Great River Research Articles

Survey And Ichthyofauna of Great Zab River in Deralok Hydropower Plant

The objective of the study is to upgrade the knowledge of fish comportments in the special sector of Great Zab river where has to be construct the Weir for Deralok Hydropower Plant; in way of collected all information related to the actual life of fish and to find out the fishes that are naturally found in Deralok during the period from December 2013 to February 2015 in the sector to be affected by the weir for adding extra information about fishes' habits and immigration of fishes. A total of 82 freshwater fishes from Deralok during the survey period, belong to 11 species, namely: Garra rufa (Heckel 1843) Doctor Fish, Chondrostoma regium (Heckel,1843); Baloot muluki, Luciobarbus xanthopterus (Heckel,1843); Gattan, Barbus belayewi (Menon,1960); Toueni, Birtein, Barbus barbulus (Heckel,1846); Abu Baratum, Cypinion kais (Heckel,1846); Buunii Saghir, Capoeta trutta (Heckel,1843); Touyeni, Barbus grypus (Heckel,1843); Shabout, Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks and Solander in Russell,1794); (Marmaritch); Crucian carp (Carassius carassius); (Shokhatt), and Liza abu: (Beyah).

First record of <i>Vitreorana ritae</i> (Anura, Centrolenidae) for southern Amazonia inferred from molecular, reproductive and acoustic evidence

Frogs of the family Centrolenidae are adapted to live at high altitudes, and so it is not surprising that their greatest diversity is in the Andes mountain range. Here we extend the known geographic distribution of Vitreorana ritae by more than 550 km towards southern Amazonia. The species was identified by morphological, acoustic and molecular characteristics (mitochondrial marker 16S rRNA). The records reported here are the first for the genus Vitreorana in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as well as for the transition zone between the Amazonia and Cerrado biomes. These records are consistent with the hypothesis that the low number of species of centrolenids reported in the lowlands of the Amazon region may be the result of limited sampling. Even though V. ritae is distributed throughout the Amazon, most of its diagnostic morphological characteristics are conserved. Thus, the great rivers of the Amazon Basin do not seem to act as geographical barriers for this species; however, due to the limited sample size, further acoustic and molecular studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Dinamika Perkembangan Kebudayaan di Persia dan Mesir Kuno

The ancient persians and egyptians were known as the originators and beginnings of modern civilization today in the world, from these two civilizations close to the great rivers. Early in its civilization, Persia developed through warfare and conquest of other areas without war powers and fertile areas the expansion of territory was the only way to make progress. The education of the era was still one of harsh military education and extremely high discipline, because the persians were the main military force to conquer the land rather than technological or scientific advancement. The ancient egyptians are enjoyed a greater cultural and educational culture than the persians because military forces of both land and sea are rather popular. The ancient egyptians were extremely wealthy, supported by natural resources, because they lived along the Nile's regular flood course and caused the region around the river to become fertile and suitable for cultivation.

Riparian erosion from cattle traffic may contribute up to 50% of the modelled streambank sediment supply in a large Great Barrier Reef river basin

Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchment management has been constrained by knowledge gaps regarding streambank erosion processes in grazing lands. To help reduce these uncertainties a remote sensing study using high-resolution imagery estimated sediment contributions from cattle traffic on streambanks of a GBR river basin. Results suggest cattle ramps and ramp trails may contribute up to 50% of the modelled streambank sediment supply. Once a suitable delivery ratio is applied, this estimated supply may contribute up to 30% of the modelled fine sediment exported from the Fitzroy River Basin. These findings may also offer a plausible explanation for the first-flush of high sediment concentration observed early in flood hydrographs. Overall, the results could help identify what proportion of currently modelled subsoil erosion is generated by riparian cattle traffic. Future studies applying similar methods could provide useful initial estimates of streambank ramp erosion from grazing land use in other GBR river basins.

