Greater Degree Of Certainty Research Articles

3] Characterization of singlet oxygen

Publisher Summary In well-characterized chemical systems, singlet oxygen can be produced by both photochemical and nonphotochemical processes, and its intermediacy can be quantitatively determined. Considerable recent interest has focused on the question of the intermediacy of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) in biological processes, formed either as a result of natural processes or under the effect of exogenous agents, such as photosensitizers. In biological systems (which are often inhomogeneous), demonstration of its intermediacy in the oxidation of target species is not easy. The main problem is that singlet oxygen is likely to be accompanied by other reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH･), and alkoxy and peroxy radicals. The reactions of these species may compete with or be confused with those of singlet oxygen. The four main methods for the detection of singlet oxygen in a reacting system are to compare observed products with those known to be produced by singlet oxygen, to determine the change in the amount of reaction or effect produced on adding substances that modify the lifetime of singlet oxygen, to measure the luminescence of singlet oxygen, or to produce singlet oxygen independently in the system and compare its reactions with those observed under the test conditions. All of these methods have difficulties; the greatest degree of certainty is obtained by using as many independent techniques as possible in combination. This chapter discusses few of the available methods.

Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck: management of massive and previously uncontrolled lesions.

Cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common of malignant neoplasms. The etiology and natural history of these cutaneous neoplasms are related to actinic exposure, age, sex, hereditary factors, previous tissue injury, and chemical ingestion and exposure. Identification of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma is important. There are several different histologic subtypes of basal cell carcinoma, and each behaves clinically in a different way. There are several accepted methods of treatment including cryosurgery, electrodesiccation and curettage, radiotherapy, surgical excision and Mohs' histographic surgery. Each of these methods is reviewed. The vast majority of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are easily cured no matter what the treatment modality. However, about 10% of these tumors (30,000 new cases each year) are not cured. These tumors often become massive and uncontrollable. Sixty patients met the criteria of being massive and/or uncontrollable. These criteria are 1. size 3 cms or greater, 2. involvement deeper than skin and subcutaneous fat, 3. four or more previous treatments without control, or 4. proven metastatic disease. These patients with massive and/or uncontrollable tumors underwent treatment with either Mohs' histographic surgery followed by conventional surgery with total microscopic marginal control or conventional excision with total microscopic marginal control. Of the 60 patients treated in this way, 53 are free of disease; 41 of these patients have been free of disease for more than 24 months. Massive and/or previously uncontrollable tumors appear to be better controlled with total microscopic marginal control while preserving as much normal tissue as possible. This technique appears to allow preservation of important esthetic and functional tissue while excising the complete tumor with the greatest degree of certainty.

Fatal myocardial infarction and the role of oral contraceptives.

The association between use of oral contraceptives (OC) and death from myocardial infarction (MI) in young women was investigated in a collaborative case-control study conducted in the five largest metropolitan areas in the US. Potential cases were identified from computer tapes of the National Center for Health Statistics. Controls were selected from among women who died from, or were hospitalized for, acute conditions other than heart disease or from accidents, and were matched to cases on age, geographic area, and year of death. Information on cause of death, personal characteristics, OC use, and the presence of conditions predisposing to MI was obtained from interviews with relatives and abstracts of hospital, clinic and physician records. Odds ratios as approximations to relative risks for fatal MI in relation to OC use, and the associated 95% confidence limits, were calculated overall and for subgroups determined by demographic and health history characteristics. Odds ratios in the total study population were not significantly different from one. However, odds ratios significantly different from one were found when attention was restricted to white subjects without contraindications to OC use, andincluding only those cases whose deaths were attributed to MI with the greatest degree of certainty. Smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for fatal MI.

An investigation into the financing of flexible endowment assurances

1.1. In the past ten years, traditional with-profit endowment assurances have been faced with severe competition from two new products, which offer considerable flexibility to the policyholder combined with certain guarantees not normally available in the traditional endowment policy.The first of these new products, unit-linked assurance, has been analysed in some depth in recent papers submitted to the Institute, Faculty and Tokyo Congress. In particular, papers by Benjamin, Wilkie and Scott have developed stochastic models that have enabled the premiums and valuation reserves for maturity guarantees under these policies to be quantified with a much greater degree of certainty than had previously been the case.

