Greater Number Of Individuals Research Articles

Behavioral and functional responses of different bird clades to offshore windfarms in yellow sea, China.

Offshore windfarms (OWFs) constitute a rapidly expanding source of renewable energy that inevitably affects marine biodiversity, especially those built within critical areas for biodiversity conservation. To understand the potential effect of OWFs on bird communities, we systematically tracked bird communities and their behavior within OWFs near the Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of the Yellow Sea in China from 2020 to 2022 using voyage investigations. The results indicated that bird diversity was greater within OWFs than in seawaters away from the OWFs. The composition of the bird community varied at different distance scales and the closer to the windfarm, the higher the number of birds from the Laridae and Anatidae. In addition, the flight heights of Laridae, Accipitridae, and Anatidae overlapped with the rotor-swept zones, and there were significant altitudinal variations in the OWFs and nearby waters. Based on 16 functional traits and the devised risk assessment function, we found that OWFs could have distinct impacts on different birds. Birds of the family Accipitridae, which have a larger body size, are likely to experience more stress from OWFs than other families. And, fish-eating birds, such as Laridae and Anatidae, have higher risk scores due to their closer proximity to the windfarm, medium body size and greater number of individuals. However, Passeriformes with smaller body size and fewer individuals have lower risk values. Our study revealed in detail the different strategies used by birds to cope with OWFs and provides a theoretical basis for rationalizing the conservation of bird diversity at these locations.

People's Attitude and Perception of the Pandemic on Twitter: A Case Study of COVID-19 in India.

Background Understanding the attitudes and perceptions of the general population is necessary for organizing health promotion initiatives. During outbreaks, social media has a significant impact on creating social perceptions. This study aims to identify and examine the emotions expressed and topics of discussion among Indian citizens related to COVID-19 third wave, from the messages posted on Twitter using text mining techniques. Methods Twitter messages (tweets) were downloaded using Twitter API from June 1, 2021 to July 10, 2021. After pre-processing the downloaded messages, 8933 unique tweets from various individuals were taken into account for the analysis. To identify and extract emotions expressed by the people in the Twitter texts, the text mining and sentiment analysis package "syuzhet" in R software was used. In order to identify the concerns and themes of discussion by the public during the pandemic, topic analysis was done using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) technique. To understand and measure the tweets' reachability in relation to the themes and emotions conveyed, an engagement metrics analysis was also conducted. Results According to the emotional analysis performed on Twitter messages about the COVID-19 third wave, anticipation was exhibited maximum in 4180 tweets, followed by fear in 4070, and trust in 4001 tweets. Results of topic modeling revealed that there were widespread discussions and concerns about preventative measures to deal with the COVID-19 third wave. Engagement metrics verified that the greatest number of individuals liked and retweeted tweets expressing disgust. Maximum people favorited tweets with information on preventive measures for COVID-19, and a large number of individuals re-shared messages comparing various aspects of different COVID-19 waves. Conclusion Data from social media platforms can be used to comprehend public opinions and emotions during pandemics and emergencies. This can assist public health stakeholders in managing pandemic circumstances by planning effective health communication strategies that quickly reach a larger audience. The study's findings will assist stakeholders and public health experts in effectively using social media to communicate information about COVID-19 that combat people's negative emotions and concerns. Future research can use a similar approach to comprehend people's perspectives and concerns during outbreaks and emergency circumstances.

First record of a halacarid mite Bradyagaue drygalskii (Halacaroidea, Acari) from Lützow-Holm Bay in East Antarctica

A halacarid mite, Bradyagaue drygalskii (Lohmann, 1907), in the family Halacaridae, was discovered from the brown alga Desmarestia chordalis Hooker and Harvey, 1845, at a depth of 12 m in Lützow-Holm Bay on the East Antarctic coast during the 35th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in 1994. This is the first record of B. drygalskii from the region of Queen Maud Land to Enderby Land in East Antarctica. This finding supports the contention that B. drygalskii will be distributed widely in Antarctica. The results of morphological comparison and distributional records for Bradyagaue species described so far suggested that B. aspidionis Newell, 1984, and B. drygalskii are likely to be conspecific. However, further detailed comparisons are necessary to clarify the taxonomic relationship between these two species based on a greater number of individuals.

What does routine healthcare data tell us about the diagnostic pathway for older people with heart failure in Wales: under-testing, problems with access, or poor coding?