Революционный Китай в повести «Друг народа» Н. С. Тихонова

The study aims to determine the artistic concept of revolutionary China and the associated image of Sun Yat-sen in N. S. Tikhonov’s story “The Friend of the People” within the context of creative attitudes that the “Serapion brothers” had and A. M. Gorky’s view on the author’s writings. The research is novel in that it is the first to draw parallels between the images and motifs of “The Friend of the People” and the story “Mother”. N. S. Tikhonov connected the characters’ fates to the great river, imparted the image of the working people’s paramount leader with Christian traits and created the image of a broken-hearted mother. The attained results have shown that N. S. Tikhonov deviated both from the “Serapion brothers”, who valued candour, truth in literature, and from Gorky’s realism in depiction of the revolutionary movement and the people’s leader.

The Pace of Human-Induced Change in Large Rivers: Stresses, Resilience, and Vulnerability to Extreme Events

The world’s great rivers are threatened by a range of anthropogenic stresses—of which climate change is just one—that decrease resilience and increase vulnerability to extreme events. Future governance must recognize both the rate of change associated with these stressors and the potential for extreme events to transgress sustainability thresholds.

A travessia facilitada

O simples ato de atravessar um obstáculo urbano, nas grandes cidades brasileiras, exige um esforço desnecessário e traz riscos para os cidadãos. As grandes avenidas, rios, linhas férreas e outras grandes fissuras urbanas são parcamente atravessadas por pontes desenhadas exclusivamente para o trânsito motorizado, sem levar em conta o pedestre ou o ciclista. As estruturas dominantes são desprovidas de valores estéticos e drenam a identidade das cidades, subtraindo a qualidade da paisagem. Esse texto apresenta uma proposta de requalificação desses equipamentos.

The Patron of the Prairie

Research Article| May 01 2020 The Patron of the Prairie Brett Biebel Brett Biebel Brett Biebel teaches writing and literature at Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois. His (mostly very) short fiction has appeared or is forthcoming in Chautauqua, Masters Review, Great River Review, and elsewhere. He is currently working on a short-story collection dealing with football, masculinity, and the American Midwest. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google the minnesota review (2020) 2020 (94): 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1215/00265667-8128294 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Brett Biebel; The Patron of the Prairie. the minnesota review 1 May 2020; 2020 (94): 42–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00265667-8128294 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll Journalsthe minnesota review Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2020 Brett Biebel2020 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND ABUNDANCE OF AFRICAN BONYTONGUE (HETEROTIS NILOTICUS) IN GREAT KWA RIVER, NIGERIA

This study was conducted to evaluate some aspects of the reproductive biology of the African Bonytongue Heterotis niloticus from the Great Kwa River, Cross River State Nigeria with the view to encourage conservation and rational measures for sustainable management of the species. A total of 62 matured H. niloticus were sampled and their gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor, fecundity and egg diameter (mm) were studied in other to determine the spawning season of the fish. Gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index showed an inverse relationship during spawning seasons. Total length (TL-cm) ranged between 47.1 cm – 76.2 cm and total weight (TW – g) ranged between 4300g - 1169g with sex ratio of 1:1.2 (male: female) revealing a dominant female population. Fecundity ranged from 511 oocytes (48.4cm TL; 1.69 kg wt, 5.9g gonad weight) to 7822 oocytes (69.3cm TL, 3.11kg wt. 14.9g gonad weight). The regression equation derived from the scattered diagram in the relationship between fecundity and total weight, total length gonadosomatic index and length-weight is; F= 6.6231TW0.837, R2= 0.2456; F= 5.1112TL1.6367, R2= 0.1606; F= 10680GSI0.9276, R2= 0.6567; TW= 0.4072TL2.0987, R2= 0.7533, the relationship were significant (p < 0.05). Fecundity and ovary weight relationship showed a positive correlation coefficient of 1. The highest egg diameter (0.92±0.01) was recorded in May and other months with corresponding high gonadosomatic index performance to confirm spawning period. In view to encourage conservation by investigating measures for sustainable management of the species, this study observed that H. niloticus spawns throughout the year.
 Ikot, N. U. | Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, P.M.B.1115 Calabar, Nigeria

Mercury Export from Arctic Great Rivers.

