Abstract
Publisher Summary Despite the fact that more than two decades have passed since Kronacher began his studies on cattle twins, no single test or series of tests yet exists through which it would be possible to distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic cattle twins in an objective manner. However, studies on diagnostic methods have shown that the number of strongly inherited characters on which cattle twin diagnosis can be based is as great as, if not greater than, in man. Newman showed that, in man, a trained observer—after a cursory examination—was able to distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic twins with a very great degree of certainty. Much the same situation applies to cattle. Superficially, it may seem that most cattle belonging to the same breed are so alike that they cannot be distinguished from each other (just as all people of a strange race seem indistinguishably alike), but an observer with highly developed critical faculties can easily note a great number of often subtle characteristics that make each individual different from the others.
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