Abstract Background United Kingdom guidelines (NICE, NG106) for suspected chronic heart failure (HF) recommend that NT pro-BNP is performed as a first-line test. The result is also used to triage individuals; when NT pro-BNP is <400ng/L, a diagnosis of HF is less likely, echocardiography (echo) and specialist assessment should be performed within 6 weeks when the result is 400-2000ng/L, and within 2 weeks if >2000ng/L. How accurately this guidance is followed in clinical practice in Wales is not known. Purpose To examine how the current diagnostic pathway is recorded in routinely-collected electronic health record (EHR) data for older people in Wales with a diagnosis of heart failure. Methods We conducted a retrospective, population-level, observational study using linked anonymised EHR data in Wales (2015-22). We included patients aged 65y+ with a HF diagnosis in their primary or secondary care records and with a minimum of 12m pre and post-diagnosis data (for assessment of diagnostic pathway). We looked back from the point of HF diagnosis for codes associated with prior cardiovascular conditions (any time prior), symptoms (within 3 years), and key diagnostic tests (within 90 days). Results The final cohort comprised 51,020 individuals 65y and over with a diagnosis of heart failure between 2015-2022. Incidence and prevalence of heart failure increased across the study period (1.4-1.5% and 8.5-9.1% respectively). HF diagnosis was first evident in secondary care records in 54.9%, in primary care 36.3%, and in both data sources on the same day in 8.8%. Preceding cardiovascular diagnoses included hypertension (69.5%), atrial fibrillation (36.7%), myocardial infarction (30.5%), coronary artery disease (25.7%), and valve disease (17.7%). The most common recorded symptoms preceding diagnosis were breathlessness (41.4%), ankle oedema (9.8%), and fatigue (8.8%). Searched for symptoms were not recorded in 43.8%. In the 90 days preceding the diagnosis, 7-30% had recorded NT pro-BNP with the number of tests increasing throughout the study period (Figure 1). In the 90 days prior to HF diagnosis, 28-31% had an echo recorded. NT pro-BNP was >2000ng/L in 51.8%, 400-2000ng/L in 38.6% and <400ng/L in 9.6%. Conclusions In Wales, a greater number of individuals with heart failure appear to be diagnosed during hospital admission, compared with primary care. Many individuals with a code for HF in their records, do not have recorded objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction. The proportion of first-line and definitive tests appears low. It is unclear whether this is because of under-referral, difficulty accessing tests in primary care, or inaccurate coding of test referrals and results. These results are important in evaluating health service delivery and workforce planning.

The association between social networks and functional recovery after stroke.

Social determinants of health (SDOH), including social networks, impact disability and quality of life post-stroke, yet the direct influence of SDOH on functional change remains undetermined. We aimed to identify which SDOH predict change on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) within 90 days after stroke hospitalization. Stroke patients from the Transitions of Care Stroke Disparities Study (TCSDS) were enrolled from 12 hospitals in the Florida Stroke Registry. TCSDS aims to identify disparities in hospital-to-home transitions after stroke. SDOH were collected by trained interviewers at hospital discharge. The mRS was assessed at discharge, 30- and 90-day post-stroke. Multinomial logistic regression models examined contributions of each SDOH to mRS improvement or worsening (compared to no change) from discharge to 30- and 90-day, respectively. Of 1190 participants, median age was 64 years, 42% were women, 52% were non-Hispanic White, and 91% had an ischemic stroke. Those with a limited social support network had greater odds of functional decline at 30 days (aOR = 1.39, 1.17-1.66), adjusting for age and onset to arrival time and at 90 days (aOR = 1.50, 1.10-2.05) after adjusting for age. Results were consistent after further adjustment for additional SDOH and participant characteristics. Individuals living with a spouse/partner had reduced odds of functional decline at 90 days (aOR = 0.74, 0.57-0.98); however, results were inconsistent with more conservative modeling approaches. The findings highlight the importance of SDOH, specifically having a greater number of individuals in your social network in functional recovery after stroke.