Computertomographischer Nachweis eines Entrapment-Syndroms der Arteria poplitea

The popliteal artery entrapment syndrome can be diagnosed by computer tomography with a greater degree of certainty than by angiography. The advantage of computer tomography depends on the simultaneous demonstration of the position of the vessel and of the surrounding muscles and their abnormal situation.

Personal Saving Behavior in Five Major Industralized Countries

A major source of uncertainty in recent forecasts of economic activity in industrial countries has related to the expected course of personal saving rate (i.e., personal saving as a percent of personal disposable income). Changes in the personal saving rate can exert a significant influence on aggregate demand and it would appear that a greater degree of certainty as to the guture course of saving rates in the major industrialized countries would improve forecasting and aid in the formulation of macroeconomic policy.

The role of the radiologist in the management of the child with a suspected bone tumor.

The radiologist's most important task in evaluating lesions of the skeleton is to recognize with a great degree of certainty the post-traumatic and the self-limiting and healing tumorous conditions which require neither biopsy nor other surgical treatment. The group of lesions that will need biopsy ranges from those that cannot be absolutely classified in the above group to frankly malignant-appearing tumors. The radiologic differential diagnosis of malignant tumors is of lesser importance because this will be performed by the pathologist. Examples are illustrated and discussed. The importance of consultation among surgeon, radiologists, and pathologist is emphasized, particularly to avoid the possibility of misinterpreting immature callus formation as ostegenic sarcoma.

An extension to the analysis of dendritic growth in pure systems

The present state of the mathematical description of freely growing pure dendrites has been reviewed in a recent publication. This summary indicated that one of the available analyses could be used effectively to describe experimental observations under certain restricted growth conditions. In this paper, the treatment is extended to make it more generally applicable. By removing certain mathematical restrictions, the present analysis enables one to consider otherwise restricted cases of dendritic growth in pure systems and to determine certain fundamental solidification parameters with a greater degree of certainty and over a wider range of experimental conditions. The treatment is applied to recent kinetic data for pure phosphorus and provides not only reasonable values for the solid/liquid surface tension and the linear kinetic coefficient but possibly a more reasonable interpretation of all of the experimental observations.

A Norman Legal Formula in Russian Chronicles and ‘Slovo o Polku Igoreve’

Oddly enough, there are few traces of Scandinavian influence in the Russian heroic epic as we know it now. The explanation for this rather surprising fact (both the Scandinavians and the eastern Slavs experienced, and to a great extent shared, their 'heroic ages' at about the same time in the ninth and tenth centuries) can be found in two historical and cultural peculiarities of Normano-Slav relations after the establishment of the Varangian dynasty of Rurik in Russia, according to the Chronicle, in 862. The first factor was the fast and painless assimilation of the warlike Vikings in the ethnic, religious, and social body of the Slav principalities in which they played the role of political and military catalyst in the process of organization of the early Russian state. The second factor, of no less importance, was that the Slavs, at the time of their political accommodation with the Norman newcomers in the ninth century, already possessed a well-developed tradition of oral folk poetry of their own. We may surmise with a great degree of certainty that, prior to the eighth century, the Slavs did not produce any appreciable amount of heroic poetry comparable to that of the Germanic barbarians, a people whose attraction for the heroic song reaches at least as far back as the times of Tacitus. But when the Russians, in the wake of the emergence of the Kievan state and during centuries of continuous warfare with the neighbouring Turkic nomads, began to create their own heroic poetry, their work revealed a striking affinity, as far as most ancient heroic motifs and plots are concerned, not with the Scandinavian north but with the Iranian south east. This fact should not surprise us. For at least 2,000 years the eastern Slavs and their ancestors have maintained, without any lasting interruption, contacts with their neighbours of Iranian stock who, for many centuries of their nomadic existence, dominated the steppes of the Black Sea and of the northern Caucasus.