Land-ocean linkages are strong across the circumpolar north, where the Arctic Ocean accounts for 1% of the global ocean volume and receives more than 10% of the global river discharge. Yet estimates of Arctic riverine mercury (Hg) export constrained from direct Hg measurements remain sparse. Here, we report results from a coordinated, year-round sampling program that focused on the six major Arctic rivers to establish a contemporary (2012-2017) benchmark of riverine Hg export. We determine that the six major Arctic rivers exported an average of 20 000 kg y-1 of total Hg (THg, all forms of Hg). Upscaled to the pan-Arctic, we estimate THg flux of 37 000 kg y-1. More than 90% of THg flux occurred during peak river discharge in spring and summer. Normalizing fluxes to watershed area (yield) reveals higher THg yields in regions where greater denudation likely enhances Hg mobilization. River discharge, suspended sediment, and dissolved organic carbon predicted THg concentration with moderate fidelity, while suspended sediment and water yields predicted THg yield with high fidelity. These findings establish a benchmark in the face of rapid Arctic warming and an intensifying hydrologic cycle, which will likely accelerate Hg cycling in tandem with changing inputs from thawing permafrost and industrial activity.

Capacity Building in the Congo Basin: Rich Resources Requiring Sustainable Development

The Congo Basin is a unique freshwater ecosystem supporting hundreds of millions of people and a crucial part of regulating Earth’s water cycle. Increasing international attention on its resource potential brings worrying pressures to this understudied region. Equitable collaboration is the key to understanding this complex, interconnected system and enabling its sustainable development.

Origin, evolution, and sedimentary records of islands in large anabranching tropical rivers: The case of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil

Anabranching patterns are characteristic of the largest rivers in the world. We have chosen to study the Paraná River because of its worldwide importance among the great rivers and the large database available from over four decades of research. In this paper, we present results on the classification, origin, evolutionary processes, and sedimentary records of islands that form anabranching patterns in the Upper Paraná River in Brazil. These islands are formed by in-channel processes that drive their evolution from central bar islands and by off-channel processes that form floodplain-excised island. Both types of islands can increase in area by the annexation of lateral bars, forming composite islands. The islands formed by floodplain excision are normally larger than the other types, with ages of up to 14.6 ka. The sedimentary records of these islands are relatively simple. Central bar islands present a lower lithosome comprising sandy channel deposits (Sp, St, Sm, and Sm(o) facies) that correspond to central and lateral bar formation, followed by a mud sequence (Fm, Fl, and Fm(o) facies) deposited by vertical accretion events during flood stages. Floodplain-excised islands have the same sedimentary sequence as the floodplain from which they were detached. The in-channel island-forming processes described in this paper may have been operating since the beginning of the Holocene. The understanding of island origin and evolution processes presented in this paper is fundamental to ecological and geomorphological studies, as in the sustainable management of large anabranching rivers.

On the complexities of sediment load modeling using integrative machine learning: Application of the great river of Loíza in Puerto Rico

Sediment transportation in water bodies may cause many problems for the water resources projects and damage the environment. Hence, modeling sediment load components, including suspended sediment load (SSL) and bedload (BL) in rivers is of prime importance. Effective modeling of SSL and BL remains a challenging task due to their complex hydrological process. On this account, this study aims to appraise the potential of conventional machine learning (ML) models including adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), support vector regression (SVR), and their integrative version with nature optimization algorithm called genetic algorithm (GA-ANFIS and GA-SVR) for SSL and BL prediction. Two traditional models are developed for modeling verification including the sediment rating curve (SRC) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The modeling results are assessed using four statistical measures (e.g., root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and coefficient of determination (R2)), diagnostic analysis (scatter plots and Taylor diagram), and evaluation of the dependence of the state of the river flow-sediment system (hysteresis analysis). Based on the attained predictability performance, the integrative ML models reveal a superior prediction capacity in comparison with the standalone ANFIS, SVR, and the traditional models. In quantitative evaluation, the proposed integrative ML models indicate a remarkable prediction enhancement approximately 44% mean magnitude based on the MAE metric against the SRC traditional model for both the SSL and BL predicted values. Overall, the current investigation evidences the potential of the nature-inspired algorithm as a hyper-parameter optimizer for ML models that produce a reliable and robust predictive model for sediment concentration quantification.