A mathematical framework for genetic relatedness analysis involving X chromosome aneuploidies

The unique features of the X chromosome can be crucial to complement autosomal profiling or to disentangle complex kinship problems, providing in some cases a similar or even greater power than autosomes in paternity/maternity investigations. While theoretical and informatics approaches for pairwise X-linked kinship analyses are well established for euploid individuals, these are still lacking for individuals with an X chromosome aneuploidy. To trigger the fulfilment of this gap, this research presents a mathematical framework that enables the quantification of DNA evidence in pairwise kinship analyses, involving two non-inbred individuals, one of whom with a non-mosaic X chromosome aneuploidy: Trisomy X (47, XXX), Klinefelter (47, XXY) or Turner (45, X0) syndrome. As previously developed for a regular number of chromosomes, this approach relies on the probability of related individuals sharing identical-by-descent (IBD) alleles at one specific locus and it can be applied to any set of independently transmitted markers, with no gametic association in the population. The kinship hypotheses mostly considered in forensic casework are specifically addressed in this work, but the reasoning and procedure can be applied to virtually any pairwise kinship problem under the referred assumptions. Algebraic formulae for joint genotypic probabilities cover all the possible genotypic configurations and pedigrees. Compared with the analyses assuming individuals with a regular number of chromosomes, complicating factors rely on the different possibilities for both the parental origin of the error (either maternal or paternal), and the type of error occurred (either meiotic or post-zygotic mitotic). These imply that a non-inbred female with Triple X or a male with Klinefelter syndrome may carry two IBD alleles at the same locus. Thus, and contrarily to what occurs for the standard case, IBD partitions depend not only on the kinship hypothesis under analysis but also on the genotypic configuration of the analyzed individuals. For some cases, parameters of interest can be inferred, while for others recommended values based on the available literature are provided. This work is the starting point to analyze X-chromosomal data under the scope of kinship problems, involving individuals with aneuploidies, as it will enhance the quantification of the DNA evidence not only in forensics but also in the medical genetics field. We hope it will trigger the development of approaches including other complicating factors, as a greater number of individuals, possibility of the occurrence of mutations and/or silent alleles, as well as the analysis of linked markers.

Patient Perception of Allograft Versus Autograft in ACL Reconstruction Using a Validated Online Survey Marketplace.

Little is known regarding the opinions of the general population on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft options. To evaluate the general population's perception of the use of allografts versus autografts in ACL reconstruction using a previously validated online marketplace platform. A prospective 34-question survey was distributed via the online marketplace. After collecting baseline demographics, participant preferences for ACL reconstruction with an allograft or autograft were established. All respondents completed a preeducation survey, reviewed an evidence-based education sheet, and completed a posteducation survey to assess their understanding. Upon completion, participants were asked which graft they would prefer. Participants were then asked if they would be willing to change their preference based on surgeon recommendation. Finally, participants were asked to rank the factors from the education sheet that were most influential. Cross-sectional study. There were 491 participants that completed the survey (mean age, 39.9 years [range, 19-72 years]; 244 male, 241 female, and 6 nonbinary/third-gender participants). Before reading the education sheet, 276 (56%) reported no graft preferences, 146 (30%) preferred autograft, and 69 (14%) preferred allograft. After reading the provided sheet, 226 (46%) participants preferred autograft, 185 (38%) preferred allograft, and 80 (16%) had no preference. The mean score on the preeducation test was 45%, and the mean score on the posteducation test was significantly greater (61%; P < .01). Overall, 345 participants (83.9%) stated they would change their preference for autograft or allograft if their surgeon recommended it. Surgeon preference (n = 330; 67%), educational information provided (n = 117; 24%), and previous knowledge (n = 44; 9%) were the most important factors for making graft selections. The mean ages of the participants selecting each graft type before and after education were as follows: allograft (37.8 ± 10.1 vs 40.6 ± 11.8 years; P = .05), autograft (38 ± 11.5 vs 39.5 ± 10.1 years; P = .21), and no preference (41.5 ± 11.2 vs 39.4 ± 11.8 years; P = .16). Education resulted in a greater number of individuals' reporting a preference in graft type (either allograft or autograft) compared with preinformation questioning. In addition, 83.9% of the participants were willing to switch their graft choice if recommended by their surgeon.

