Great Epic Research Articles

Paradox of Wars in Indian Writings: Traversing The Unintended Path to Peace

This paper is an exploration as to why wars become significant and important through historical journey to present times. Events that happened in the deepest of deep pasts continue to fascinate and attract humanity from around the globe. Continuous interpretations and re interpretations of the great Epics and other revered Indian texts have helped in preserving both the religious and cultural identity of not only the great Indian Sub Continent but the whole region that comes under South Asia. Wars under discussion are more than physical confrontations. Be it cosmic or human warfare, it serves to emphasize upon the inter connectedness that exists between the material realm and the spiritual one. Wars have cathartic effect on individuals. Examples of this can be seen in literary texts, historical texts and those penned down by great philosophers. These transformative events bring psychological release for individuals. There is emotional purification both at individual and collective level of societies. Aristotle says that, “Tragedy is an imitation of a serious and complete action, having magnitude, which through pity and fear bring about a catharsis of such emotions”. Catharsis comes with different explanations. The events arousing ‘cathartic’ effect mean that they are fully clarified for their role as being essential and with universal significance. The narrators of tragic events are probably meant to make readers move from particular to the general by making ‘reader spectator’ come face to face with what is known as the ‘universal law’.

Ways to Form a Literary Reputation: F.G. Klopstock in Russia in the 19th Century

The given article is devoted to the reconstruction of the apologetic literary reputation of F.G. Klopstock. Klopstock is a canonical author in the history of literature; his work has not received due attention in Russia. Literary reputation is a multidimensional phenomenon. It develops under the influence of various factors and can be the result of random circumstances. Klopstock is a great sentimentalist and epicist; his work is included in the curriculum of educational institutions of the 19th century. But there are almost no translations into Russian. Serious studies of the works of the German poet in Russia were created only in the 20th century. This article is based on the fundamental works of N.I. Rozanov and I.A. Reitblat and analyzes the paradoxical nature of Klopstock’s literary reputation. The image of the poet, discreetly outlined by N.M. Karamzin acquires the features of a saint under the pen of subsequent critics. A review of translated critical reviews of Klopstock shows ways of distorting the original. Klopstock is deliberately described as an ideal pious poet. The article describes the beginning of the formation of Klopstock's literary reputation: the most important stage that influenced the German poet's entry into the reading circle of a cultured person in Russia in the 19th century. Consistent attempts to place Klopstock within the convenient framework of great epics lead to peculiar results: Klopstock enters the circle of compulsory educational reading and at the same time disappears from the field of view of literary scholars. Until the mid-twentieth century, Klopstock remained a canonical literary name without due attention from researchers.

THE ROLE OF PROFESSOR MAMATQUL JO'RAEV IN COLLECTION AND STUDY OF WEDDING SONGS

Folk art is a priceless, inexhaustible spiritual treasure! Various genres, including proverbs and riddles, praise and cursing, great epics, children's folklore, ritual folklore, etc., which are included in this treasure, are of great value to the representatives of the field of the field. In particular, the effective work of the folklorist scientist Mamatqul Joraev, who dedicated his life to the study of the masterpieces of artistic thinking, immortal traditions, rich heritage of our ancestors, further development of the science of Uzbek folklore, and the work of educating a mature generation on this basis, is worthy of recognition. In this article, the scientist's research on the collection and study of wedding songs, their relevance, novelty, theoretical and practical importance are expressed.

Wall Painting of Pujari Math of Bhaktapur: An Exploration

Historical evidences prove that painting is considered as the mother of all other forms of art and crafts. While artists start to sculpture the icon and any art objects, very first, they sketch the drawing of concerning deities and specimens, therefore, a painting is said to be the mother of all other sculpture arts. Therefore, the history of creation of painting is older than other forms of arts. On the basis of creating materials, mediums, instruments, technologies, and nature, painting can be classified into three different forms such as fresco, miniature and painted scroll. This article has analyzed the fresco painting of Pujari Math of Bhaktapur. This is an example of polychrome painting which displays an excellent craftsmanship of the artist. Through the perspectives of religion, culture, social values, art skill and technology this art object is known as the representative fresco paintings of Nepal which reveals the fine handiworks of the artists of the medieval period. In painting where people can observe several secular and religious figures of deities and social events associated with the myths of religious scriptures especially Ramayan and Mahabharata the great epics of Hindu. Despite all its amusing qualities, unfortunately, this painting is still not properly considering as the subject of research and study. It is its academic problem and research gaps as well. Thus, raising the research questions such as what types of paintings are painted on the walls and beams of Pujari Math? Why the painting of Pujari Math is considered wonderful work of art? And what are the major features of the painting of Pujari Math? Likewise, this paper fulfills the certain specific objectives such as to examine the paintings of Pujari Math; to explore the significance of the work of art and to analyze the major features of the fresco paintings. It is qualitative research based on primary data and secondary information. Primary data have been obtained from the field using observation and interview method whereas the required secondary information has been collected from different reliable literatures such as journals, documents, books, published and unpublished relevant reports. Thus, for fulfilling the research gaps and problems this paper has been prepared.

