Greater Emergence Research Articles

Nontarget effects of herbicides on annual forbs and seeded grass in the Great Basin, United States, are partially offset by planting depth and application rate

Pre‐emergent herbicides can reduce the abundance of invasive annual plants, but they can also harm native plants, particularly annuals or perennial seedlings, including seeds planted during restoration. We assessed the effects of imazapic and indaziflam on invasive target and nontarget native plants in the Great Basin, a region with extensive invasive annual grasses. We tested nontarget effects on native annual forbs in an agricultural field previously used to grow native annual forbs, which contained a large seed bank. We seeded perennial grass (Elymus elymoides) at multiple depths to determine susceptibility and resistance. Herbicides were applied at full and reduced rates to mimic the effect of litter in natural systems. We observed reductions in most non‐native species in all treatments, but also extensive reductions of native annual forbs, although these were offset at lower application rates, and some species (e.g. Amsinckia tessellata and Microsteris gracilis) were less susceptible than others. Herbicides, particularly indaziflam, reduced E. elymoides emergence, but planting seeds at 2–3 cm depths improved emergence, particularly for imazapic, with 15–68% greater emergence than seeds planted at 1 cm. We suggest surveys for native annual forbs and resistant invaders before applying herbicides and field testing to determine whether reduced rates could provide weed control while maintaining annual forbs. We suggest planting E. elymoides at 2–3 cm when applying herbicides, an approach that may be effective for other species. Herbicide use can be an effective tool, but our results indicate that mitigation of nontarget effects will be needed to maintain native plant diversity.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Response to Soil Additives Applied in-Furrow at Planting

Aims: Studies were conducted to study the response of sesame to soil additives applied in-furrow. 
 Study Design: Randomized complete block with 4 replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: Field experiments were carried out during the 2016 through 2018 growing seasons in south-central Texas near Yoakum (29.27704o N, -97.12453o W).
 Methodology: Sesame seed was planted < 2.54 cm deep. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized sprayer in 46.8 L ha-1 of water with one Teejet® orifice disc #45 nozzle per row immediately after seed drop but prior to furrow closure. Each plot consisted of two rows spaced 97 cm apart and 7.6 m long. Sprinkler irrigation was applied on a 2- to 3-wk schedule throughout the growing season as needed. S-metolachlor at 1.4 kg ha-1 was applied preemergence while clethodim at 0.11 kg ha-1 and diuron at 1.12 kg ha-1 were applied postemergence to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds that were present. 
 Results: In 2016, treatments containing 7% N + 10% chelated Fe, gibberellic acid + 3-indolebutyric acid (0.045%) + cytokinin as Kinetin (0.09%), and pop-up fertilizer (9-30-0 + Zn) resulted in the greatest sesame emergence. In 2017, 2% N, bifenthrin + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747, and humic acids + Bacillus spp. resulted in greater emergence (90-97%) while in 2018, Azospirillum brasilense and 2% N resulted in the greater emergence (90-91%). In 2016, 2% N produced the greatest yield while in 2018 2% N and the 3-way combination of cytokinin as kinetin (0.090%) + gibberellic acid + indole-3-butyric acid (0.045%) resulted in up to a 117% increase in yield over the untreated. 
 Conclusion: The 3-way combination of gibberellic acid + 3-indolebutyric acid (0.045%) + cytokinin as kinetin (0.090%) and 2 % N proved to be the most consistent soil additives and resulted in a yield increases in the two years that the studies were harvested.