Microhabitat and seasonal influence on bess beetle (Coleoptera: Passalidae) assemblage in Altitudinal Atlantic Forest

AbstractUnderstanding the spatiotemporal distribution of diversity has been a significant challenge in the field of conservation biology. Presently, there exists a limited understanding of the spatial distribution of passalid beetles within decomposing logs, as well as their distribution in microhabitats such as the cortex, heartwood and trunk–soil interface. Moreover, there is a scarcity of studies that delve into the temporal distribution patterns of passalid beetles. We evaluate the effect of seasons of the year and microhabitats on the distribution of passalid in an Altitudinal Atlantic Forest. More specifically, the effects of the period of the year and microhabitats were analysed on an assemblage scale and population structure scale. Collections were actively conducted monthly, during dry and rainy seasons, and distinct microhabitats of logs (tree cortex, heartwood and trunk–soil interface) were sampled. We discovered passalid galleries within 235 logs, housing a total of 785 individuals representing nine species across six genera and two tribes. Within the three examined microhabitats, the heartwood and cortex harboured the majority of individuals. In contrast, the trunk–soil interface microhabitat displayed reduced diversity and abundance and the absence of indicator species, exhibiting a distinct community structure compared with the others. The dry season stood out with a greater number of individuals, underscoring the influence of precipitation on passalid activity in this study. Our study contributes to understanding the ecological dynamics of these insects and evaluating their resilience to current landscape transformations on the planet.

Diversity of Tree Species in Campus Forest of UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi

An indicator of the stability of a community within an ecosystem is diversity of species. The absence of data regarding the species diversity in the campus forest of UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi prompted the conduct of this study, which aimed to identify tree types and calculate the diversity index and evenness index for the campus forest. To achieve this aim, the research site was selected through the implementation of purposive sampling, whereas the plot was determined through the utilization of systematic sampling. Aside from that, tree data was collected in 22 plots using a quadratic method with dimensions of 20 m x 20 m. The research findings revealed the acquisition of 83 tree species, comprising 30 families and a total of 464/8.62 ha individuals. The species of tree that contains the greatest number of individuals is Ixonanthes sp. The genus Ixonanthes exhibited the greatest INP, which measured 37.64%. At 3.70, the species diversity index (H') indicates a significant degree of diversity across categories. Furthermore, the evenness index (E) acquired a value of 0.84, placing it within the category of high evenness

A Data-Infused Approach to optimal Paying Guest / Hostel Selections

The world's population is expanding quickly every day, and a great number of individuals are moving to big cities and other locations in search of employment, better living conditions, or educational opportunities. The development of rental websites is covered in this paper. Property details can be uploaded by landlords and tenants can rent properties through this website. In this research, we have developed website will assist people in giving or accepting rental properties without the need to interact with apartment brokers in order to ultimately come to a mutually beneficial agreement. Among the one hundred different options, the project's goal is to identify and suggest the PG that a user is most likely to book.

Evolution of delayed dispersal with group size effect and population dynamics

Individuals delay natal dispersal for many reasons. There may be no place to disperse to; immediate dispersal or reproduction may be too costly; immediate dispersal may mean that the individual and their relatives miss the benefits of group living. Understanding the factors that lead to the evolution of delayed dispersal is important because delayed dispersal sets the stage for complex social groups and social behavior. Here, we study the evolution of delayed dispersal when the quality of the local environment is improved by greater numbers of individuals (e.g., safety in numbers). We assume that individuals who delay natal dispersal also expect to delay personal reproduction. In addition, we assume that improved environmental quality benefits manifest as changes to fecundity and survival. We are interested in how do the changes in these life-history features affect delayed dispersal. We use a model that ties evolution to population dynamics. We also aim to understand the relationship between levels of delayed dispersal and the probability of establishing as an independent breeder (a population-level feature) in response to changes in life-history details. Our model emphasizes kin selection and considers a sexual organism, which allows us to study parent–offspring conflict over delayed dispersal. At evolutionary equilibrium, fecundity and survival benefits of group size or quality promote higher levels of delayed dispersal over a larger set of life histories with one exception. The exception is for benefits of increased group size or quality reaped by the individuals who delay dispersal. There, the increased benefit does not change the life histories supporting delay dispersal. Next, in contrast to previous predictions, we find that a low probability of establishing in a new location is not always associated with a higher incidence of delayed dispersal. Finally, we find that increased personal benefits of delayed dispersal exacerbate the conflict between parents and their offspring. We discuss our findings in relation to previous theoretical and empirical work, especially work related to cooperative breeding.

