Great Xing Research Articles

Geology, molybdenite Re-Os age, H-O-S-Pb isotopes, and fluid inclusion features of the Maodeng Mo-Bi-Sn-Cu deposit, Inner Mongolia

Maodeng deposit is a large-sized Mo-Bi-Sn-Cu deposit located in the Xinlinhot of Inner Mongolia in the southern segment of the Great Xing’an Range. The ore-forming elements in the deposit are found in the volcanic breccia of Lower–Middle Permian Dashizhai Formation and granite porphyry of the Alubaogeshan complex, constituting distinct regional mineralization zones such as hydrothermal vein-type of Sn-Cu orebodies in the upper parts and stockworks, veinlets and disseminated-type of Mo-Bi orebodies in the lower parts. This paper has conducted an integrated study using a comprehensive field survey, molybdenite Re-Os age, fluid inclusion, and isotopic (O, H, S, and Pb) analyses. The mineralization in the deposit can be divided into four stages, which are molybdenite-native bismuth-quartz (stage I), cassiterite-wolframite-topaz-quartz (stage II), chalcopyrite-sphalerite-galena-fluorite-sericite-quartz (stage III) and stibnite-pyrite-quartz-fluorite (stage IV). The Re-Os isochron age of four molybdenite samples was estimated as 139.2 ± 3.9 Ma, indicating the deposit was formed during the Early Cretaceous. The Maodeng deposit is characterized by three kinds of fluid inclusions (FIs): liquid-rich two-phase, vapor-rich two-phase, and daughter mineral-bearing three-phase FIs. The homogenization temperatures for the FIs of stages I through IV are 292–387 °C, 222–333 °C, 172–252 °C, and 122–197 °C, with calculated salinities of 4.2–43.6 wt%, 2.1–38.9 wt%, 1.9–33.6 wt% and 0.7–5.1 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively, showing the gradual reduction in temperature and salinity of hydrothermal fluids. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data of quartz indicate that the dominant origin of the ore-forming solutions from deep granitic intrusions followed by their dilution by limited meteoric water. The sulfides have δ34S values ranging from − 6 ‰ to − 0.49 ‰, and have 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios similar to those of K-feldspars from the Alubaogeshan pluton, suggesting the primary origin of ore-forming materials of the Maodeng deposit are magmatic. Molybdenite and native bismuth may precipitate primarily by fluid boiling, chalcopyrite could deposit mainly by fluid mixing, and cassiterite precipitate mainly through fluid boiling and mixing.

Petrogenesis of the Alubaogeshan intrusion in the Maodeng–Xiaogushan area, southern great xing'an range, NE China: Implications for magma evolution and tin–polymetallic mineralization

• The Alubaogeshan intrusion formed at ca. 134 Ma and belongs to transitional I–A 2 -type granite . • The Alubaogeshan intrusion was formed by partial melting of a Neoproterozoic juvenile crust. • The syenogranite porphyry evolved from the porphyritic monzogranite. • Fluid–melt interaction is crucial for W mineralization. • The magma evolutionary degree influences the size of the Sn–polymetallic deposits in the SGXR. The Alubaogeshan intrusion, consisting of porphyritic monzogranite in the central part and syenogranite porphyry in the edge, is genetically related to the Maodeng–Xiaogushan Sn–polymetallic deposit. This paper aims to investigate the genetic link between these two granite phases and the relationship between magma evolution and Sn mineralization. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of the porphyritic monzogranite and syenogranite porphyry yielded ages of 134 ± 1.0 Ma and 133 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively. The Alubaogeshan intrusion has high SiO 2 and total alkali (Na 2 O + K 2 O) contents, with low Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , FeO, and MgO contents, belonging to high-K calc-alkaline metaluminous–weakly peraluminous granites. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are characterized by light REE enrichment and heavy REE depletion, with extremely negative Eu anomalies. In addition, the intrusion was also enriched in Rb, Th, U, K, Zr, Hf, and light REE and strongly depleted in Ba, Sr, P, and Ti. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, together with high zircon saturation temperature, indicate that the Alubaogeshan intrusion belongs to transitional I–A 2 -type granites. Compared with the porphyritic monzogranite, the syenogranite porphyry reveals higher SiO 2 content and lower TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , FeO, CaO, MgO, and P 2 O 5 contents, with more obvious negative anomalies of Eu, Ba, Sr, P, and Ti. The temporal and spatial relationship and geochemical characteristics of the two rocks indicate that the syenogranite porphyry evolved from the porphyritic monzogranite. The modeling results show that the fractional crystallization of amphibole, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, apatite, monazite, and allanite occurred during the magma evolution. The granitic magma differentiation plays a key role in the formation of the Maodeng–Xiaogushan Sn–polymetallic deposit. The ε Hf ( t ) values of zircon range from 2.58 to 7.08, and the two-stage Hf model ages range from 619 Ma to 850 Ma, implying that the Alubaogeshan intrusion was predominantly derived from partial melting of a Neoproterozoic juvenile crust. The TE 1,3 values of the ore-related granites from W–(Sn) deposits are generally higher than 1.1, suggesting that fluid–melt interaction is crucial for W mineralization. The degree of magmatic evolution is one of the controlling factors for the size of Sn–polymetallic deposits in the southern Great Xing′an Range.