History of Handloom Industry in Assam with special reference to Sualkuchi

The Handloom Industry plays a vital role in the socio – economic structure of Assam in terms of providing employment and production of clothes. At the same time preserve and propagate the rich cultural heritage of Assam. Weaving in Assam is as old as human civilization itself and the art of weaving are being passed from one generation to the next. The existence of high-quality weaving skill and production of fine textiles is well documented in great epics like Mahabharata and ancient treatise like Arthashastra1of Kautilya (Choudhry, 1987). Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang also gives rich description of existence of high-quality weaving products and their general liking of the Royal family and the nobility. Writing is the early 19th century, before the British annexed Assam, Francis Hamilton2 has given an accurate account of the state of weaving in Assam (Sarma, 2012). This Industry was directly patronized by the state, so much so that queens established weaving schools in the palace, to teach the art of weaving to the daughters of the noble widows and other female members of the household of executed prisoners were also employed by the art for spinning and weaving as a means of subsistence. The neo – vaishnavite movement of the Shri Sankardev was an equally potent force in the development in the art of weaving, especially of figured cloth. After annexation of Assam by the British3, the Handloom industry declined rapidly particularly in cities. Another British policy of de – industrialization of Assam, instead of export of cotton clothes and silk products, Assam became export of raw cotton and cocoon to fuel the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Despite, dwindling of textile weaving like all other arts with the fall of the Ahom rule, it never became extinct as many other branches of Assamese art. It is still a living art as much in demand as it had been in the medieval period (Goswami, 2012)

Exploring T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land as a Pre-postmodern Text

Despite being a groundbreaking literary work of Modernism, T.S. Eliot’s poem The Waste Land heralds the new era of Postmodernism that officially begins almost two decades after its publication. Although Eliot is one of the best representatives of modernist poets, his major work The Waste Land foreshadows some postmodern techniques and concepts. A seminal modernist poem of 1922, it can also be read as a postmodernist poem in the making. The present paper analyses some postmodern elements in The Waste Land and finds it a great epic of pre postmodernist thoughts. Its intertextuality, fragmentation, discontinuity in narrative structure, and deconstruction of meaning put The Waste Land closer to postmodernism.

Mythological Tales of Two Lands: India and Greece

Both India and Greece have a lot of mythological tales and many characters show a resemblance. The great epic of Mahabharata and Ramayana has a lot of character. Both Myth and Tales of the land have moulded mankind and society throughout the ages. The three Gods of Hinduism, namely Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh represent a trilogy. Zeus the God in Greece is most revered. This paper finds out the similarity between the Gods of Hinduism (India) and the Gods of Greece. Mythological tales were inserted in the lineage of dynasties in different periods by different people at various regional locations. They all have become voluminous and have contributed to shaping the tales of the land.

Role of Translation and Impact on Indian Literature


 
 
 
 Translation is an age-old activity which occupied a part of all regional literatures since the past. The retracement can be traced to the times of the great epics as The Ramayana and The Mahabharata. India has been a multilinguistic, polyglot nation with translations from Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali into many regional languages. Translation brings to the readers not just the meaning and context but also the cultural, social, philosophical, and psychological truths inherent in those texts and their transfer to the new language into which the text is translated. The present article attempts to reveal a few facets of Indian translations in literature and its impact on readers. This paper also focuses on the nature of translation by Indians done using translation as a tool of transformation of literature contributing to the language pantheon.
 