The General Motors Sit-Down Strike: A Re-examination

ALTHOUGH General Motors sit-down strike of I937 has been correctly described as the most critical labor conflict of nineteen thirties and as of crucial significance to subsequent growth of automobile unionism in particular and industrial unionism in general,1 a great many questions regarding strlke and role of its principal participants remain unanswered. It is still not possible to resolve all doubts concerning this greatest of all automotive strikes, but relevant manuscript collections now available, and especially recently opened Frank Murphy Papers, do permit one to speak about at least some aspects of strike with a greater degree of certainty than was heretofore possible.2 The general outlines of GM sit-down strike are familiar enough. Following outbreak of sit-down strikes at Atlanta Fisher Body plant on November i8, 1936, and Kansas City Fisher Body plant on December i6, i936, Homer Martin, president of United Automobile Workers, sought an immediate general conference with top management of GM. The corporation, however, insisted that union should discuss its grievances at local plant level, in accordance with GM's established procedure for collective bargaining. The union responded that principal issues that it wished to discuss with company-recognition for collective bargaining, seniority rights, minimum wages, and speed of production line-were national in scope and must consequently be dealt with by union and management representatives for GM as a whole. Affairs were thus deadlocked when on December 28 Cleveland Fisher Body plant

The Old Man and the Triple Goddess: Melville's "The Haglets"

The underlying significance of Melville's creative activities in the few years before his death is still obscure. And there seems little doubt that this state of affairs may be traced to our excessive preoccupation with Billy Budd. Merely to mention the novel in terms of any kind of clarification is to invite passionate but inconclusive argumentation. But one can see why this is so. Since the work is incomplete, in many places hardly more than a scenario, we can never hope for a text authoritative enough to make for a fully valid reading. Though we may deplore this unhappy circumstance, there is no need to despair in regard to a clearer understanding of this phase of Melville's career. I suggest that we ought to forget Billy Budd for the time being while we concentrate on the poetry of this period. The fact remains that the bulk of his writings in these years was poetry, all of which has been edited with at least a greater degree of certainty and accuracy than Billy Budd has been. Hence I propose to undertake the analysis of one crucial poem among many in the hope that it will awaken interest in the area where the clue to Melville's later imaginative interests lies. The poem in question is The Haglets, a work of the Billy Budd period, say 1888 and shortly before, as opposed to 18881891. It is the final revision of the much earlier The Admiral of the White. 1 This latter poem was probably written on Melville's voyage to San Francisco aboard his brother Tom's ship in 1860.2 The piece was first revised about twenty-five years later; for in 1885 it appeared in both the New York Daily Tribune and the Boston Herald,3 still under the original title. The subsequent expansion, called The Haglets, was

SACROC Unit Operations

Abstract A comprehensive and exhaustive study was made by engineering representatives of many owner companies and consultants between the discovery of the Kelly-Snyder field in Nov., 1948 and March 1, 1953, the effective date of SACROC Unit. Since that date the operating personnel have placed in operation a pressure maintenance program consisting of two component parts:water injection into wells located generally along the longitudinal axis of the field andless efficient edge wells shut-in with allowables transferred to more efficient wells in the center of the field. The performance of the reservoir under pressure maintenance has been closely studied and analyzed. Practical evaluations have been made, and operations continued or modified as conditions required. Results have been most gratifying, and based upon that experience and performance, future operations and planning can be determined with a much greater degree of certainty than when the project started. This paper will present the pertinent fact relating to pressure maintenance operation of the Kelly-Snyder field by SACROC Unit since the actual beginning of pressure maintenance in 1954 up to the present time. Introduction It is one thing to discover an oil reservoir of 2,800 million STB of oil but quite another thing to produce it. Thus, in the case of Kelly-Snyder field, Scurry County, Tex., early performance indicated a primary recovery of only 670 million bbl, and that 2,130 million bbl would not be recovered if primary methods only were used. Hence, the creation of SACROC Unit and the pressure maintenance program. Despite the fact that the organizational set-up of SACROC Unit is most complex and little understood, except by those involved with over-all operations, no time or space will be taken to discuss that subject because it is outlined in the SACROC Unit Agreement. SACROC Pressure Maintenance Plan Early in the life of Kelly-Snyder field, it was apparent that a solution gas drive was the only natural production mechanism because presence of water along the southeast flank of the field proved to be only a water drive of insufficient magnitude to be considered a recovery mechanism.

