Greater Employment Opportunities Research Articles

Recidivism, Labor Markets, and Prison Conditions: Evidence from Uruguay

What explains prison recidivism? Relying on previously unavailable data on prison inmates in Uruguay, we study how external factors, such as employment dynamics on labor-intensive low-skilled jobs, and internal, such as prison-related factors, affect recidivism. Whereas the literature on recidivism has mostly focused on developed countries, we bring its study to the developing world and find that greater employment opportunities in labor-intensive, low-skill sectors, such as construction and domestic services, reduce recidivism. Consistent with the logic of economic opportunities, we also find heterogeneous effects by type of crime (property vs non-property). Finally, we find that prison-specific factors are also relevant, pointing to the importance of understanding prisons as part of the illegal ecosystem and the crime repression system. This analysis is novel to Latin America, a region besieged by the growing influence of criminal organizations that usually extend their influence and power to prisons.

Motivation as an Axiological Factor in Learning Chinese.

Motivation and a positive attitude play a decisive role in learning any foreign language. This study aims to investigate the motivation behind learning Chinese language in Central Asia and Russia and to identify the main problems related to mastering this language in those countries. The study draws on an anonymous questionnaire survey involving students and multiple oral interviews with Chinese language learners and teachers. The information was collected and analyzed manually by the researchers. The resulting statistical data was generated in Microsoft Excel and then presented as charts and tables. Through a student survey and teacher interviews, the study identified the long-term and short-term motivators for learning Chinese language, namely study (5%), cultural interest (7%), friendship (15%), cross-border communication (20%), travel intentions (25%), and greater employment opportunities (28%). The most common reason for learning the language was a desire to work in China (28%), and the least popular one was to study there (5%). Teachers defined motivation as a major challenge in teaching Chinese language (79%). According to teachers, learners with low motivation and unmotivated individuals are hardly responding to what happens in the classroom. The results of the study may be used as a platform for further research in education, teaching, psychology and linguistics.

Effectiveness of Cochlear Implant in Children with Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss Below Poverty Line in Rural India: A Longitudinal Study

The <i>objective</i> of the study was to measure the effectiveness of the aided auditory threshold and speech-language performance of children with cochlear implant use longer than 4 years in North-East region of rural India. <i>Study design</i>- A longitudinal study of ninety-three children with mean age of 3.8 years with standard deviation (SD) of 0.9 years (61 males and 32 females) with unilateral cochlear implant below poverty line in rural India and with 2 years intervention of post implant auditory verbal therapy were included in the study. This study was based on the assessment of outcomes of unilateral Cochlear Implantation while reviewing various measuring scoring systems like Categories of Auditory perception (CAP), Milestones for early communication development, Receptive Expressive Emergent Language Skill (REELS), Auditory Skills Checklist (ASC); for articulation assessment- available articulation test in local language and spontaneous speech sample and Aided audiogram thresholds. The <i>results</i> on the average of the post operative auditory global threshold (T0) just after cochlear implantation was 33.53±8.91dBSPL and after continuously using 4 years cochlear implant for auditory global threshold was 32.56±6.43dBSPL. The ASC revealed 46% were able to comprehend, CAP findings shows there is a significant difference (p=0.039, at p<0.05 level) in the auditory skills based on duration of hearing aid use before implantation. The difference between hearing aid user and non-hearing aid user was significant (p=0.034, p<0.05). The differences in the performance of children with Digisonic SP implantees group and Nucleus freedom implantees group in terms of aided auditory threshold and speech-language performance were not significant. Cochlear implant with auditory verbal therapy under ADIP scheme is evidence based treatment for children with profound hearing loss for speech and language acquisition and best hearing performance. This increased access to mainstream education, greater opportunities for employment, societal and economic benefits. In conclusion cochlear implant was beneficial to children with profound hearing loss, contributing to hearing performance and speech-language acquisition. However, there were indications of challenges with certain aspects of language, specifically receptive vocabulary and expressive grammar, suggested requirement of longer period intervention of post implant auditory verbal therapy. The results obtained seem to remain stable over the years.