Ore genesis of the Narenwula quartz-vein type W polymetallic deposit in the southern Great Xing’an Range W belt, NE China: Constraints from wolframite geochronology and individual fluid inclusion analysis

The Narenwula deposit, situated in the southern Great Xing’an Range W belt, is a large-scale quartz-vein type W polymetallic deposit in NE China. The mineralization is spatially associated with Late Jurassic monzogranite and granite porphyry. In this study, we present detailed description of the ore geology, wolframite in-situ U-Pb dating, and fluid inclusion analyses including microthermometry, laser Raman spectra, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) microanalyses to precisely constrain the timing of ore formation, origin and evolution of ore-forming fluids as well as metal precipitation mechanisms. In-situ U-Pb dating of hydrothermal wolframite yields a W mineralization age of 136.4 ± 2.0 Ma (1σ, MSWD = 1.3), which is ∼14 Ma younger than the zircon U-Pb ages of W-bearing granitoids, indicating the W-bearing granitoids are not genetically related to the W mineralization at Narenwula. The hydrothermal process can be divided into four stages: stage I is characterized by abundant wolframite (I), which is the dominant stage of W mineralization; stage II is featured with the development of wolframite (II) together with minor amounts of pyrite and chalcopyrite; stage III is the predominant stage of sulfide mineralization; and stage Ⅳ is characterized by lack of sulfide or wolframite and occurrence of quartz, carbonate, and fluorite. Cathodoluminescence analysis of quartz further revealed four generations of quartz, corresponding to the four hydrothermal stages. Four types of fluid inclusions were distinguished for quartz, including CO2-rich (C1-type), CO2-bearing (C2-type), liquid-rich (l-type), and brine (B-type) fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion microthermometry shows a decrease in homogenization temperatures and salinities from the early to late stages. The ranges of the homogenization temperature for stages I to Ⅳ are 440–280, 320–240, 260–180, and 200–160 ℃, respectively, and the ranges of salinities for stages II to Ⅳ are 2.9–17.8, 1.4–10.2, and 0.4–6.7 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. The salinities of fluid inclusions from stage I have a bimodal distribution in the ranges of 9.6–17.4 and 31.1–35.6 wt% NaCl equiv. Individual fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS analyses suggest a magmatic source for the fluids of all stages, evidenced by the high Rb and Mn concentrations, high Rb/Na, K/Na, Cs/Na, Li/Na, and Zn/Na ratios, which are distinctly different from those of basinal brines. The Rb/Sr and K/Rb ratios of fluid inclusions are similar to those of Late Mesozoic highly fractionated W-mineralized granitoids in NE China, indicating that the metallogenic parent rocks at Narenwula are highly evolved. In combination with evidence of consistent Cs/Rb and Cs/(Na + K) ratios of fluid inclusions from all stages, we suggest that the mineralizing fluids originated from an underlying, geochemically uniform, and highly fractionated granitic magma. Fluid immiscibility and fluid-rock interaction (especially greisenization) are the main mechanisms for wolframite precipitation, whereas natural cooling of fluids may be subordinate. Fluid inclusion data provide evidence that the addition of meteoric water to the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid initiated at the sulfide mineralization stage, and the fluid dilution and cooling due to fluid mixing played an important role in the process of sulfide precipitation. This study highlights that W and base metals (e.g., Cu, Pb, Zn) in ore-forming fluids display different migration and precipitation progresses, the knowledge of which is important for elucidating multi-stage ore-forming processes of quartz-vein type W polymetallic deposits in NE China.

Early Cretaceous Exhumation of the Southern Great Xing’an Range, Northeastern China: Evidence from (U-Th)/He and Fission-Track Thermochronology

Early Cretaceous Exhumation of the Southern Great Xing’an Range, Northeastern China: Evidence from (U-Th)/He and Fission-Track Thermochronology

Fluid Inclusions and C–H–O–S–Pb Isotopes of the Huoluotai Porphyry Cu (Mo) Deposit in the Northern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for Ore Genesis