Herbicide response and germination behavior of two goosegrass (Eleusine indica) populations in the Australian environment

AbstractGoosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] is one of the most problematic grassy weeds in the world. It is considered to be an important weed in summer fallows and crops grown in the eastern region of Australia. To examine the seed germination ecology of two populations (Gatton and Ingham) of E. indica and their response to postemergence herbicides in Australian conditions, experiments were carried out in the laboratory and screenhouse. Seedling survival, spike production, and plant biomass of both E. indica populations declined markedly with the application of postemergence herbicides such as butroxydim, clethodim, glufosinate, haloxyfop, and propaquizafop, whereas the application of paraquat failed to control the Ingham population. A dose–response study verified the presence of paraquat resistance in the Ingham population. In this regard, it was observed that the paraquat doses required to achieve a 50% reduction in survival and plant biomass were 27 and 21 times greater in the Ingham population compared to the Gatton population, respectively. Higher alternating temperatures (35/25 and 30/20 C) resulted in greater germination of both populations than lower alternating temperatures (20/10 and 25/15 C). At 20/10 C, the Ingham population failed to germinate; however, about 15% germination in the Gatton population was observed. At the lowest alternate temperature range (15/5 C), neither population germinated. The germination of both populations of E. indica was severely reduced under completely dark conditions compared with the alternating light/dark period. Germination was more tolerant of salt and water stress in the Ingham population compared with the Gatton population. Eleusine indica seedling emergence was comparable among populations, and the greatest emergence (83%) was observed for seeds buried at a depth of 2 cm but then declined dramatically, and no seedlings emerged from an 8-cm burial depth. The information acquired from this study could be used in developing effective management strategies for E. indica.

Can legume seeds establish after land degradation by buffelgrass? Evidence to initiate restoration in Central Sonora, Mexico

AbstractBuffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) has been introduced in many localities of northwestern Mexico for cattle grazing. Recent studies have documented how the conversion of natural vegetation to buffelgrass pastures affects several ecological processes that result in high levels of desertification and the subsequent abandonment of lands. However, no previous study has documented successful restoration in these habitats. In this paper we report the results of several experiments focused on the restoration of these areas using native legume species of the region. We selected a degraded buffelgrass pasture considered unproductive by local ranchers in central Sonora. We carried out experiments to evaluate seed removal, seedling emergence, and seedling establishment of native legumes species (Prosopis glandulosa, Parkinsonia microphylla and P. praecox). Our results showed that P. microphylla had greater emergence (10%) than the other two species despite the high seed removal recorded. In addition, P. microphylla was the species with the highest survival (1.4%). Thus, our results show that ecological recovery using native species is possible in desertified buffelgrass pastures. Considering the ecological benefits of P. microphylla in the Sonoran Desert (i.e., nurse plant, positive associations, plant‐growth promoting), this species could be considered highly valuable in restoration procedures.

Avant-Garde, Emergency, and Digital Games Discourse

What may be considered as the greatest emergency in the contemporary world is the lack of a sense of emergency; the prevailing feeling that everything is fine, that, despite ongoing crises, we live in the only acceptable system, and it is impossible to imagine any alternative to it. Mainstream digital games, by offering repetitive, standardised, and predictable forms of gameplay, by focusing on technological advancement, and by exploiting workers in large corporations, became a part of that emergency. According to Santiago Zabala, what is needed to recover the sense of emergency and to break through contemporary complacency, is an “aesthetic force,” a disruptive artistic shock. What is proposed in this article is the possibility of considering the avant-garde as an aesthetical force in the field of videogames; a force that shocks the player and demands something more than a simple contemplation. As presented by game scholars, avant- -garde videogames (through formal experimentation and political intervention) open the medium, and propose games that object to standardised, mindless repetition. Avant-garde games proclaim new ways of playing, accept diversity that opposes the stereotypical image of a player as a white, heterosexual male, and propose new kinds of engagement with the outside world. They tend to “remove the automatism of the perception” by disrupting players’ engagement and through disclosure of the system. To achieve that, avant-garde videogames break through the category of flow, problematize notions of videogame hermeneutic and interrupt the feeling of immersion.