Нормативно-Политические Вопросы Обращение С Обеспечением Низкого Образования В Индонезии (Policy In Handling The Low Education Relevance In Indonesia)

AbstractThe problem of Human Resources (HR) in Indonesia is becoming increasingly complex, this is reflected in the large number of formal education graduates from various levels who are not absorbed in the world of work. Many factors cause this to happen, including the mismatch between HR competencies and the labor market, the growth of the workforce is greater than the availability of available employment and population distribution between regions is not evenly distributed. If you look at the achievements of Indonesian tertiary education graduates, many of Indonesian tertiary education graduates are slow to get jobs, this shows that there is a broken link between higher education and the world of work. Higher education has not been able to produce graduates with high selling prices armed with the knowledge they have learned even though in general higher education graduates have greater employment opportunities than high school or lower level graduates. Many realities on the ground show that the quality of Indonesian people as a potential resource still does not meet expectations. This happens because of the low quality of education in Indonesia. By fulfilling good educational needs, the students will get benefits and can improve the quality of life of the knowledge they have, so that after completing their education, they can get decent jobs or create quality jobs. Indonesia's education world must start to build links with the world of work, so that the world of work responds to graduates produced in accordance with what the world of work wants; this paradigm must be understood and built by the Indonesian government. Education transformation is needed so that education is able to produce reliable and resilient human resources; education and educators must be improved.

Cash Transfers and Gender Differentials in Child Schooling and Labor: Evidence from the Lesotho Child Grants Programme

Cash Transfers and Gender Differentials in Child Schooling and Labor: Evidence from the Lesotho Child Grants Programme

The Effect of Industrialization and Population Growth on Migration

Industry is an important thing in development. It is based on the reasons, industrialization can increase income and prosperity quickly. Industrialization is also a factor that encourages people to migrate. The population prefers to migrate on urban areas which have a greater employment opportunities in the industrial sector. This study aims to determine the effect of industrialization and population growth on internal migration in Malang City. The analytical method is a multiple analysis with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The results show that the industrialization has no a significant effect on migration, while the population growth has a significant effect on internal migration. https://doi.org/10.26905/jmdk.v7i1.2706

Indian Tourism

Tourism is one of the largest service industries in terms of gross revenue and foreign exchange earnings in many countries, including India. Its role and importance in fostering economic development of a country and creating greater employment opportunities has been well recognized worldwide. Tourism involves the exchange of ideas and leads to better understanding of people belonging to different cultures, traditions, lifestyles, heritage, customs, habits, regions and different countries. The tourism sector is facing the problem of an acute shortage of skilled personnel, and experience feedback from tourists (both foreign &amp; domestic) about the services, like the basic facilities for tourists, safety and security, hospitality, tour guides, transport, entertainment, and other infrastructural services. Greater thrust and greater investment to correct these shortcomings is the need of the hour. This article aims to analyze the status of the tourism sector in India and explores the ways through which this sector can be promoted to its potential, both in domestic and international markets.

Global brands in sports: identifying low-risk business opportunities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to accomplish several goals. First, it studies the relevance of the sports sector as part of the entertainment industry. Second, it identifies promising markets within the sports industry, paying special attention to the relative importance of soccer in the context of team-sport leagues. Finally, the paper helps entrepreneurs to recognized market opportunities in the sports industry by identifying the soccer clubs that were found to be low-risk global brands. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the relevance of the entertainment and sports industries, both in the USA and EU-28, the authors rely on their respective contribution to the domestic product and to employment. Two procedures are proposed for establishing the status of global sport leagues: one is based on the annual revenues and the other on the degree of interest that the public shows for each professional sport league. (The latter is performed by comparing the intensity with which internet users search for contents related to each of the Top-10 sports leagues worldwide.) Finally, by estimating the fixed effects of a model in which sport performance is filtered out, we calculate the expected low-risk revenues that clubs generate due to their heterogeneous brand value. Findings This paper reaches some few relevant results. First, we find that the greater employment opportunities in the European sport industry are concentrated in the UK, Spain, France and Germany, which may orientate entrepreneurs to start projects in promising sport markets. Then, data on annual revenues is used to rank the main team-sport leagues worldwide: NFL, MLB, NBA, Premier League and NHL. Another rank is based on the degree of interest of fans (as captured by Google Trends) yields a different result, where the NFL, NBA and the UEFA Champions League are, respectively, at command. Besides, the paper also ranks clubs as valuable assets by identifying which of them are low-risk soccer brands. The empirical study provides insights to select business opportunities by targeting the less-risky clubs or leagues, by calculating the expected annual revenues of clubs regardless of their recent sports performances. Originality/value This paper is innovative in two ways. First, it develops an analysis based on Google Trends to establish the comparative status of team-sport leagues worldwide. Second, by adopting an original empirical approach, it identifies markets and brands to carry out low-risk entrepreneurial projects. The expected potential revenues derived from this procedure are not contingent to the risk due to poor sport achievements in a particular season. To our knowledge, researchers have not computed in the past such calculations as that we name here low-risk revenues.