The Huoluotai Cu (Mo) deposit is a recently discovered porphyry Cu deposit in the northern Great Xing’an Range, NE China. Fluid inclusion (FI) micro-thermometry results and the C–H–O–S–Pb isotope compositions of the Huoluotai Cu (Mo) deposit are presented in this study. The ore-forming process consists of the sulfide-barren quartz stage (I), the quartz + chalcopyrite ± pyrite ± molybdenite stage (II), the quartz + polymetallic sulfide stage (III), and the quartz + calcite ± pyrite ± fluorite stage (IV). Cu mineralization occurred mainly in stage II. Four types of FIs were recognized: liquid-rich two-phase FIs (L-type), vapor-rich two-phase FIs (V-type), daughter-mineral-bearing three-phase FIs (S-type), and CO2-bearing FIs (C-type). In stage I, the ore-forming fluids belong to an H2O−NaCl−CO2 system. In stages II, III, and IV, the ore-forming fluids belong to an H2O−NaCl system. The results of the FI micro-thermometry and H–O isotope analysis show that the ore-forming fluids originated from a magmatic origin in stage I and mixed with meteoric water from stages II to IV. The S–Pb isotope results suggest that the source of the ore-forming materials has the characteristics of a crust–mantle-mixing origin. Fluid boiling occurred in stages I and II. The FI micro-thermometric data further show that Cu was mainly deposited below 400 °C in stage II, suggesting that fluid boiling occurring below 400 °C may be the primary factor for Cu precipitation in the Huoluotai Cu (Mo) deposit.

Geochemical Data Mining by Integrated Multivariate Component Data Analysis: The Heilongjiang Duobaoshan Area (China) Case Study

The Heilongjiang Duobaoshan area is located at the confluence of the Great Xing’an Range and the Lesser Xing’an Range, and the area has undergone a complex magmatic and tectonic evolutionary history resulting in a complex and diverse geological background for mineralization. As a result of this geological complexity and the multi-period nature of mineralization, the geochemical data of the area are usually not satisfied with a single statistical distribution form, so traditional statistical methods cannot adequately explore and identify the distribution of deep-seated information in the geochemical data. Based on the above problems, this paper adopts a multivariate component data analysis method to process 14 mass fraction data elements, namely Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, W, and Zn, in the 1:50,000 soil geochemical data from the Duobaoshan area of Heilongjiang. The spatial distribution and internal structural characteristics of raw, logarithmic transformation and isometric logarithmic ratio (ILR) transformed data were compared using exploratory data analysis (EDA); robust principal component analysis (RPCA) was applied to obtain the PC1 and PC2 principal component combinations associated with mineralization, and a spectrum–area (S–A) fractal model was further used to decompose the geochemical anomalies of the PC1 and PC2 principal component combinations as composite anomalies. The results show the following: (i) The data transformed by the isometric logarithmic ratio (ILR) eliminate the influence of the original data closure effect, and the spatial scale of the data is more uniform; the data are approximately normally distributed, based on which RPCA can be applied to better explore the correlation between elements and the pattern of co-associated combinations. (ii) The S–A method was further used to decompose the composite anomalies of the PC1 and PC2 principal component combination in the study area. The anomalous and background fields of the screened-out PC1 and PC2 principal component combinations reflect anomalous information on mineralization dominated by Au mineralization. Moreover, the anomaly and background information after extraction were in good agreement with the known Au deposits (points), and many geochemical anomalies with prospecting potential were obtained in the periphery, providing a theoretical basis and exploration focus for the next step in the searching and exploring of the study area.

Ore-forming fluid evolution of a porphyry Cu-Mo deposit coexisting with porphyry Mo systems in a post-collisional setting, Xiaokelehe, NE China

The Xiaokelehe porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in the Great Xing’an Range contains six stages of quartz-sulfide veins (V1 to V6) including potassic (V1 to V4), chlorite-illite (V5) and phyllic (V6). Two to three types of quartz were identified within each stage, of which the V2Q1, V3Q1, V4Q2, V5Q1 and V6Q2 are spatially associated with sulfides. Three types of fluid inclusions were identified in these veins, i.e., type I aqueous inclusions homogenized to liquid, type II aqueous inclusions homogenized to vapor, and type III aqueous inclusions containing halite and homogenized to liquid. Type I and type II primary inclusions occur in all stages, and type III inclusions are developed in V2 to V4 veins. Microthermometric data show that the maximum formation temperatures and pressures of V2-V6 veins of type I inclusions are 353 to 437 °C and 19.0 to 27.6 MPa, 309 to 415 °C and 15.0 to 30.1 MPa, 330 to 365 °C and 16.7 to 27.6 MPa, 243 to 351 °C and 13.9 to 18.9 MPa and 255 to 347 °C and 13.9 to 17.8 MPa, respectively, which show a decreasing trend. Oxygen isotope data show that the δ18OH2O values of V2-V4 veins (5.3 to 10.4 ‰) are consistent with typical magmatic values, whilst the δ18OH2O values of V5-V6 veins (0.2 to 4.6 ‰) are much lower than those of the magmatic water, which is due to involvement of meteoric water. The fluid inclusion microthermometry and O isotope data suggest an evolving magmatic-hydrothermal system with decreasing temperatures, pressures from V2 to V4 veins (potassic stage) to V5 (chlorite-illite stage) and V6 veins (phyllic stage), and an increasing incorporation of meteoric water in V5 and V6. The Xiaokelehe deposit has lower CO2 contents than the adjacent porphyry Mo deposits formed in the same post-collisional setting, which is mainly due to differences of mineralization depths and magma source. The formation of porphyry deposits with different Mo/Cu ratios highlights the diversity and complexity of the mineralizing systems in post-collisional settings, which has important implications for mineral exploration in such environments.

