Greater Employment Opportunities Research Articles

Overeducation and Externalities in the Eu: The Combined Moderating Influence of Migration and Gender

Using a bivariate probit model to control for selective access to employment, with this paper I aim to see whether, as expected by theory, migration lowers the problem of overeducation and gender division raises it, paying particular attention to the role of the proximity, interactions, and externalities of the various regions in the EU. The results show that workers with low probability of employment run a high risk of overeducation when they find a job. However, the results do not show evidence that male immigrants run a lower risk of overeducation than others. Highly educated people are more likely to migrate within a country not only to achieve better career prospects and greater employment opportunities but also to reduce the propensity for overeducation. The economic development and educational endowment of the region where a worker lives can explain the risk of overeducation.

FDI Trends in Food Processing Sector in India

Global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows rose 16 per cent in 2011. The FDI inflows in India are increased at the rate of 27.9 per cent per annum during the period 2000 to 2011. In India, FDI inflows in food processing sector were worth Rs.198 crore in the year 2000, these FDI inflows were rose to Rs.1314 crore in 2009 and the it was fallen to Rs.826 crore in 2011. During this period the growth were registered 11.1 per cent per annum respectively. Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) has formulated a Vision 2015 Action Plan that includes trebling the size of the food processing industry, raising the level of processing of perishables from 6 per cent to 20 per cent, increasing value addition from 20 per cent to 35 per cent, and enhancing India's share in global food trade from 1.5 per cent to 3 per cent. ITRODUCTION The Indian food processing industry is one of the largest in the world in terms of production, consumption, export and growth prospects. Earlier, food processing was largely con- fined to the food preservation, packaging and transportation, which mainly involved salting, curdling, drying, pickling, etc. However, over the years, with emerging new markets and technologies, the sector has widened its scope. It has started producing many new items like ready-to-eat food, beverages, processed and frozen fruit and vegetable products, marine and meat products, etc. It also include establishment of post- harvest infrastructure for processing of various food items like cold storage facilities, food parks, packaging centres, value added centres, irradiation facilities and modernised abattoir. Food processing sector is indispensable for overall develop- ment of an economy as it provides a vital linkage and synergy between the agriculture and industry. It helps to diversify and commercialise farming; enhance income of farmers; create markets for export of agro foods as well as generate greater employment opportunities. Through the presence of such in- dustries, a wider range of food products could be sold and distributed to the distant locations. The term 'food processing' is mainly defined as a process of value addition to the agricul - tural or horticultural produce by various methods like grading, sorting and packaging. In other words, it is a technique of manufacturing and preserving food substances in an effective manner with a view to enhance their shelf life; improve qual- ity as well as make them functionally more useful. It covers spectrum of products from sub-sectors comprising agricul- ture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. The liberalisation of the Indian economy and world trade as well as rising consumer prosperity has thrown up new op- portunities for diversification in the food processing sector and opened up new avenues for growth. Demand for pro-

Empowering Nigerian youths for national economic development: the role of entrepreneurship education

The world over, from USA to Asia, United Kingdom to Africa and Australia to Latin America, entrepreneurship has been promoted as an effective means of stimulating economic growth through the generation of greater employment opportunities, the development of local technological base and source of foreign exchange earnings. The focus of this study is on the mandatory entrepreneurship course for undergraduate youths in the Nigeria's tertiary institutions. The researchers used structured entrepreneur readiness questionnaire to elicit responses from respondent's who were undergraduates. It was hypothesized and found with the aid of test of proportion that entrepreneurship education imparts entrepreneurial skills and attitudes to students as well as favourably disposes them towards establishing own businesses. This will empower them to contribute positively toward the nation‟s economic development. The researchers recommended that the government should provide a more conducive environment in the form of quality infrastructural facilities and startup financial support to consummate this initiative of entrepreneurship education. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; economic development; technological base; financial support

What happens to youth removed from parental care?: Health and economic outcomes for women with a history of out-of-home placement

Although the link between out-of-home placement and mental health problems in youth has been well-documented, few studies have examined the long-term functioning of adults with a history of out-of-home placement. In the present study, data from the California Women' s Health Survey were used to examine the odds of recent mental and physical health problems, low educational attainment, and economic adversity for women, ages 18 and older, with ( n = 368) or without ( n = 9240) a history of out-of-home placement. Results revealed that history of out-of-home placement was associated with mental health problems, poor subjective health, smoking, obesity, low educational attainment, living in poverty, and use of public assistance in adulthood. Routine screening for mental health problems, as well as early intervention and prevention efforts, should be targeted to youth in or transitioning to out-of-home placement in an effort to prevent long-term mental health problems. Educational interventions that facilitate collaboration between foster care agencies and the schools should be tested to learn whether they are associated with greater employment opportunities and better economic functioning in adulthood.