 
 

Epic of Manas is the Eternal Great Heritage of the Kyrgyz People

The subject of this article is the Epic of Manas, which is the eternal heritage of the Kyrgyz people. The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the application of the values of the Epic of Manas in the education of modern youth, the formation of intellectual, spiritual and vocabulary through the study of Kyrgyz culture, ethnography, ethnopedagogy, reflected in this epic. The article consists of three informational parts pointing to the historical value of the epic, its place in the modern world and its role in the upbringing and educational process. The article mentions the value of the epic by many historical figures, thinkers, philosophers and scientists, gives an approximate definition and interpretation of the word Manas from the Theosophical Dictionary. The authenticity of the personality of Manas is being discussed, scientists indicate the reasons and grounds for the origin of the epic from ancient times to the 19th century. Some scientists indicate the reasons for the emergence of the Epic of Manas, as one of the greatest phenomena of the oral story of the epic, passed from mouth to mouth and the incredible ability of a person to remember such a huge amount of information, which in truth many scientists consider an ocean of knowledge. From which you can extract so much information that is considered relevant in various fields of knowledge to this day. It is indicated, however, that many traditions from that time have been preserved and are still used, which is one of the cultural heritages of the Kyrgyz. In preparing the article, analytical and scientific methods of generalization and comparison of studies were used. The place of our great epic in world literature was also considered. The Epic of Manas talks about the preservation and upbringing of our valuable heritage. The scientific results of the article will be presented in secondary schools and universities.

Concept of the 'Ideal Woman': A Critical Study Through The Female Characters of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's The Forest of Enchantments

In Indian mythology there have been several female characters, whohave played prominent roles. They were women who had sacrificedgreatly to be idealized. An ideal woman is the one who is a perfectdaughter, following her parents' wishes; a perfect wife, obeying andfollowing her husband; a perfect mother, looking after her children.Throughout her life she hardly questions the oppression she suffered.She is the upholder of “culture” and its preservation is her duty andmakes sure that her daughter and daughter-in-law learn it from her. Inthe great epic, Ramayana, we come across several women characterswho are considered as ideal woman, good, meek, long suffering andbearing everything silently. However, in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's“The Forest of Enchantment” we see Sita in a different light and alsoother sides of an ideal woman. Although she suffers throughout thenovel but she has a voice and firmly puts her thoughts. The novelistsuccessfully brings new meaning to the concept of an ideal woman.

Virtues that the arts express in Aimperum Kaapiyankal (The Five Epics)

Among the aspects of life that are in harmony with the nature that surrounds man, it is the arts and the elements of art that delight the mind, support and delight in being happy, and are greatly desired. In the knowledge mixed with the consciousness inculcated by nature, with the aim of examining everything, some are complex, counterintuitive, and can create contradictions in life. To beautify all of this, to make them aesthetic, to be aware, and to develop positive thinking, the elements of the art form the basis for developing positive thinking, and the ethical ideas contained in it are actionable. Without ethical considerations, literature would be of no use. Even if literature is created with the aim of a work of art, the messages contained in them should be alive and contain good moral ideas. In ancient times, virtues and morals were established by preserving the arts from perishing. People in society were afraid of untrue events. The arts created such fear. The purpose of this article is to examine the virtues of the arts in Aimperum Kaapiyankal, the five great epics.

Contribution of Rabindranath as a follower of Sanskrit education

The aim of education, as Rabindranath Tagore sees it, is to give a sense of one's identity as a total man and to bring education in harmony with life. He believed that self-realization was the goal of education. A total man is the one who thinks of himself first and foremost as human being. Rabindranath was conscious of the educational environment of Asrama, learning from the dramas of Kalidasa and verses of Upanishadas, Vedas, Gita and its impact on the overall mental and spiritual development of students though restricted to privileged sections of society only. Rabindranath was highly influenced by the basic principles and structure of thought rooted to Upanishadas and Gita specifically as true essence bearer of three fundamental principles. The first principle states the importance of wisdom in controlling senses by overcoming egoistic ignorance to achieve self-purification of inner soul. The second principle is to achieve a sense of identity with the universe. The third principle is to see God in one’s own self. The personal experience of universal consciousness and of God is made possible by the combination of three processes namely Salutation and Submission, Integration and Service and Execution. According to Rabindranath, Education is a process for growth of mind and soul, establishing a community of spirit with man and nature. This educational process must aspire for the entry into the vast universal life and seek their fulfilment and rewards in its experiences. The Education is a process of self-purification for the pupil through the application of three principles namely freedom, inclusiveness and universalization. Rabindranath, born into family of a rich and intellectuals, though not having any formal education, but had undergone through Vedic literature like Upanishada, Puranas, Great epics etc., classic Sanskrit literature under the watchful eyes of Debendranath Tagore. His deep appreciation of Sanskrit literary works is reflected in his work of criticism, entitled “Prachin Sahitya”. His building of educational institutions like Santiniketan and Viswabhararti reflects this ideology only. According to Rabindranath, the Gayatri mantra appears to signify the identity of the person in sync with nature and universe. The Upanishadas also have left a binding impression over the poet reflected in some of his works. The great epics Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Puranic literature, Dharmashastra all have seemed to enter his soul. The poet is indebted to classical Sanskrit literature specially Kalidasa in terms of concepts of dualism.