Fluid evolution and ore genesis of Cu–Pb–Zn veins in the Panjiaduan deposit, Great Xing’an Range, NE China: evidence from fluid inclusion and H–O–He–Ar isotopes

AbstractThe southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR), located in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is one of the most economically important Cu–Mo–Fe–Sn–Pb–Zn–Ag metallogenic provinces in China. The newly discovered Panjiaduan Cu–Pb–Zn deposit (9.3 Mt; at 1.36% Cu, 2.90% Pb, 3.80% Zn and 38.12 g/t Ag), located in the SE segment of the SGXR, is primarily hosted in fracture zones in volcanic rocks and granodiorite of the Manitu Formation. Four paragenetic stages of metallic mineralization are identified: (I) quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite; (II) quartz-polymetallic sulphide; (III) quartz-galena-sphalerite-argentite; and (IV) quartz-calcite-minor sulphide. The hydrothermal quartz contains three types of primary fluid inclusion (FIs): vapour-rich two-phase liquid-vapour (LV-type), liquid-rich two-phase liquid-vapour (VL-type) and three-phase liquid-vapour-solid FIs (SL-type). Stages I and II contain all types with homogenization temperatures (Th) of 324–386 °C and 276–334 °C as well as salinities of 0.7–38.0 wt% and 0.9–34.7 wt%, respectively, whereas stage III is composed of VL- and LV-type FIs with Th of 210–269 °C and salinities of 0.5–7.2 wt%. Only VL-type FIs occur in stage IV, with Th of 139–185 °C and salinities of 1.6–4.2 wt%. The δ18OH2O and δD values vary from −15.7 to 2.6‰ and −132.7 to −110.2‰, respectively, indicating predominant meteoric water with an initial magmatic source. The He–Ar isotopic compositions of the pyrite inclusions from the Panjiaduan Cu–Pb–Zn veins suggest that fluids were derived from the crust.

Temporal variations in the geochemistry of Mesozoic mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks in the northern Great Xing'an Range, Northeast China, and implications for deep lithospheric mantle processes

Identifying the composition of the recycled materials in the lithospheric mantle is crucial for establishing links between mantle geochemical ‘reservoirs’ and deep mantle geodynamic processes. However, studies that focus on deep mantle processes under multiple subduction tectonic regimes have been absent. In this paper, we present 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age, whole-rock geochemical, and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotope, zircon Hf-O isotope, and in situ plagioclase Pb isotope data for Mesozoic mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks in the northern Great Xing'an Range, northeast China. These and published data are used to constrain the deep processes that occurred in the lithospheric mantle during the Mesozoic, in the context of the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean and whether subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate affected the formation of volcanic rocks in the western part of northeast China. The Mesozoic mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks in the northern Great Xing'an Range can be divided into three stages: Early Jurassic (~180 Ma), Late Jurassic (~155 Ma), and late Early Cretaceous (~120 Ma). These rocks are mainly basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, and trachyandesite. The Mesozoic mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks have SiO 2 = 47.34–60.00 wt%, TFe 2 O 3 = 4.73–11.63 wt%, and Mg # = 26–66, belong to the medium- to high-K calc-alkaline series, exhibit enrichment in light rare earth elements and large-ion lithophile elements, exhibit depletions in heavy rare earth elements and high-field-strength elements (e.g., Nb and Ta), and have no obvious Eu anomalies. These geochemical features are similar to those of arc igneous rocks. Relative to mid-ocean ridge basalts, these mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks exhibit more radiogenic Sr-Pb and less radiogenic Nd-Hf isotopic compositions. The Th/Yb (1.47–3.43) and (Hf/Sm) PM (0.80–1.15) ratios of the Early Jurassic mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks are much lower than those of the Late Jurassic mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks (Th/Yb = 4.31–5.25; (Hf/Sm) PM = 1.49–2.60), whereas the late Early Cretaceous igneous rocks exhibit large variations in these ratios (Th/Yb = 0.37–14.8; (Hf/Sm) PM = 0.59–2.14). The above features show that: (1) the primary magmas of the mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks were mainly derived by partial melting of depleted lithospheric mantle; (2) the lithospheric mantle was mainly metasomatized by sediment-derived fluids related to subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate during the Early Jurassic, whereas the mantle source was mainly modified by sediment-derived melts triggered by the collapse of thickened lithosphere after closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean in the Late Jurassic; and (3) sediment-derived fluids associated with subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate caused further enrichment of the lithospheric mantle in the western part of northeast China during the late Early Cretaceous. • J 1 , J 3 and K 1 mafic magmas were derived by melting of depleted lithospheric mantle. • J 1 lithospheric mantle was modified by the Mongol-Okhotsk slab-derived fluid. • J 3 lithospheric mantle was modified by the Mongol-Okhotsk slab sediment-derived melt. • K 1 lithospheric mantle was re-modified by the Paleo-Pacific slab-derived fluid.