Livestock income and household welfare for communities adjacent to the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, South Africa

Conflicts in protected areas often result from contestations around benefit-sharing arrangements. Integrating biodiversity conservation and livelihood goals in protected areas can be aided by quantitative assessments of the contribution of surrounding land-use options and trade-offs between conservation and use. Using household surveys, this study examines the contribution of livestock income (cash and subsistence) to household welfare among livestock-owning households living adjacent to the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, South Africa. Across all households, livestock income contributed about 28% to total household income but the distribution of and dependence on livestock income varied across groups of people. Livestock income had little effect on income inequality but poverty incidence and depth were tied to livestock income especially for the poor and less-poor households. The potential livelihood and conservation benefits for increased support for livestock production are discussed, including how this could reduce conflict levels between conservation agencies and local communities and in a broader sense, improve the relationship between the state and its citizens.

Seasonal movements and habitat use of African buffalo in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania

BackgroundAssessing wildlife movements and habitat use is important for species conservation and management and can be informative for understanding population dynamics. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania has been declining, and little was known about the movement, habitat selection, and space use of the population, which is important for understanding possible reasons behind the decline. A total of 12 African buffalo cows from four different herds were collared with satellite transmitters. Movements were assessed over 2 years from 11 animals.ResultsThe space use of the individual collared buffaloes as an approximation of the 95% home range size estimated using Brownian bridge models, ranged from 73 to 601 km2. The estimated home ranges were larger in the wet season than in the dry season. With the exception of one buffalo all collared animals completed a wet season migration of varying distances. A consistent pattern of seasonal movement was observed with one herd, whereas the other herds did not behave the same way in the two wet seasons that they were tracked. Herd splitting and herd switching occurred on multiple occasions. Buffaloes strongly associated with habitats near the Great Ruaha River in the dry season and had little association to permanent water sources in the wet season. Daily movements averaged 4.6 km (standard deviation, SD = 2.6 km), with the longest distances traveled during November (mean 6.9 km, SD = 3.6 km) at the end of the dry season and beginning of the wet season. The shortest daily distances traveled occurred in the wet season in April–June (mean 3.6 km, SD = 1.6–1.8 km).ConclusionThe Great Ruaha River has experienced significant drying in the last decades due to water diversions upstream, which likely has reduced the suitable range for buffaloes. The loss of dry season habitat due to water scarcity has likely contributed to the population decline of the Ruaha buffaloes.

Preface

It is our pleasure to invite you to attend the 10th International Conference on Laser Applications (ICLA 10), which will be held in Cairo, EgyptFrom 23 November to 28 November 2019.ICLA is a biannual conference organized by the National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University. It will be an international gathering of researchers, scientists, professors, and students in the field of laser application sciences. The conference represents wide ranging topics covering the major streams of laser sciences and their applications in many fields namely, the environment, medicine, biology, industry, material science.… etc. ICLA 10 will offer opportunities to exchange scientific ideas and create networks between people from academia, industry and regulatory authorities as well as between young and established scientists and professionals. We will also cordially invite keynote lectures and ascending invited speakers to join the conference and share their updated research. ICLA 10 will have open oral presentations and lively poster sessions. We encourage the active participation of researchers and scientists who are interested in laser science and their applications. All the accepted abstracts will be published in the Conference book.We are confident that participants will benefit from the high-value scientific program. Beside the scientific event, it will be a great opportunity to visit Cairo, the 15th largest city in the world associated with ancient Egypt, as the famous pyramids and the ancient city of Memphis having a great River Nile as the longest river in the world. Cairo provides a beautiful location for the conference, as well as an exceptional climate. We are looking forward to welcoming you at NILES, Cairo University. Thank you

THE SILK ROUTE AND ITS REFLECTION ON KNOWLEDGE – SYNCRETISM AND IMAGES IN PAINTING AND ARCHITECTONIC FORMS IN MIDDLE-INNER ASIA A PARADIGM BEYOND SPACE AND TIME 13th – 15th CENTURIES AD

THE SILK ROUTE AND ITS REFLECTION ON KNOWLEDGE – SYNCRETISM AND IMAGES IN PAINTING AND ARCHITECTONIC FORMS IN MIDDLE-INNER ASIA A PARADIGM BEYOND SPACE AND TIME 13th – 15th CENTURIES AD

“The Universal Yankee Nation”: Proslavery Exploration in South America, 1850–1860*