Values in ‘Perunkathai’ Family System

In the world of Tamil poetry, Perunkathai is held in equal esteem with the five great epics. The original text of Perunkathai was written by Gunadithiyar in the Paisasam language, a vernacular dialect of Prakrit, in the name of Pragatatha. After that, it was written in Sanskrit under the name Prigathkathai by a Ganga king named Durvineethan in the fifth or sixth century AD. Konguvelir wrote it in Tamil under the name of Udhayanan Kathai. He is considered to belong to the Velalar class of Kongu Country. This book, which was written in the seventh century AD by Konguvelir, is also known as Udhayanan Kathai, Konguvel Maakathai, and Perunkathai. This epic poem is composed by focusing on the lives of the kings. The grammar, literature, and epics of the Tamil language are all written with the aim of making the readers refined and virtuous. The aim of this book is that man should live a long time with perfect human nature. A family is a system in which one has children and lives together. This system undergoes many changes from time to time. Family structure is determined based on occupation, job, preference, need, etc. They classify family systems as joint family systems where grandfather, grandmother, paternal aunt, maternal uncle, elder paternal uncle, elder maternal aunt, younger maternal aunt, younger paternal father, grandson, granddaughter, etc., live together and classify them as single family systems where mother, father, and child live together. No matter what the system is, the family system will gain specialness and value only if it accepts the personal feelings, desires, needs, obligations, and duties of each individual. Many changes occur in human characteristics according to the living conditions of the changing and growing living conditions of people. The purpose of this article is to highlight the family values that are mentioned in the story in order to properly refine these changes and make us live in a good way.

A Study on Kadha Kalam – A Retelling of the Mahabharatham

The retelling of great epics has been a great success in recent times both at the international and national levels. Retelling is a technique that authors use to present their offbeat perspective on the great epics or characters of the epics. It gives novel dimensions, raises eccentric questions and voices for the voiceless and suppressed characters of the epics. Ramayana and Mahabharatham are the two famous Indian epics that have been retold in many Indian languages by many authors of different times. One of such retellings is Katha Kalam by Devakanthan written in the Tamil language, which sheds a different light on the story of Mahabharatha. The author tries to give possible explanations for the mythical attributes and incidents described in the epic. This article analyzes the novel through psychological and feminist lenses.

MYTHOLOGY IN THE MIRROR: THE NON-FICTIONAL APPROACH IN DEVDUTT PATTANAIK’S MYTHOLOGICAL RETELLINGS

Mythology is formed by the set of stories and beliefs, relatively cohesive, to which people have traditionally attributed their origin and the cause of everything that happens around them. Therefore, we can affirm that mythology has the power to influence culture's worldview and belief system. For a better understanding of a region's socio-cultural condition, it becomes crucial to examine popular mythological texts. Among contemporary mythologists, there has been an increase in retelling ancient myths from a new perspective. The paper examines Devdutt Pattanaik's non-fictional attempt to revise classical Indian epics. In process, it reveals to the reader the challenges associated with paradigms that have dominated Indian thought for centuries. Two well-known retellings of Devdutt Pattanaik: Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of Mahabharata (2010) and Sita: An Illustrated Retelling of Ramayana (2013) have been analyzed to explore the new feminine perspective in mythological retellings of the two great epics of India: TheRamayana and TheMahabharata. It is a qualitative research which follows the exploratory research design. MLA seventh edition style has been used for referencing and citation.

Administration in Ancient Assam: Special Reference to Inscriptional Evidence

Ancient Assam history roughly covers the period from the days of the epics to the early part of thirteenth century. Assam is a part of the country known in ancient period as a Pragjyotisha. By this name the country was known in the great epics, The Mahabharata and The Ramayana as well as in some of the principles puranas. In early period authentic political history of course may be said to have begun from the middle of the fourth century AD. The reconstruction of ancient Assam history is a difficult work, mainly because of the lack in pure and reliable historical materials. During the time of pre historic analysis neoliths played a very important rule to re-establish and restore the lost history of the period. Even for the historical period of study a few existing or local inscriptions and small architectural remains and scattered literary documents as source of information.