Protracted extraction of high-silica melts from an upper-crustal magma reservoir recorded by the Wuchagou volcanic rocks in central Great Xing'an Range, NE China

High-silica volcanic rocks and their plutonic counterparts carry critical information concerning the evolution of shallow magmatic systems and construction of silicic upper continental crust, yet their origins remain debatable. Here, we examine high-silica volcanic rocks from the Lower Cretaceous Manitu and Baiyin'gaolao formations of the Wuchagou volcanic field, central Great Xing'an Range (GXR), to constrain the genesis of these high-silica volcanic rocks and the evolution of the Wuchagou magmatic system. Geochronological data suggest that the Manitu and Baiyin'gaolao volcanic rocks represent a prolonged eruption from the Wuchagou magmatic system, spanning Period I (135–129 Ma ) and Period II (127–122 Ma ) magmatism in the central GXR. Their slightly depleted ε Nd (t) values and relatively young model ages coincide with a juvenile crustal origin. We suggest that the Manitu and Baiyin'gaolao high-silica volcanic rocks are the evolved compositions of their coexisting intermediate rocks given the similarities in both formation age and Sr-Nd isotopic composition and systematic geochemical variations. Clinopyroxene- and amphibole-based thermobarometers respectively yield low average pressures of ~3.3 kbar and ~ 1.8 kbar with low temperatures of ~1013 °C and 875 °C. Also, Clinopyroxene- and amphibole-based hygrometry yield relatively high H 2 O contents of ~2.7–4.1 wt% and ~ 3.1–4.6 wt%. Together, they indicate the presence of a hydrous upper-crustal magma reservoir feeding the eruptions of the Manitu and Baiyin'gaolao high-silica volcanic rocks. Combining the behavior of highly incompatible elements (Rb and Th) with trace element modeling results, we show that the Wuchagou high-silica volcanic rocks formed by protracted extraction of high-silica melts in the upper crust, with complementary residual cumulates partially disguised in the Early Cretaceous felsic plutons in the central GXR. Our results highlight the significance of prolonged upper-crustal differentiation of magmas derived from juvenile crust in the development of the high-silica upper continental crust. • High-silica volcanic rocks extracted from a long-lived upper-crustal reservoir. • Complementary residual cumulates disguised in contemporaneous felsic plutons. • Crystal-melt segregation contributed to development of high-silica upper crust.

Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of the Ore-Associated Intrusions in Bayanbaolege Ag Polymetallic Deposit, Inner Mongolia, NE China

The large Bayanbaolege Ag polymetallic ore deposit is located in the Tuquan-Linxi Fe (Sn)-Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Nb (Ta) polymetallic metallogenic belt, which is an important part of the Great Xing’an Range metallogenic province, northeast China. The sulfide–quartz vein-type orebodies in the deposit are mainly hosted in the Cretaceous granodiorite porphyry and Late Permian Linxi formation. The U-Pb dating of the zircon from the post-ore diorite porphyrite yields an age of 124.8 ± 1.1 Ma, which constrains the mineralization time at the Early Cretaceous. The Sr-Nd isotope values (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.708576~0.710536; εNd (t) = −0.51~+0.69; the Hf isotope values 176Hf/177Hf = 0.2827278~0.2830095, the εHf (t) = +3.1~+11.2, TDM2 = 615~1341 Ma of the metallogenic granodiorite porphyry. The Hf isotope values 176Hf/177Hf = 0.2828596~0.2829451, and the εHf (t) = +5.7~+8.8 of the diorite porphyrite, TDM2 = 827~1108 Ma, indicating that the ore-forming materials were the possible involvement of heterogeneous juvenile sources including moderately depleted mantle and newly underplated lower crust. The major and trace elements (including REEs) implied that these intrusions are the I-type granite and linked intimately to the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean plate. From these whole-rock major and trace elements and zircon U-Pb ages, as well as Sr-Nd-Hf isotope data, we conclude that the ore-associated I-type granites in the Bayanbaolege deposit formed in an extensional tectonic setting of the Early Cretaceous, and are compactly related to the retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean subducted plate linked intimately to the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean plate rather than the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. Furthermore, by integrating geological background work and previous research work, implying the mineralization age of the Bayanbaolege deposit should have been formed in the 125–130 Ma.

