amount of health misinformation circulating and the need to build trust in public health communication. Key messages • Social networks provide access to critical health information including information obtained from digital sources. • Gender and education were important predictors of social network size in COVID-19 health communications.