Status of water resources in Nepal and existing use in Irrigation

The surface water available in the country is estimated to be about 225 billion cu.m per annum, out of which only 15 billion cu.m per annum is in use. In addition to surface water, a large volume of water is available in the shallow and deep aquifers which are estimated to be 8.8 billion cu.m annually which can be used for irrigation and domestic water supplies. At present less than 50% of the cultivated area has intermittent irrigation facilities and less than 20% of cultivated area has year round irrigation.Nepal’s economy is largely based on agriculture however, Nepalese agriculture is mainly rain fed and agriculture production in both rain fed as well as irrigated areas are being badly affected due to droughts, flooding, erratic rainfall, and other extreme weather events. It is necessary that the modern agriculture practice with the help of year round irrigation we can increase the GDP and provides greater employment opportunities and ultimately we can do sustainable agriculture development. Present water consumption rate is less than 8% of the country’s water potential for irrigation sector. This water consumption rate is very low for our country. This consumption rate can be increase by making a comprehensive study and implementation plan by making multipurpose reservoir type irrigation project for maximum use of available water resources. Year round irrigation scheme also become great tool to get optimum economic development in agricultural sector and maximum crop yield.

ALBANIAN YOUTH IN MACEDONIA, THE FUTURE, EMIGRATION AND PREFERENCES

This research aims to address and explain the perceptions, desires, attitudes and expectations of the Albanian youth in Macedonia on their future, prospects in the context of social and political changes in the country and at the global level. The research affects different dimensions of this age group in order to provide an overview of the vision and views of this generation, always in the aspect of country's prospects in the context of the great wave of migration to the developed Western countries. 220 young people aged 16 to 24 were interviewed, most of whom (86%) represent a relatively low level of satisfaction regarding the quality and standard of living, lack of prospects for building a career and a better life, meanwhile they have lost confidence in the institutions of the country and are desperate by politics so that most of them were ready to leave the country. This is a research on the interdependence of the social context, development or social progress, chances and opportunities of young people in the Republic of Macedonia, facing a dilemma: to stay in Macedonia (with low standard, poor, poor education, etc.) or to leave the country (with a safe job, career opportunities, and prospects for future planning). This research looks at the vital aspects of living of Albanian youth, chance for education and their future prospects. The research consists of ten modules: family values, education, aspirations for employment, prospects and careers, social welfare, religious beliefs, politics and inclusion, spare time and lifestyle. These indicators are also considered as the most important values of the Albanian youth in Macedonia. Reasons of emigration are: the desire to improve the standard of living, the aspiration to have more qualitative education and greater employment opportunities, which means a safer future. The unemployment rate among young people in Macedonia is 52.9%, ranking the country in the third place on the world list. Life in general and the standard of living from year to year has deteriorated, new jobs have been reduced, and unemployment and poverty have increased. This has also resulted in deteriorating interpersonal and interethnic relations in the country, losing hope for the future, especially among young people. Studies show that high unemployment rate has made young people in Macedonia to see their future more and more abroad. Although with a relatively high percentage of inclusion in secondary and university education, young people of this age group declare that education is an important value for them. Despite the preferences for education, the level of satisfaction with the current education system is very low. Only one-third of respondents are satisfied with the education system in the Republic of Macedonia.

Interprovincial differences in labour force distribution and utilization based on educational attainment in Indonesia, 2002–2015

AbstractIntroducing an employment variable with five levels of educational attainment per capita and employing inequality decomposition, this study addresses three questions. How does labour force vary by education and provinces? How does labour force utilization vary by education and provinces? What are the potential causes of differences? We find that the no‐primary‐education group is more endowed in less‐developed provinces and allocated most unequally among education groups across provinces, despite past universal primary education policies. The senior‐secondary‐education group with the largest labour share is a growing concern due to the lower employment rate and largest interprovincial inequality.

Rebuilding Britain

Women's marginalization in the British feature film industry is well documented: gender discrimination, and sometimes overt segregation, shut most women out of senior creative roles after the introduction of sound. What has received less critical attention is their participation in nonfiction filmmaking, which offered women greater employment opportunities, especially in the decades after World War II as Britain rebuilt its economy. This article provides the first historical mapping of women's involvement in sponsored nonfiction filmmaking in Britain in the period between 1945 and 1970, using newly available statistical data from Britain's film trade union, the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT). It also draws on oral histories, extant films, and specialist trade publications to outline two case studies, one featuring three editors, and the other a director (Sarah Erulkar) who between them produced, directed and edited more than two hundred shorts on topics ranging from mineshaft sinking to French cookery. It argues that evidence of women's creative agency in this sector offers new ways of thinking about film history.