Crustal contribution for the formation of the Walali Au deposit and implications on the Early Cretaceous Au mineralization in the northern Great Xing’an Range

The northern Great Xing’an Range (NGXR) gold (Au) metallogenic belt is characterized by the wide occurrence of the Early Cretaceous orogenic and arc-magma related epithermal Au deposits. Information of the newly discovered granite-hosted Walali Au deposits in this area could shed new light on the Early Cretaceous Au metallogenesis in NE China. The ore-hosting granite at Walali shows zircon U-Pb ages of 310.6 ± 2.2 Ma, which are significantly different from the ore-bearing pyrite Rb–Sr age (119.9 ± 1.7 Ma). The distinct ages indicate that the Au mineralization occurred at the Early Cretaceous and therefore preclude the genetic link between the Late Carboniferous magmatism and Au ore formation. The fluid inclusion studies show that the ore precitpitated from the hydrothermal fluids with a temperature range of 150–330 °C and a salinity range of 3.4–11.6 wt% equiv. H–O isotopic compositions indicate the involvement of both magmatic and meteoric water in the hydrothermal system. The pyrite and galena S (δ34SV–CDT values: 7.7–10.0‰) and Pb (206Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.177–18.217; 207Pb/ 204Pb ratios of 15.614–15.633) isotopic compositions suggest a crustal contribution for the ore-forming materials at Walali. By comparison, the Walali Au deposits are more comparable with the strata-hosted orogenic Au deposits in the north NGXR, but different from the epithermal- and porphyry-type Au deposits in this area. Combined with the Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution in NE China, we conclude that the Early Cretaceous extensional setting caused the large scale magmatism, which drove the remobilization of crustal materials and resulted in the formation of the granite- and strata-hosted Au deposits in the NGXR.

Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Middle Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the Ganhe area, northern Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China: constraints from geochronology and geochemistry

Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Middle Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the Ganhe area, northern Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China: constraints from geochronology and geochemistry

Geochronology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous highly differentiated I-type granites in the central Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China

In this study, we undertook zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic and whole-rock geochemical analysis of Mesozoic granites from the Zhalantun and Arxan areas of the Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China. Zircon U–Pb dating of four samples indicates they formed in the Early Cretaceous (ca. 140.7–130.0 Ma). Geochemically, the samples have high silica (74.00–77.29 wt.%) and total alkali (8.52–8.90 wt.%) and low CaO (0.21–0.71 wt.%), MgO (0.06–0.48 wt.%), and P2O5 (0.01–0.06 wt.%) contents and exhibit the weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 0.98–1.06) and high-K calc-alkaline characteristics, with highly differentiated I-type granite affinities (differentiation index = 93.19–96.93). The studied granites are enriched in light rare earth and large ion lithophile elements and depleted in heavy rare earth and high field strength elements. Their zircon εHf(t) values are mainly positive (+2.49 to +11.64) and yield two-stage Hf model ages of 1023–445 Ma. The geochemical and isotopic data indicate they might have been derived from the partial melting of medium- to high-K basaltic crust material during the Mesoproterozoic to Phanerozoic. They underwent fractional crystallization in the magma evolution process, and K-feldspar and plagioclase were the major crystallization phases. Combined with the temporal–spatial migration of the Mesozoic magmatic events in the whole northeastern China, we propose that the generation of Early Cretaceous highly differentiated I-type granites in the central Great Xing’an Range was associated with the delamination effect caused by the roll-back of the Paleo-Pacific plate.

Unrecognized post-rifting deposition and uplift history of the Erlian Basin, Northern China: Evidence from seismic reflection data and apatite fission-track thermochronology

Early Cretaceous rift basins in Northeast Asia typically experienced varying degrees of post-rifting thermal subsidence and compressional deformation. However, previous workers believed that only a thin post-rifting sequence was developed in basins west of the Great Xing'an Range, making a proper understanding of the post-rift tectonic history in this part of Northeast Asia difficult. In this study, newly acquired shallow seismic reflection data were utilized to unravel the shallow deformation of the Erlian Basin, which to the west of the Great Xing'an Range contains a thin post-rifting sequence. Furthermore, we used apatite fission-track thermochronology to analyze the post-rifting deposition and uplift processes in the Erlian Basin, for which there are limited stratigraphic records. Our results show that the Erlian Basin experienced a typical post-rifting stage whose sequence from the Albian to the Campanian was not controlled by normal faults. The corresponding sedimentary thickness was up to 2 km, which contradicts the previously reported little or no post-rifting thermal subsidence. The current thin post-rifting sequence is the remaining stratum after 1.4–1.8 km of denudation at the end of the Erlian period. In addition, by further comparing the sedimentary thickness and time-lag in the onset of post-rifting to those of other basins in Northeast Asia, we found two driving mechanisms of rifting in Northeast Asia, which occurred simultaneously: the gravitational collapse and back-arc extension. Moreover, the basins in Northeast Asia experienced a gradual weakening in the compressional deformation from east to west during the Cenomanian to the Coniacian, and an intense compressional deformation in the east of Northeast Asia and large-scale vertical uplift in the west during the Late Cretaceous Campanian to the Eocene.