16-bit dissensus: post-retro aesthetics, hauntology, and the emergency in video games

Santiago Zabala reveals a crisis in modern society that perceives a world dominated by oppressive neoliberal ideology as acceptable and unproblematic. He claims that today’s greatest emergency is that we fail to notice other emergencies in society. To break out of this state, we need an aesthetic force to shock individuals into a new awareness. Unfortunately, while many social and global issues have recently come to widespread attention, the emergency still prevails in many forms of media. For example, the emergency in AAA video games appears in their continual push for higher resolution graphics, hyper-detail, verisimilitude, and intricate gameplay, perpetuating a hegemonic ideology. Exploitative labor practices, lack of representation beyond hetero-sexual, cis-gendered and neurotypical, and capitalist ideals are perpetuated in popular games in service of a hyper-real, high-fidelity aesthetic. One force that combats this emergency is pixel graphics and simplified gameplay, or post-retro aesthetics. While tied to the past, these aesthetics are not nostalgic but transgressively hauntological. To explore this claim, I discuss Dys4ia and Undertale as key post-retro games and reach beyond commercial indie gaming to point to hauntological work being done through DIY game making platformers such as Bitsy.

PRE-TREATMENTS, STRATIFICATION, AND EMERGENCE OF SEEDS OF ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS A.ST.-HIL

The propagation of yerba mate is carried out by seeds. In nature, birds are the main dispersers and the passage of seeds through the digestive system helps in germination. The laboratory simulation of the conditions provided by the passage of seeds in the digestive tract can be a pre-treatment alternative. Thus, the objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of pre-treatments, associating acid environment in the stratification, on the emergence of I. paraguariensis seeds. Two pre-treatments (PT) were tested: acidified aqueous solution (PT1) and a sequence of aqueous solutions (neutral + acid) (PT2). The pretreated seeds were subjected to stratification in sand (T1 and T2), in addition to seeds without pretreatment that were stratified in sand (T3) and stratified in sand and buried (T4). At 90, 135, and 180 days, seeds were removed from the stratification and taken to the laboratory. In addition to these treatments, a control treatment (seeds without pre-treatment and stratification) and pretreated (PT1 and PT2) seeds without stratification (T5 and T6), which were submitted to emergency and followed up weekly for 180 days, were included. After this period, the tetrazolium test was performed on non-emerged seeds. Seeds stratified for 90 days did not emerge, with 135 days there was 0.9% emergence, and the treatment with stratification in sand and buried (T4) had the greatest emergence (4.25%). With 180 days of stratification, an average emergency of 9.6% was obtained and the highest percentage was seen in T2 (pre-treatment followed by stratification), with 33% of emergence.

Closing wheel type and row unit downforce can affect corn germination in no‐tillage production systems

AbstractAdopting no‐till planting can have many soil health benefits and cost savings but may present challenges with respect to planter performance. Aftermarket attachments such as hydraulic row unit down force and closing wheels have been hypothesized to overcome the challenges of uneven planting depth and poor furrow closure due to residue within the field. In addition, starter fertilizer could improve early season growth in cooler soil conditions. This study evaluated the effect of closing wheel type, row unit down force, and starter fertilizer on corn (Zea mays L.) emergence and yield across soil types and micro‐climates within Wisconsin. Aftermarket closing wheels were compared to a standard (rubber) factory provided one, within two down force settings (Low at 333 N and High at 667 N) and liquid starter fertilizer (0 and 47 L ha–1 of 7–21–7). The standard rubber closing wheel with high down force resulted in lower emergence compared to the low setting (p = .013). No effect of starter fertilizer was observed on either emergence or yield. Aftermarket wheels resulted in greater emergence regardless of down force setting, which might appear to be an advantage from an operator point of view, but greater corn emergence did not result in greater yield. These and other factors should be considered when selecting closing wheels for a particular set of seeding conditions.

Impact of COVID–19 on Indian Economy: A Report

The COVID-19 crisis will be penned down in history as one of the worst the world has undergone. Economically speaking, India is faced today with perhaps its greatest emergency since independence and ever since the pandemic has sneaked into the Indian Territory. It has claimed thousands of lives across the nation, virtually bringing the world economy to its knees with millions of people under lockdown. With thousands of death and challenges of not so well equipped medical system, this pandemic will devastate us financially as an economy and a nation. This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 on the global economy in general and Indian economy in particular. It also spells out policy changes to survive the downturn like to reduce uncertainty and improve growth scenarios by mobilizing all macroeconomic levers like fiscal, monetary and structural policies and retool and fortify the economy. It also emphasizes on sharing and implementing best practices to support workers both employed and unemployed to name a few so that we can together beat this virus back and create a more healthy and hopeful tomorrow.