Monozygotic Twins in Cattle

Publisher Summary Despite the fact that more than two decades have passed since Kronacher began his studies on cattle twins, no single test or series of tests yet exists through which it would be possible to distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic cattle twins in an objective manner. However, studies on diagnostic methods have shown that the number of strongly inherited characters on which cattle twin diagnosis can be based is as great as, if not greater than, in man. Newman showed that, in man, a trained observer—after a cursory examination—was able to distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic twins with a very great degree of certainty. Much the same situation applies to cattle. Superficially, it may seem that most cattle belonging to the same breed are so alike that they cannot be distinguished from each other (just as all people of a strange race seem indistinguishably alike), but an observer with highly developed critical faculties can easily note a great number of often subtle characteristics that make each individual different from the others.

Recognition of Playa Sediments in the Geologic Column.: ABSTRACT

Playa sediments are sometimes reported in oil-well cuttings, particularly in sediments whose age End_Page 2780------------------------------ is Miocene or younger. A careful investigation of the sedimentary properties of playa sediments of the present has revealed certain characteristics which it is believed will enable the geologist to definitely recognize older sediments which were deposited in the playa environment. These diagnostic properties include the average grain size, sorting coefficient, color, organic carbon content, alkali and salt content, hydrogen-ion concentration, and the oxidation-reduction potential. In playa sediments most of these properties have rather definite ranges. This makes it possible to recognize playa sediments with a greater degree of certainty. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2781------------

John Keats: When Was He Born and When Did He Die?

“For the study of no English poet have we ampler material than for the life and art of John Keats. … The material for the study of Keats's biography is no less complete.” Notwithstanding this wealth of material, until quite recently at least, much confusion has existed with respect to the date of his birth, and the exact time of his death yet remains uncertain. Accuracy in these respects is desirable, not only for its own sake, but especially in fixing the date for memorials, anniversaries, and similar observances. It is confusing to find such writers as Lord Houghton, Sir Sidney Colvin, and Amy Lowell either uncertain or in disagreement upon the subject. A summary of the facts giving rise to these doubts, and an examination of the evidence from the standpoint of its probative value should be of interest to students of the life and art of Keats, and may possibly be useful in reaching a greater degree of certainty with respect to these dates.

"TESTING FOR PERCEPTIVE DEAFNESS"

<i>To the Editor</i>:—In abstracting and reviewing my article "Testing for Perceptive Deafness" in the January issue of theARCHIVES, pages 109 and 110, the reviewer commits the error of connecting the Bárány noise apparatus with the test under consideration and as a consequence arrives at the following erroneous conclusion: "I do not see how this method of using a noise apparatus actually tells whether the patient hears via the mastoid of the tested ear or via the opposite ear by diagonal resonance or crossed perception." As a matter of fact, the Bárány noise apparatus was mentioned in my article only in connection with tests on air conduction. It is distinctly stated therein: "If a means could be discovered to rule out one labyrinth while testing the other, as we do in air conduction tests with the Bárány instrument, we could arrive at a greater degree of certainty as

A Modification of Mayer's Hemalum

A survey of histological literature shows that Delafield's hematoxylin is one of the most widely used histological stains. Personal interviews with workers in this field elicit comments which seldom appear in print. Most workers confess that it usually requires several unsuccessful attempts to make a usable stain. The experienced technician is no more successful than the self-taught beginner. I have examined, at various schools, preparations stained with so-called Delafield's stain and the range of colors and degrees of muddiness found were surprising. A somewhat greater degree of certainty and uniformity is desirable in a stain which is to be used by classes in elementary histology. Mayer's hemalum has not enjoyed the popularity which it deserves perhaps because the formula given in a widely used text is incorrect. This was found to be a source of discouragement to self-taught students in some smaller colleges.