A Data-Infused Approach to Optimal PG / Hostel Selections

The world's population is expanding quickly every day, and a great number of individuals are moving to big cities and other locations in search of employment, better living conditions, or educational opportunities. That is why house renting is becoming an essential part of our society due to the increase in housing demand. Subsequently, I understood the significance of a web based house leasing site and thought of a choice to execute such a web application. The development of rental websites is covered in this paper. Property details can be uploaded by landlords and tenants can rent properties through this website. This website will assist people in giving or accepting rental properties without the need to interact with apartment brokers in order to ultimately come to a mutually beneficial agreement. Among the one hundred different options, the project's goal is to identify and suggest the PG that a user is most likely to book.

Identification of highly conserved Trypanosoma cruzi antigens for the development of a universal serological diagnostic assay

ABSTRACT Chagas Disease is an important neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. There is no gold standard for diagnosis and commercial serological tests perform poorly in certain locations. By aligning T. cruzi genomes covering parasite genetic and geographic diversity, we identified highly conserved proteins that could serve as universal antigens for improved diagnosis. Their antigenicity was tested in high-density peptide microarrays using well-characterized plasma samples, including samples presenting true infections but discordant serology. Individual and combination of epitopes were also evaluated in peptide-ELISAs. We identified >1400 highly conserved T. cruzi proteins evaluated in microarrays. Remarkably, T. cruzi positive controls had a different epitope recognition profile compared to serologically discordant samples. In particular, multiple T. cruzi antigens used in current tests and their strain-variants, and novel epitopes thought to be broadly antigenic failed to be recognized by discordant samples. Nonetheless, >2000 epitopes specifically recognized by IgGs from both positive controls and discordant samples were identified. Evaluation of selected peptides in ELISA further illustrated the extensive variation in antibody profiles among subjects and a peptide combination could outperform a commercial ELISA, increasing assay sensitivity from 52.3% to 72.7%. Individual variation in antibody profiles rather than T. cruzi diversity appears to be the main factor driving differences in serological diagnostic performance according to geography, which will be important to further elucidate. ELISA with a combination of peptides recognized by a greater number of individuals could better capture infections, and further development may lead to an optimal antigen mixture for a universal diagnostic assay.

Identifying distant relatives using benchtop-scale sequencing

The genetic component of forensic genetic genealogy (FGG) is an estimate of kinship, often conducted at genome scales between a great number of individuals. The promise of FGG is substantial: in concert with genealogical records and other nongenetic information, it can indirectly identify a person of interest. A downside of FGG is cost, as it is currently expensive and requires chemistries uncommon to forensic genetic laboratories (microarrays and high throughput sequencing). The more common benchtop sequencers can be coupled with a targeted PCR assay to conduct FGG, though such approaches have limited resolution for kinship. This study evaluates low-pass sequencing, an alternative strategy that is accessible to benchtop sequencers and can produce resolutions comparable to high-pass sequencing. Samples from a three-generation pedigree were augmented to include up to 7th degree relatives (using whole genome pedigree simulations) and the ability to recover the true kinship coefficient was assessed using algorithms qualitatively similar to those found in GEDmatch. We show that up to 7th degree relatives can be reliably inferred from 1 × whole genome sequencing obtainable from desktop sequencers.

The Crimean War, Sevastopol, and British Military Collecting Strategies in the Black Sea Region c.1829–1856

Between 1854 and 1856 the shape of private and public collections of arms, armour, and ordnance were influenced directly by the conflict with Russia, especially from the main theatre in the Crimea and its key military engagements including Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, and Sevastopol. While antiquities and some examples of militaria had entered private collections through personal travel during the first half of the nineteenth century, it was the outbreak of war with Russia that perhaps had the strongest influence on collections. The new theatre of war provided fresh opportunities to begin a collection or expand an existing one. Moreover, a greater number of individuals from all levels of society were given chances to acquire objects than hithertofore, from militaria to objets d’art to ordinary domestic items. Pictures and photographs were often the most highly prized, particularly of the time before war had started and the destruction of cities such as Sevastopol had occurred. 1