Role of host diet on the fitness of the egg parasitoid species, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

BackgroundEgg parasitoids belonging to the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are important natural enemies that have been successfully used in biological control programs and mostly reared on the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Host quality is a crucial factor that can determine parasitoid fitness.Main bodyLaboratory studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of 3 different larval diets CY diet (95% cornmeal + 5% yeast), CBGY diet (53.3% cornmeal + 26.7% wheat bran + 15% glycerine + 5% yeast), and WBGY diet (53.3% wheat flour + 26.7% wheat bran + 15% glycerine + 5% yeast) on some demographic parameters of E. kuehniella. Moreover, the performance of the species Trichogramma evanescens Westwood reared on the E. kuehniella eggs reared on the 3 artificial diets were determined. For the E. kuehniella rearing, the CY diet had a higher fecundity and greater emergence ratios. Nevertheless, CY diet also provided shorter developmental time, greater fecundity, and relatively higher female ratios of subsequent generations of the parasitoids.ConclusionThe results suggest that the CY diet could be considered as a standard diet for the multigenerational rearing of T. evanescens.

Carrot seeds vigor on plant performance and crop yield

Rapid emergence and uniform seedling growth are essential attributes in the production of vegetables such as carrots, whose sowing is direct in the field. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of carrot seed vigor on seedling emergence, plant development, and yield. Four seed lots of carrot, cv. Brasília were characterized for their physiological potential by germination and vigor tests. A field experiment was conducted, where the seeds of each lot were sown in in the field to evaluate seedling emergence at 10 and 14 days, the length of the shoot and root at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing, the crop growth rate, commercial, non-commercial and commercial total roots yield. Seed vigor significantly affected the seedling emergence and development of carrot plants in the field. The less vigorous lot showed lower final emergence than the most vigorous lots and these negative vigor effects extended to the most advanced stages of plant development. Carrot seed vigor affects seedling emergence and plant growth in the field. Vigorous seeds causes greater emergence, plant height and plant dry matter during the vegetative phase. The use of less vigorous seeds causes yield losses of up to 27%.

Seeder-fertilizer performance with two furrowing mechanisms and sowing speed

The displacement velocity of the tractor-seeder set, associated with the furrowing mechanism, influences the plant distribution and the establishment of a correct plant stand in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the operational performance of a seeder-fertilizer in the non-tillage sunflower crop, according to sowing speeds and furrow mechanisms. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a split-plot scheme, where the plots were the furrowing mechanisms (chisel openers and double disk) and the subplots were the sowing speeds (3.2; 4.6; 6.2 and 7.0km h-1), with three replicates. The following were determined in this study: the emergence speed index, the emergence in the field, the average distance between the plants, plant height, plant population and the longitudinal distribution of plants. Sunflower sowing using a chisel openers provides greater emergence in the field, emergence speed index and, consequently, greater plant population. Sowing speed ranging from 3.2 to 7.0km h-1 do not influence field emergence, emergence speed index, height and population of sunflower plants.

EMERGENCE, INITIAL GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC METABOLISM OF Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHT AVAILABILITIES

The restoration of altered and degraded ecosystems will only be successful if research studies generate biological, ecological and physiological knowledge about the species of different Brazilian ecosystems. In order to produce quality seedlings, ecophysiological knowledge of the initial phase of the species is essential, since artificial shading can interfere with the growth rate and quality of the seedling. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different levels of shading on the emergence, initial growth and photosynthetic metabolism of Ormosia arborea. The experiment was carried out with 30% and 70% shade and in full sun. At 60 days after sowing, non-destructive (gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence) and destructive (growth measures) analyzes were performed. 70% shade provides greater emergence, initial growth, gas exchange and photosynthetic efficiency of PS II. Cultivation at 0% shade (full sun) is not suitable for this species.