Sustainable Agriculture in the Philippines

Because of flooding and saline water intrusion, farmers initiated the strategy of empoldering (increasing the height and width of dikes). In view of this, the study pursued how farmers implemented sustainable agricultural technique of empoldering that brought more socio-economic opportunities and household food security to farming families. The study was conducted in Barangay Sua, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines through immersion, surveys, field trials, actual observations and focused group discussions with farmers. Results revealed that empoldering created an upland microenvironment, improved accessibility to irrigation water, integrated fish into the rice crop, served as seedbed, improved the sustainability of rice production, impounded fresh water and increased utilization of farm resources. All these characterized the rice + fish + vegetable crops production system. The system showed profound socio-economic impact on household food security of farming families through increased income, food availability and quality, greater employment opportunities and other benefits. The system could enable the farmers to realize their goals in farming.

Free Trade, Alternative Trade and Women in Peru

Transnational policies affect alternative trade organizations that reinvest their profits in poorer communities. As transnational corporations expand, low–wage workers – particularly the women preferentially hired in this sector – initially find themselves with greater employment opportunities. These then decrease over time as traditional income sources and local businesses decline. Based on earlier ethnographic research in Lima, this article provides the framework for a new study to discern how trade regulations might affect projects that assist low–income women in Peru.

Sustainability of Modified Rice-Based Production System for Salt-Affected Areas

ABSTRACT A study on farmers' reactions to an on-farm trial of modified rice-based production system was conducted to determine its sustainability based on economic viability, technical feasibility, food security and yield stability, ecological soundness, socio-cultural acceptability and adaptability. This is in recognition of the farmers' experience, keen sense of observation and intimate knowledge of local conditions. Results of the study revealed that rice + fish + vegetable crops production system is economically viable, technically feasible, could improve food security and yield stability, ecologically sound/friendly, socio-culturally acceptable and adaptable. It also showed its great potential to help alleviate flooding- and salinity-associated problems through increased cropping intensity, productivity, yield and income, reduced risk of crop and financial failure, greater employment opportunities and reduced cost of production.

Section 8 and Movement to Job Opportunity: Experience after Welfare Reform in Kansas City

This research addresses the extent to which tenant‐based rental assistance, before and after welfare reform, helps households move to areas with greater opportunities for employment. It was thought that the threat of losing their welfare benefits would encourage participants in the Section 8 program to use the mobility it offers to move to neighborhoods with greater opportunities for employment. Two samples of Section 8 program participants, one taken before welfare reform and the other taken after it was enacted, have been examined. With the strong economy after welfare reform, more Section 8 households are employed and fewer are on welfare. However, the analysis finds that, independent of welfare reform, households did not use their housing subsidy to move to areas with greater opportunities for employment. Program participants typically remained in racially concentrated areas of the central city, away from those neighborhoods with job growth or large numbers of jobs.

Impacts of Increased Student Career Orientation on American College Geography Programmes

This paper explores the connection between American college students' increased career orientation and the growth of geographic information systems (GIS) and experiential education in the curricula of US geography programmes. In essence, students have been attracted to GIS and experiential education because they believe that those skills and experiences will enhance their marketability. While greater employment opportunities for geography graduates is laudable, the discipline must be careful not to become too narrowly focused on career linkages and neglect the general intellectual development of students.

Are the increased rates of psychosis reported for the population of Caribbean origin in Britain an urban effect?

There is accumulating evidence that urban birth, upbringing and residence are associated with an increased risk for mental illness in general and psychotic illness in particular.With the many reports of the increased rates of psychotic illness in the population of Caribbean origin in Britain, we suggest that this may be attributable to factors associated with the urban environment within which they have had to live their lives since migrating to Britain in the mid 1950s.The problems of upbringing are particularly useful in understanding the even greater rates of psychosis among the second generation population.We review the evidence also to suggest that the migrants were unlikely to be selectively vulnerable (and this therefore could not be construed as a variation of social drift) and settled in cities because of greater employment opportunities but have been adversely affected by social isolation, deprivation and the experience of relative inequality in British society. Research findings seem to indicate that this effect is being mediated through social rather than biological terms but may need to be viewed more in terms of a loss of protective factors (which remain available for other groups in the society) than necessarily to an increase in exposure to risk factors.