GABAB1 receptor knockdown in prefrontal cortex induces behavioral aberrations associated with autism spectrum disorder in mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social interaction deficit, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. Apart from these core symptoms, a great number of individuals with ASD exhibit higher levels of anxiety and memory deficits. Previous studies demonstrate pronounced decrease of γ-aminobutyric acid B1 receptor (GABAB1R) protein level of frontal lobe in both ASD patients and animal models. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of GABAB1R in ASD-related behavioral aberrations. Herein, the protein and mRNA levels of GABAB1R in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of sodium valproic acid (VPA)-induced mouse ASD model were determined by Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis, respectively. Moreover, the behavioral abnormalities in naive mice with GABAB1R knockdown mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) were assessed in a comprehensive test battery consisted of social interaction, marble burying, self-grooming, open-field, Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Furthermore, the action potential changes induced by GABAB1R deficiency were examined in neurons within the PFC of mouse. The results show that the mRNA and protein levels of GABAB1R in the PFC of prenatal VPA-induced mouse ASD model were decreased. Concomitantly, naive mice with GABAB1R knockdown exhibited ASD-like behaviors, such as impaired social interaction and communication, elevated stereotypes, anxiety and memory deficits. Patch-clamp recordings also revealed that GABAB1R knockdown provoked enhanced neuronal excitability by increasing action potential discharge frequencies. Overall, these findings support a notion that GABAB1R deficiency might contribute to ASD-like phenotypes, with the pathogenesis most likely resulting from enhanced neuronal excitability. SubheadingsGABAB1 Knockdown Induces Behavioral Aberrations with ASD

Population size in QTL detection using quantile regression in genome-wide association studies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Quantile Regression (QR) in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) regarding the ability to detect QTLs (Quantitative Trait Locus) associated with phenotypic traits of interest, considering different population sizes. For this, simulated data was used, with traits of different levels of heritability (0.30 and 0.50), and controlled by 3 and 100 QTLs. Populations of 1,000 to 200 individuals were defined, with a random reduction of 100 individuals for each population. The power of detection of QTLs and the false positive rate were obtained by means of QR considering three different quantiles (0.10, 0.50 and 0.90) and also by means of the General Linear Model (GLM). In general, it was observed that the QR models showed greater power of detection of QTLs in all scenarios evaluated and a relatively low false positive rate in scenarios with a greater number of individuals. The models with the highest detection power of true QTLs at the extreme quantils (0.10 and 0.90) were the ones with the highest detection power of true QTLs. In contrast, the analysis based on the GLM detected few (scenarios with larger population size) or no QTLs in the evaluated scenarios. In the scenarios with low heritability, QR obtained a high detection power. Thus, it was verified that the use of QR in GWAS is effective, allowing the detection of QTLs associated with traits of interest even in scenarios with few genotyped and phenotyped individuals.

Distribution Pattern and Management Strategy of Invasive Weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Gorakhpur, India

Background: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Family Asteraceae, local name Chatakchandni), an invader weed, assumes importance and poses a problem because of its nuisance value. The present study accounts for its population structure, community relation and its probable association with neighbour species within the major grassland vegetation types of the region. Materials and Methods: For the study of population status, phytosociological characters, neighbour relations of Parthenium and its contribution to the two major grasslands’ the managed and natural were calculated by the standard sampling methods. Results: Highly disturbed or completely cleaned sites may be fast colonized and aggregated by Parthenium, as evident from the values of its phytosociological attributes. In natural grassland, however, the number of species as the nearest neighbour of Parthenium was quite high. Parthenium was found to occur at all different stages of growth and at every stage of its life cycle throughout the year. In the months of July, November and March, a much greater number of individuals were in the seedling stage. Conclusion: Since there is no lapse period between seed dispersal and germination, effective management may be exercised only before they enter the reproductive phase. Since there is no mode of asexual regeneration in this species, manual elimination must be held at juvenile stage to get an area rid of this noxious weed.

The cracks of classical mechanics and the Birth of quantum mechanics

At the end of the 19th century, with the development of Newton's classical mechanics and Maxwell's electromagnetism, a great number of individuals believed that the laws of physics had reached the point of perfection. Physicists like Pierre-Simon Laplace even thought that Newtonian mechanics could be used to calculate the future. However, the "dark clouds" such as the Michelson-Morley experiment and black body radiation demonstrated the flaws of the classical theory. With the efforts of quantum mechanics pioneers such as Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, and Heisenberg, the discipline of quantum mechanics has gradually developed and has become the key to opening the door to the microscopic world. This paper demonstrates the cracks that occurred in classical physics at the end of the 19th century, and then illustrates the birth of the quantum mechanics and some of the most important concepts of it. Finally, some cutting-edge technologies related to quantum are introduced.

On land, life, and labour: Abundance and scarcity in Locke, Smith, and Ricardo

On land, life, and labour: Abundance and scarcity in Locke, Smith, and Ricardo