Aptamer Hybrid Nanocomplexes as Targeting Components for Antibiotic/Gene Delivery Systems and Diagnostics: A Review.

With the passage of time and more advanced societies, there is a greater emergence and incidence of disease and necessity for improved treatments. In this respect, nowadays, aptamers, with their better efficiency at diagnosing and treating diseases than antibodies, are at the center of attention. Here, in this review, we first investigate aptamer function in various fields (such as the detection and remedy of pathogens, modification of nanoparticles, antibiotic delivery and gene delivery). Then, we present aptamer-conjugated nanocomplexes as the main and efficient factor in gene delivery. Finally, we focus on the targeted co-delivery of genes and drugs by nanocomplexes, as a new exciting approach for cancer treatment in the decades ahead to meet our growing societal needs.

Male strategies and mating behavior in the Neotropical bee Epicharis (Anepicharis) dejeanii (Apidae: Centridini)

This study describes the mating behavior of Epicharis dejeanii and evaluates the reproductive strategies employed by males during the reproductive period. Samples were collected in an aggregation of E. dejeanii nests, located in southern Brazil. Observations on mating behavior and male patrols were performed for 37 days, from 06:00 to 18:00, during two reproductive periods, in the wet-warm season. During the samplings, males patrolling and/or copulating with E. dejeanii females were collected and used for morphometric measurements. Males were active in November and December when they showed two mating patrol strategies: i) flyover near the ground; (ii) flights over trees (at heights of approximately 2.5 m and distant about 2 to 5 m from nesting aggregation). The results revealed a greater head width and intertegular distance among males patrolling above the plants, suggesting that the adopted patrol strategy has an association with the body size of males. However, both strategies were effective in copulation success. The males demonstrated a peak of activity in the patrol for females between 9:00 and 11:30 hours, which coincided with the period of greatest emergence of females, as well as when the largest number of matings were observed.

Transgenerational impacts of herbivory and inbreeding on reproductive output in Solanum carolinense.

PremisePlant maternal effects on offspring phenotypes are well documented. However, little is known about how herbivory on maternal plants affects offspring fitness. Furthermore, while inbreeding is known to reduce plant reproductive output, previous studies have not explored whether and how such effects may extend across generations. Here, we addressed the transgenerational consequences of herbivory and maternal plant inbreeding on the reproduction of Solanum carolinense offspring.Methods Manduca sexta caterpillars were used to inflict weekly damage on inbred and outbred S. carolinense maternal plants. Cross‐pollinations were performed by hand to produce seed from herbivore‐damaged outbred plants, herbivore‐damaged inbred plants, undamaged outbred plants, and undamaged inbred plants. The resulting seeds were grown in the greenhouse to assess emergence rate and flower production in the absence of herbivores. We also grew offspring in the field to examine reproductive output under natural conditions.ResultsWe found transgenerational effects of herbivory and maternal plant inbreeding on seedling emergence and reproductive output. Offspring of herbivore‐damaged plants had greater emergence, flowered earlier, and produced more flowers and seeds than offspring of undamaged plants. Offspring of outbred maternal plants also had greater seedling emergence and reproductive output than offspring of inbred maternal plants, even though all offspring were outbred. Moreover, the effects of maternal plant inbreeding were more severe when plant offspring were grown in field conditions.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that both herbivory and inbreeding have fitness consequences that extend across generations even in outbred progeny.

Imagining a Philosophy of Warnings for Our Greatest Emergency

In order to understand the essence of COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to take a step back and question the hierarchy of emergency in relation to other emergencies that are not addressed. This will also allow us to imagine a “philosophy of warnings” capable to interpret absent emergencies.