Passed Midshipman Lardner Gibbon had just sat down to dinner when he found himself subject to an interrogation. As one of two U.S. naval officers conducting an exploring expedition of the Amazon River Valley, Gibbon had split off from his commander in Peru in July 1851 in order to survey the Bolivian tributaries of the great river.1 Now, during a lively supper at a private home in La Paz, Gibbon had planted himself right next to the “lady of the house.”2 He may have wished that he had sat elsewhere; his hostess expressed great interest in U.S. expansionism, peppering Gibbon with questions about the annexation of northern Mexico and his nation’s designs on Cuba. “Turning suddenly,” Gibbon remembered, “she looked up and said: ‘What are you doing here, Senor Gibbon; do you want Bolivia, also?’” Gibbon explained that his mission was solely to help the Bolivians find an easier route to foreign markets. Though his Bolivian companion “approved of the enterprise,” she ended the conversation by exclaiming that the “North Americans will some day govern the whole of South America!”3

Inter-Provincial Water Conflicts in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis

42 Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 43, No.2, Winter 2020 Inter-Provincial Water Conflicts in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis Adil Khan* Nazakat Awan** Introduction Human history is predominantly a history of wars and conflicts. These wars and conflicts were the outcome of unlimited desires of mankind to conquer and control the natural resources. Water remained one of these natural resources which caused a number of wars. Most of the great civilizations emerged and flourished around the great rivers like Sindh, Euphrates, Nile and Ganges etc. Water, which once was used for irrigation and domestic purpose only, with the passage of time, has become a very important component of industrial growth in the modern world. Production of different commodities requires the consumption of water also. ‘The scale of water consumption for producing different commodities is increasing with rapid industrial expansion. For example in order to produce one litter of petroleum, one container of vegetables, one kilogram of paper and one ton of woollen cloth, it is necessary to consume ten litters, forty litters, hundred litters and six hundred litters of water, respectively’1 .This exponential growth of water usage in addition to water scarcity due to a number of *Adil Khan. is serving as a lecturer in the Department of Pakistan Studies, Hazara University Mansehra He earned his PhD in Politics and International Relations from the International Islamic University, lamabad, Pakistan. His interests are democratization and Pakistani politics. **Nazakat Awan is a lecturer in the department of English, at Hazara University Mansehra. He is pursuing his PhD in linguistics from National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. his recent publication entitled ‘Hybridity and linguistic pluralism: a study of university academic discourse’ is published in Global Social Science Review, Islamabad, Pakistan. 1 Encyclopedia Britannica Macrop/Edia, (Chicago: Helen Hemming Way, 1973-74, Vol.: 19). 43 climatic factors has given birth to a range of new conflicts. These conflicts range from inter-state to intra-state conflicts. he history of water related conflicts in sub-continent predates partition of Indo-Pak. The first water related conflict in Western India, which now constitute Pakistan, emerged in the post-World War I period among Punjab, Sindh, Bhawalpur and Bekaner states over the water sharing mechanism of river Indus.2 The upper and lower riparian regions relied on different arguments to win more water share. The upper riparian, Punjab, demanded more share on the basis of its greater contribution to the overall economy, whereas, the lower riparian, Sindh, demanded this share on the basis of its greater needs. The conflict was ultimately managed by the British Government acting as neutral arbitrator and facilitating negotiations among the conflicting parties.3 Water related conflicts in the post partition period once again emerged not only at interstate level, between India and Pakistan, but also at the domestic intrastate level, among the federating units of Pakistan. The Indus Water Treaty (TWT) in 1960 to some extent resolved interstate conflict between India and Pakistan, but it gave birth to a new controversy in West Pakistan, at intrastate level, as Pakistan lost its right on the waters of three major rivers; Sutlej, Bias and Ravi, resulting in a great imbalance of demand and supply of water. This imbalance and the resulting conflict not only negatively affected the economic growth in Pakistan but it also had serious implications for the federal structure. This article explores the causes of inter-provincial water conflicts, critically analyzes the arguments posed by various federating units, evaluates the performance of various commissions formed over the period since independence to resolve these conflicts, and finally explores the implications of inter-provincial water conflicts for the federation of Pakistan. This paper is organized broadly into four sections. The first section includes discussion on overall demand of water in Pakistan and the volume available to satiate this demand. The second section is a critical analysis of the causes of inter-provincial water conflicts. The third section comprises debates on major water related issues and an evaluation of the performance of various commissions formed to address the water conflicts among federating units. The fourth and concluding section is an attempt to 2 Michal-Aloys Arthur (1967), The Indus...