Young Africans. Peculiarities of Social Practices and their Role in the Formation of the Young Generation

For the first time in African studies, conducted in Russia, the authors generalize and analyze the experience of centuries-old socialization practices in conjunction with the latest trends in this field. The problem of childhood has long occupied an independent place in the wide range of scientific disciplines that to some extent examine the image of man. It is difficult to avoid standard phrases expressing the possibilities of studying this stage of a person’s life, all those institutions, rules and codes, traditions, customs and innovations, models of morality and culture that are laid in this unique period of life when mental essence and civil image are formed. One of the main factors of the sociocultural nature that forms a young African is the influence of community norms and traditions of values that hold down a person and tie him to a given social group. In a traditional African society, the family has always been (and remains) the main institution of socialization; for the individual it has been that very sociocultural field within which the personality has been formed. In a large African family, the problem boiles down to the development of a very simple model of behavior – to follow the precepts of the ancestors, to reproduce their experience and skills, to preserve their way of life. The formation of more or less close relations of the child with adults who take care of him/her – parents, relatives, friends of the family, etc. – turns the latter into the main agents of his/her socialization. At present, one of the most important factors of socialization is schooling. Often children combine study and work; in Africa, child labor is the most common in the world. Despite the official legal prohibition of the use of child labor, family control plays a key role in its practice. It depends mainly on the family whether the child continues to study or leaves school and engages only in labor activity, the latter primarily within the family. The problem of reducing and eradicating child labor has both moral, ethical, and socio-economic aspects. To solve it, it is necessary to expand access to schooling, increase incomes by achieving greater opportunities for employment and earnings for adult workers, and change attitudes towards child labor on the part of the whole society, and at the same time observe the laws regulating its use.

Black/White disparities in pregnant women in the United States: An examination of risk factors associated with Black/White racial identity.

This paper explores racial disparities and risk factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Black and White pregnant women in the US. The study uses a cross-sectional approach to explore Black and White disparities using data from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which collects interview data from approximately 70,000 randomly selected participants. We included several self-reported conditions that we categorised as individual and social stressors (e.g. measures of institutionalised racism, individual health behaviours, access to quality care and social context factors). We used descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses in risk factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes between Black and White women. Black women who were pregnant had a lower socioeconomic status and experienced more measures of institutionalised racism compared to White women who were pregnant. More white women who were pregnant were married, had higher levels of educational attainment, higher income levels, and greater employment opportunities. White pregnant women also had higher levels of private health insurance and less dependency on government programmes for access to healthcare. Results from the regressions indicated that Black pregnant women were less likely to be married (OR=0.01), less likely to have higher income levels (OR=0.31) and less likely to be employed (OR=0.52). However, Black pregnant women were more likely to be younger (OR=1.82). For the health-eroding behaviours, Black pregnant women were less likely to smoke (OR=0.53) and use alcohol (0.52). After assessing the SES Household-level stressors (access to healthcare), Black pregnant women were more likely to have Medicaid/CHIP (OR=3.21) and health coverage through government assistant programmes (OR=3.80); however, less likely to have private health insurance (OR=0.38). There are differences in risk factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes between White and Black pregnant women based on measures of individual level/social stressors, institutionalised racism, health behaviours and access to care.

Income and disbursement of Urban Local Bodies: A Study of Kurnool Municipal Corporation

The ancient India which was famous for its ‘village republics’, was also a land of big and well administered cities and towns. The excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro have brought out the remains of well-run cities. Kautilya, in His renowned treatise on ‘Arthshastra’, has given a graphic description of the city of Patliputra, the capital of the great Mauryas, and its administration. Megasthenese, the Greek ambassador to the court of Chandra Gupta Maurya, has also left a description of the city of Patliputra. The cities continued to flourish under the Muslim rule and reached the peak of their glory under the Mughals. The Britishers also developed cities like Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. This trend towards growing urbanization has continued unabated since 1947. The later half of the twentieth century has witnessed a marked shift of population from rural to urban areas. The accelerated growth of rate in urban population is the natural consequence of modernization and industrialization to which we are committed. “Search for security of life and property, greater employment opportunities, better amenities of life and just glamour are the main factors responsible for this exodus from rural to urban areas.” This growing urbanization has affected not only economic structure of the country but also its ‘social and cultural profiles’

Cost-Effectiveness of Pediatric Cochlear Implantation in Rural China.