Seeds of Carthamus Tinctorius Submitted to Hydration: Morphological Aspects and Emergence

The present study aimed to evaluate the initial development of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius) after different periods of seed hydration. For the study two experiments were evaluated. At first, an experiment was performed with 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 360 hours of seed hydration, and in the second moment, another with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours of hydration. The experimental design for the two experiments was completely randomized, with four replicates and six treatments. After 30 days of conduction of the experiments were analyzed the percentage of emergency, index of emergency speed, average time of emergency and average speed of emergency. The evaluated morphological characteristics were plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh shoot and root mass and dry shoot mass. Hydration of seeds in considerable proportions positively influences the emergence and development of safflower plants. The highest performance in the emergence of plants, size, accumulation of fresh and dry shoot mass and fresh root mass was obtained by the IAPAR genotype, which stood out in relation to the other. The greatest emergencies were obtained with seeds with 36 hours of hydration, and the lowest emergence was found after 72 hours under hydration.

Burning postharvest sugarcane residue for control of surface-deposited divine nightshade (Solanum nigrescens) and itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) seed

AbstractBurning postharvest sugarcane residue is a standard practice to remove extraneous leaf material before spring regrowth. Live-fires were simulated from field-collected postharvest sugarcane residue and seeds of divine nightshade and itchgrass were exposed to dry and moistened postharvest residue (PHR) at four densities (6.1, 12.1, 18.2, and 24.2 Mg ha−1) and a nonburned control. The moisture content of residue exposed to simulated rainfall was 14% more in Experiment 2 than Experiment 1; however, burning PHR with 44% moisture when wind speeds were lower allowed the fire to continue and created a smoldering effect that reduced weed emergence by 23% when compared with burning PHR with 30% moisture during breezy conditions. The moistened 6.1 Mg ha−1 PHR treatment resulted in 53% more divine nightshade and itchgrass emergence when compared with dry 6.1 Mg ha−1 PHR after burning, and greater emergence was attributed to more seed survival for divine nightshade than itchgrass. The PHR moisture condition failed to influence the burn duration; however, the burn duration increased 103% and 56% as the amount of PHR increased from 6.1 to 12.1 Mg ha−1 and 12.1 to 18.2 Mg ha−1, respectively. The combination of high wind speeds and moistened PHR did not enhance the maximum burn temperature near the soil surface, but surface-deposited divine nightshade and itchgrass seeds were susceptible to prolonged exposure times at 100 C. Burning PHR from fields with poor stands or older ratoon, especially when PHR is abundantly wet, will not produce temperatures lethal to divine nightshade and itchgrass seeds. The fluid-filled and fleshy content that comprises divine nightshade fruit protected seed from short durations of high temperatures, but may not insulate seeds long enough when exposed to a smoldering fire.

Influence of Sowing Depth in the Emergence of Urochloa and Panicum

Sowing depth of forage seed is an important factor in seed germination and emergence and varies according to crop. Ideal sowing should be performed at a depth sufficient to promote rapid and uniform germination, with minimal reserve expenditure and facilitating nutrient uptake by the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of sowing depth on seed germination of forage species in the field. The experiment was implemented in September 2018. The design was completely randomized in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates, being the first factor four forage cultivars: Urochloa ‘Xaraés’; Urochloa ‘Piatã’; Urochloa ruziziensis and Panicum maximum ‘Mombaça’; and the second factor four sowing depths: 0; 4; 7 and 10 cm. The variables evaluated were initial emergence; emergence at 10 days after sowing; emergence at 21 days after sowing and emergence speed index. Seeding at 0 cm provides greater emergence of seedlings for Urochloa brizantha ‘Piatã’, Urochloa brizantha ‘Xaraés’, Urochloa ruziziensis and Panicum maximum ‘Mombaça’. Seedling emergence reduced when sowing was performed at greater depths (4, 7, and 10 cm). If necessary, Urochloa brizantha ‘Piatã’ should be sown up to 7 cm. The sowing at 10 cm depth is not recommended for any of the studied cultivars.