Intercultural Philosophy and Intercultural Hermeneutics: A Response to Defoort, Wenning, and Marchal

Intercultural Philosophy and Intercultural Hermeneutics: A Response to Defoort, Wenning, and Marchal Eric S. Nelson (bio) I. Introduction Carine Defoort, Mario Wenning, and Kai Marchal offer three ways of engaging with Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought and the philosophical, hermeneutical, and historical issues it attempted to articulate and address.1 This work is historical with a contemporary philosophical intent: to reexamine a tumultuous contested epoch of philosophy’s past in order to reconsider its existing limitations and alternative possibilities. One dimension of this book is the investigation of constellations and entanglements of historical forces and concepts for the sake of articulating critical models and alternatives for the present.2 In the book, I contested the modern self-image of philosophy as exclusively and intrinsically Occidental by genealogically tracing how philosophy is already intercultural through a series of case studies focusing primarily on early twentieth-century German philosophy in its broader historical context. This critical genealogy of the intercultural conditions of the formation of modern philosophy is evidenced not only by considering “positive” influences and appropriations, as in Martin Buber, Martin Heidegger, or Georg Misch’s interpretation of Daoist sources such as the Zhuangzi 莊子 (chapters 4 and 5), but also in the constructions of the autonomy and purity of modern Western philosophy through its reactions against, and exclusion and subordi-nation of, its “non-Western” others (chapters 1, 5, and 6). The book does not represent a purely Western history or narrative insofar as I draw on a variety of argumentational and hermeneutical strategies from Chinese and other discourses to reverse and transform Western prejudices and perspectives. Two important examples of contesting and transforming Western perspectives in the text can be mentioned here. First, I examine the Confucian analysis of resentment in chapter 3 in response to the identification of the Chinese people and Chinese thought with resentment. The Confucian discourse in many ways offers a more nuanced and systematic analysis of the moral psychology of resentment than Western philosophical analyses. Second, in chapter 5, I draw inspiration from the Zhuangzi, and Misch’s interpretation, in pursuing a strategy of undermining and undoing fixations by exposing the limitations of false claims to truth and universality through a [End Page 247] series of historical examples focused on early twentieth-century interactions between Chinese and German thought.3 “The Autumn Floods” (Qiushui 秋水) chapter of the Zhuangzi, which fascinated Misch as an image of “breakthrough” (Durchbruch) and breaking-out from an unreflective natural attitude, depicts how the great river is shocked by its own smallness when entering the sea. The second passage of Qiushui speaks of the frog in the well that cannot glimpse or comprehend anything beyond its limited perspective.4 Leaping out of one’s well is challenging if not impossible. While the ethnocentric skeptic can deny that a genuine leap outside the well and change of perspective has ever occurred, we can ask how he/she knows it has not occurred. Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought was composed as a philosophical history in which we ourselves are participating. It is a deeply hermeneutical project insofar as it calls on its author and readers to practice what it analyzes (undoing fixations) and reflect on itself as part of its object of inquiry (the current polycultural hermeneutical situation). II. Decolonizing Philosophy, Modernity, and the Lifeworld The hegemonic idea of philosophy as disinterested theory, pure reason, and rigorous science, progressing from its presumed ancient Greek origins to Western modernity, is a derivative development of this history. The teleological narrative of the philosophy of history was constructed not only by prominent canonical thinkers such as Hegel and Husserl, who are frequent targets of multicultural criticism, but in the submerged sedimented discourses from which they emerged. Well-intentioned multicultural philosophers miss an important point in the debate when they argue that it is only an issue of the particularities of Western vis-à-vis “non-Western” cultures, since the most hegemonic discourses of the primacy of the West do not directly appeal to race or premodern Western cultures. It is the idea of Western modernity and Occidental rationalization that deadlocks debates about Eurocentrism and multiculturalism inside and...