Age and genesis of the Lamahanshan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, southern Great Xing'an Range, northeastern China: Constraints from sphalerite Rb-Sr dating, fluid inclusions and H-O-S-Pb isotopes

The Lamahanshan deposit in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is a newly-discovered Ag-Pb-Zn vein deposit in the southern Great Xing'an Range (GXR). Vein-type Ag-Pb-Zn orebodies are mainly hosted in the fracture zones of gneissic plagiogranite, granite porphyry, and quartz porphyry. Mineralization comprises four stages: (I) quartz-magnetite, (II) quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite, (III) quartz-polymetallic sulfides, and (IV) quartz ± sphalerite. Sphalerite Rb-Sr dating yielded an isochron age of 137.7 ± 6.1 Ma, coeval with the regional Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Pb-Zn polymetallic mineralization. Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs), namely vapor-rich two-phase (LV-type), liquid-rich two-phase (VL-type), and daughter mineral-bearing three-phase (SL-type), are distinguished at Lamahanshan. Stage I and II contain all FI types with homogenization temperatures (Th) of 383–418 °C and 350–392 °C and salinities of 0.9–38.1 wt% and 0.7–35.0 wt%, respectively, whereas stage III contain VL- and LV-type FIs with Th = 318–349 °C and salinity = 0.7–10.5 wt%. Only VL-type FIs occur in stage IV, with Th of 271–320 °C and salinities of 4.3–7.8 wt%. The microthermometric and H-O isotope data (δ18OH2O = −9.4 to 0.9‰ and δD = −137.0 to −124.7‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluids were initially magmatic with later meteoric water incursion. Fluid boiling, cooling, fluid-rock reactions, and meteoric water mixing were the major ore precipitation mechanisms at Lamahanshan. The sulfide S (δ34S = 4.0–6.7‰), Sr ((87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.698957–0.700069), and Pb (206Pb/204Pb = 17.230–18.193, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.440–15.627, and 208Pb/204Pb = 37.664–38.407) isotopes also support that the metals were magmatic-derived. Integrating the available geological, mineralization, fluid inclusion, and H-O-S-Sr-Pb isotope evidence, we propose that the Lamahanshan deposit shares many similar features with distal magmatic-hydrothermal vein-type ores, and was formed in an extensional setting related to the Early Cretaceous Paleo-Pacific subduction rollback.

Ore Genesis of the Baishitouwa Quartz–Wolframite Vein-Type Deposit in the Southern Great Xing’an Range W Belt, NE China: Constraints from Wolframite In-Situ Geochronology and Geochemistry Analyses

The Baishitouwa deposit is a medium-scale quartz–wolframite vein-type deposit in the southern Great Xing’an Range tungsten (W) belt. The W mineralization occurs mainly as veins and dissemination within the mica schist of the Mesoproterozoic Baiyunebo Group. The formation of the deposit can be divided into four stages. The wolframite yielded a lower intercept 206Pb/238U age of 221.0 ± 3.4 Ma (1σ, MSWD = 2.0), which records a late Triassic W mineralization event in the Baishitouwa deposit. In combination with previous geochronological data, we suggest that NE China may have an enormous potential for Triassic W mineralization and more attention should be given to the Triassic ore prospecting in the region. This work highlights that the chemical composition of wolframite is controlled by both the crystallochemical parameters and the composition of the primary ore-forming fluid. Trace-element compositions suggest that wolframite (I) was controlled by the substitution mechanism of 4A(Fe, Mn)2+ + 8BW6+ + B□ ↔ 3AM3+ + AN4+ + 7B(Nb, Ta)5+ + 2BN4+, whereas wolframite (II) was controlled by the substitution mechanism of A(Fe, Mn)2+ + A□ + 2BW6+ ↔ 2AM3+ + 2BN4+. Wolframite (I) contains higher concentrations of Nb, Ta, Sc, and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), and lower Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios than wolframite (II). Both wolframite (I) and (II) have similar trace elements and left-dipped REEN patterns, and analogical Nb/Ta ratios. They have similar Y/Ho ratios to Mesozoic highly fractionated W-mineralized granitoids in NE China. These data indicate that the W mineralization at Baishitouwa is genetically related to an underlying highly fractionated granite, and the compositional variation of fluids is likely driven by crystallization of wolframite during the processes of fluid evolution. A change of the ore-forming fluids from an oxidized to a relatively reduced state during the evolution occurred from stage 1 to 2.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Early Cretaceous granite porphyry in the Taipingtun area, central Great Xing'an Range, NE China

New LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb geochronology, whole‐rock geochemistry and Hf isotopic data have been studied on the Taipingtun granite porphyry to determine its petrogenesis and constrain the tectonic setting of the central Great Xing'an Range, northeastern China, during the Early Cretaceous. The results of zircon U–Pb dating suggest that the Taipingtun granite porphyry was emplaced during the Early Cretaceous (122–123 Ma). Geochemically, the granite porphyries have high contents of SiO2 (75.76–78.66 wt%) and (K2O + Na2O) (7.14–8.29 wt%), and low Al2O3 (11.09–12.81 wt%) and CaO (0.15–0.29 wt%), indicating peraluminous and high‐K calc‐alkaline features. Additionally, these rocks are characterized by strong Th, U, K, and Rb enrichment; Ba, Sr, P and Ti depletion; high Ga/Al ratios (10,000*Ga/Al = 2.60–4.92) and negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.02–0.13). According to the zircon saturation thermometer results, zircon saturation temperatures range from 756 to 959°C with an average of 823°C, displaying high magmatic temperature for the parental magma. Based on these geochemical characteristics, it can be reasonably inferred that the initial composition of the Taipingtun granite porphyry melts exhibited an A‐type magmatic affinity. Furthermore, zircon grains within the Taipingtun granite porphyry have εHf(t) values of 7.12 to 10.99 and TDM2 model ages of 476–726 Ma. The Ba/La (average 3.89), Nd/Th (average 2.25), Zr/Hf (average 22.55), Ti/Zr (average 2.96) and Rb/Sr (average 4.21) values display the characteristics of crust‐derived magmas. Moreover, these rocks have obviously negative Eu anomalies (average 0.13) and relatively high Y (average 37.83 ppm) and Yb (average 4.15 ppm) contents, suggesting the magmas are generated in a low‐pressure environment. Thus, we consider the primary magmas of the Taipingtun granite porphyry may have been predominantly derived from the partial melting of juvenile crustal rocks at low pressure. Combined with the regional geological data, we suggest that the Taipingtun granite porphyry was formed in an extensional tectonic environment, and possibly related to the subducted Palaeo‐Pacific Ocean Plate in the Early Cretaceous.

Migration of Middle-Late Jurassic volcanism across the northern North China Craton in response to subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate

The primary driver of magmatism, crustal deformation and metallogeny of the North China Craton in the Jurassic remains actively debated, either attributed to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific (i.e., Izanagi) plate in the east or to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the north. This issue is addressed here by examining temporal and spatial variation of the contemporary volcanic rocks (i.e., Tiaojishan Formation) of the Yanshan belt in the northern part of the craton. These rocks are mainly calc-alkaline and intermediate-felsic in composition and show a highly coherent geochemical composition and unradiogenic zircon Hf isotope, indicating that they have similar origins and formed in a subduction-related setting. The eruption age of the Jurassic volcanic rocks decreases westward (i.e., inland-ward) from Western Liaoning (166–153 Ma), through Pingquan-Chengde-Luanping (162–153 Ma) and Jingxi-Xuanhua (158–149 Ma), to Yuxian (157–142 Ma). This temporal and spatial variation is consistent with the motion of the subducted Paleo-Pacific plate over that time. In addition to the westward migration, the earliest volcanic rocks in the Yanshan belt formed earlier than those in the adjacent southern Great Xing'an Range in the north. These observations suggest that the southward subduction and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk plate played a limited role in generation of these volcanic rocks. Two episodes of Middle-Late Jurassic volcanism (166–153 Ma and 150–139 Ma) are observed in the northern Great Xing'an Range. They are interpreted as results of closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate, respectively. Temporal-spatial variation of volcanic activity in the northern North China Craton and adjacent region demonstrates that the Paleo-Pacific subduction was the principal cause of the evolution of Eastern China during the late Mesozoic, whereas the Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic regime is largely confined to the northern Great Xing'an Range and the area north to it.

Allocation Strategies of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus at Species and Community Levels With Recovery After Wildfire.

Plant stoichiometry and nutrient allocation can reflect a plant’s adaptation to environmental nutrient changes. However, the allocation strategies of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) between leaf and fine root in response to wildfire have been poorly studied. Our primary objective was to elucidate the trade-off of elemental allocation between above- and belowground parts in response to the soil nutrient changes after a wildfire. We explored the allocation sloping exponents of C, N, and P between leaf and fine root at the species and community levels at four recovery periods (year 2, 10, 20, and 30) after moderately severe wildfire and one unburned treatment in boreal forests in Great Xing’an Mountains, northeast China. Compared with the unburned treatment, leaf C concentration decreased and fine root C increased at year 2 after recovery. The leaf N concentration at year 10 after recovery was higher than that of unburned treatment. Plant growth tended to be limited by P concentration at year 10 after recovery. Nutrient allocation between leaf and fine root differed between species and community levels, especially in the early recovery periods (i.e., 2 and 10 years). At the community level, the nutrient concentrations of the leaf changed more as compared to that of the fine root at year 2 after recovery when the fine root nutrients changed more than those of the leaf. The different C, N, and P allocation strategies advanced the understanding of plant adaptation to soil nutrient changes during the postfire ecosystem restoration.