From Public to Private Investment Based Development Strategy: Understanding the Process, Policies and Effects of the Paradigm Shift

This paper analyses India’s Industrial transition from a protectionist to a liberalised regime. As such, the analysis is for two time periods, namely, the Pre and the Post Reform periods. Given the broad development objectives, the focus of the analysis is on examining the policy framework and its effect on the industrialisation process. At the sectoral level, the relative roles of the public and the private sectors have been analysed in terms of their investment behaviour and performance. Even though there has been evidence of positive efficiency gains in the post reform period, this paper argues that economic liberalisation in India has been primarily reactionary in nature, without any long term development agenda. Contrary to the general belief that economic liberalism would diminish the role of the State, the paper argues that the role of the State needs to be redefined. Considering our development needs, the State should concentrate on designing appropriate policies for regulating private sector instead of actively participating in commercial activities, develop rural infrastructure for greater employment opportunities; and strengthen the social security systems.

Studies on Multiple Cropping Systems in Gardenland

The results of three years experiment on cropping systems in garden land revealed that the system, cotton-sorghum-Ragi. gave the maximum net income, highest net return per rupee invested and greater employment opportunities in garden land with assured water supply under Coimbatore conditions. Sorghum fodder maize cotton system may be adopted in places where fodder requirement is high and water supply is limited.

Professional and Employment Characteristics of NPs with Master??s and Non-Master??s Preparation

Health care providers, educators and administrators are continuing to investigate the influence that educational level has on employment of nurse practitioners and professional role determinations. This article presents findings from a study conducted by the authors that addressed the types of employment positions and work settings, characteristics of clinical practice and professional activities of pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) with and without master's degrees in nursing. The findings represent the responses from a survey of 112 graduates of a combined certificate-master's PNP program at a major Midwestern university. These findings resulted in the following information: clinical practice, work-related activities and professional activities were similar for PNP-employed graduates regardless of educational level; master's prepared graduates were less likely to be employed in primary care settings or work as PNPs, but nonetheless had greater employment opportunities as well as salary advantages in certain employment settings; and non-master's-prepared graduates were more likely to be employed in primary health care delivery and live in rural locations. These findings are useful to non-master's-prepared NPs in reaffirming their current professional roles and to master's-prepared NPs in assessing their career choices. Both master's and non-master's-prepared PNPs demonstrated educational mobility and a high level of involvement in professional, community and other service activities.

Commitments for the future of pharmacy: a review and opinion of the Pharm.D. curricular debate.

For over 30 years, the content and form of the pharmacy curriculum and the title of the degree to be awarded have been subjects of controversy among pharmacy educators and practitioners. Scores of articles have been written about a universal Pharm .D. degree, all of which present different angles and opinions. Those who favor a universal Pharm .D. desire an improved image for the profession, greater employment opportunities, preparation for future pharmacy roles, the elimination of the multi- tiered structure, and decreasing costs for services. Those who oppose the entry-level Pharm .D. degree stress a need for multiple levels of education to meet the varying demands of practice, emphasize the oversaturation of the job market and increased costs to schools to adopt the new curriculum, and protest bestowing a doctoral title for reasons of self-esteem. The authors of this article consider it timely to present and evaluate these arguments, to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the debate, and to call for unity within the profession as it considers the future educational needs of pharmacy practitioners.

Migration and Income Opportunities for Blacks in the South

Several authors have addressed themselves to the question of which type of city provides the best employment opportunities for blacks [6; 7; 9; 2]. John Kains study analyzed the two large northern cities of Chicago and Detroit and found that suburbanization aggravated the problem of black employment. Kain has argued convincingly that since jobs are moving to the suburbs blacks must suburbanize in order to follow the employment opportunities. Lurie and Rayack used a survey of black females in Middletown Connecticut to conclude that the best alternative for employment of black families lay in encouraging them to move to satellite cities. The authors believe that the occupational structure of smaller cities offers greater employment opportunities to black families-females in particular. This study analyzes this question of optimal employment location choice for blacks for the southern U. S. Using data compiled from the one percent Continuous Work History Sample maintained by the Social Security Administration migration patterns the associated income changes and employment opportunities were examined for all southern SMSAs for 1965-70. The main hypothesis tested is that city size is an important determinant of opportunity for blacks in the South. (excerpt)