Goethe’s Faust II: The Redemption of an Enlightened Despot

ABSTRACT Faust, a cosmic drama with epic qualities, is the great epic of the Enlightenment. It turns on the problem of theodicy or vindicating divine goodness. Does Faust, in view of his crimes, deserve to be saved? In particular, the deaths of Philemon and Baucis, victims of the engineering works carried out in Faust II, Act v, have been condemned by critics, as has Faust’s project of founding a free society. In reply, it is argued that Faust is modelled on Enlightenment despots who engaged in land reclamation, often at human cost, for their subjects’ ultimate betterment. Faust’s ascent to heaven does not imply his exoneration, but initiates a process of purification, for which Goethe was indebted to the theologian Origen mediated via Gottfried Arnold.

POETICS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN THE EARLY PROSE OF STEPAN PROTSYUK

The article is dedicated tothe poetics of psychoanalysis in the early prose works of S. Protsyuk. The system of psychoanalytic codes in the collections of novels and short stories “The Gallows for Tenderness”and “Seraphimsand Misanthropes”consists of categories of destruction, immorality, neurosis, conflict, fear, the presence of which allows to interpret the early prose of Ukrainian writers by psychological works. It is revealed that S. Protsyuk’s early prose works significantly influenced the formation of the author’s unique poetics and style, built on the principles of psychoanalysis in his great epic (“Infection”, “Totem”, “Sacrifice”, “Doll Destruction”, “Fingers between the sand”etc.). It is investigated that psychoanalytic constructs in the collections “Gallows for Tenderness”and “Seraphimsand Misanthropes”are not presented systematically and quite heterogeneously, which indicates the process of development and formation of the author’s style. Techniques of self-knowledge, self-copying, insight, self-criticism and honesty with oneself are naturally reinforced by complex categories of fear, insecurity, destruction, immorality, despair, psychosis, neurosis, perverted fantasies and suicidal thoughts of early epic characters. Psychoanalytic typification of characters is facilitated by the introduction into the structure of the text of psychiatric terms that form thebackground of psychoanalysis, motivating some of the actions of the characters in the works. S. Protsyuk’s early work is marked by anti-imperial motives as one of the basic factors in the formation of dissatisfaction, resistance, unconscious resistance and resistance to the system, devaluation of social values and more. Psychoanalytic sounding in the works is acquired by neurotic love (“Gallows for Tenderness”), undivided love (“Drop of Beresh”), mental and psychological vicissitudes of the participants of the love triangle (“Red Rose”, “Black Rose”), “Self-destruction and Monologues”). Psychoanalytic constructs of novels form a new type of hero in the literature of the late XX–early XXI centuries the writer skillfully characterizes the mental organization of a number of psychoanalytic tools, techniques and tools.

Saivite Sects Depicted in the Periyapuranam

Among the Thirumuraikal texts considered excellence for Hindu religious people, the twelfth Thirumuraikal text recited by Sekkizhaar called Periyapurananm emerged in the Chola period. This literature isextoled by Cholars as the world common text and great epic. In the Periyapuranam where the history of Siva’s disciples is excellently described and the accounts about saivite sects which hold Siva as a complete whole is also mentioned The objective of this study is to find out the quality of savite texts depicting mode and revealing the same . This study will be undertaken on the basis of descriptive methodology. Sekkizhaar’s Periyapuram has been used as source text for this study. Religion, Although many sects may have appeared, in the Saiva religion Pasupatham,Kabaligam, kalamugam, Maviratham, Vamam Pairavamand those who follow such religious sects those follow such sects luxurious emergence, life method, methods of worshipping are being brought outin this study.

Musical Passages Found in Classical Literature

Music is a very soft and subtle sound that cools the ears and soothes the soul. Ancient scholars have concluded that Tamil is a musical and musical drama. Music raises a wide variety of melodies from its instruments and instruments by the magnificence of the people. The classification system is still not found in any other language. Although there is no one who does not know the nature and differences of music in general and does not like music in general. Thiruvalluvar has concocted the idea that music and musical instruments existed among the Tamils even before the Sangam literature, even though the Sangam literature is a testament to the spread of music in Tamil. One of the great epics of Sangam literature, Tolkappiyam, Silappathikaram also contains many stories about Tamil music. The music now spreads from the educated to the palmer. Thus this article suggests that the place of music in literature is enormous.