Objectives:To evaluate the cost utility of cochlear implantation (CI) for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) among children from rural settings in P.R. China (China).Research Design:A cost-utility analysis (CUA) was undertaken using data generated from a single-center substudy of the CochlearTM Pediatric Implanted Recipient Observational Study (Cochlear P-IROS). The data were projected over a 20-year time horizon using a decision tree model.Setting:The Chinese healthcare payer and patient perspectives were adopted.Intervention:Unilateral CI of children with a severe-to-profound SNHL compared with their preimplantation state of no treatment or amplification with hearing aids (“no CI” status).Main Outcome Measure/s:Incremental costs per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained.Results:The mean total discounted cost of unilateral CI was CNY 252,506 (37,876 USD), compared with CNY 29,005 (4,351 USD) for the no CI status from the healthcare payer plus patient perspective. A total discounted benefit of 8.9 QALYs was estimated for CI recipients compared with 6.7 QALYs for the no CI status. From the healthcare payer plus patient perspective, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for unilateral CI compared with no CI was CNY 100,561 (15,084 USD) per QALY. The healthcare payer perspective yielded an ICER of CNY 40,929 (6,139 USD) per QALY. Both ICERs fell within one to three times China's gross domestic product per capita (GDP, 2011–2015), considered “cost-effective” by World Health Organization (WHO) standards.Conclusions:Treatment with unilateral CI is a cost-effective hearing solution for children with severe to profound SNHL in rural China. Increased access to mainstream education and greater opportunities for employment, are potential downstream benefits of CI that may yield further societal and economic benefits. CI may be considered favorably for broader inclusion in medical insurance schemes across China.

COLLEGE STUDENT MIND-SET AND INTENTIONS TOWARD ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CHENNAI CITY

The objective of the present paper is to examine the college student Mind-set and intentions toward entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship is considered as engine of economic growth. That plays a great role in the economic growth and development of the country, more so in a rapidly developing country like India. Entrepreneurship development today has assumed great significance as it is a key to economic development. Entrepreneurs are the seed of industrial development and its fruits are greater employment opportunities, increase in per capita income, higher standard of living and balanced regional development. The present paper attempts to review and analyze the empirical studies undertaken to find out the entrepreneurial intention among college students and find out the factors influencing their decision to venture in entrepreneurship.

Changing Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the United States: A Review Essay

Changing Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the United States: A Review Essay

A Study on Changes in GDP due to its Relative Dependence on Tourism Receipts

Tourism is a social phenomenon, driven by the natural urge of human beings to experience new places, cuisines, and destinations. The tourism industry being an established industry is considered as a vehicle for economic development. It is amongst the top ten sectors in India as it attracts a high level of foreign direct investment (FDI).The tourism industry has contributed a lot to the economy by attracting a large number of both foreign and domestic tourists travelling for professional as well as holiday purposes. This results in increased foreign exchange income and greater employment opportunities that stimulate the growth of tourism industry as well the overall economic growth.This research is mainly directed towards finding out the contribution of tourism sector towards the GDP of the country and giving suggestions on ways to improve it further. The possibilities of improvement and increase of foreign cash inflow is a crucial part of tourism sector towards contributions to the economy. The researcher has used correlation and regression to establish the relationship as well as the influence of the tourism sector towards GDP and has found a positive impact, and this has been evident in all the countries. But if we compare the GDP contribution of the tourism sector from a world perspective, Indian tourism sector has not contributed enough to GDP. World average contribution from tourism sector towards GDP is 9.8%,but India’s contribution towards GDP is 6.7%. This shows that there is huge opportunity in Indian tourism sector, and this huge opportunity has to be capitalized through government policies and reforms.

Getting on their bikes? The labour market as a driver of the residential mobility decisions of residents in deprived neighbourhoods

In recent times, interest in residential mobility in deprived neighbourhoods has grown in both the academic and policy communities in the UK. Members of both communities have argued that the labour market should be a key driver of mobility in deprived neighbourhoods, as they house a disproportionately large number of workless residents, a population group who should be willing to ‘get on their bikes’ and move to areas with greater employment opportunities. This paper provides an insight into whether they are, by drawing on data gleaned from residents living in six deprived neighbourhoods across the UK. It finds the labour market not to be an important driver of either past or anticipated mobility. Furthermore, for those residents who had ‘got on their bikes’ and moved relatively long distances to reside in their current neighbourhood, it did not appear to be a significant contributory factor behind their decision to do so.