Great Discoveries Research Articles

Regulars - Columnist: The Eccentric Engineer. Discovery - A man whose great discoveries proved to be ahead of their time

Regulars - Columnist: The Eccentric Engineer. Discovery - A man whose great discoveries proved to be ahead of their time

歴史的大発見：東北沖太平洋超深海底の爆裂火口（マール）

歴史的大発見：東北沖太平洋超深海底の爆裂火口（マール）

«MУҲОКАМАТ УЛ-ЛУҒАТАЙН» ҚЎЛЁЗМАЛАРИНИНГ ЧОҒИШТИРМА ТАҲЛИЛИ ВА АСАР ВАРИАНТЛИЛИГИ МАСАЛАСИ

Muhokamat ul-lug‘atayn is a great discovery of Alisher Navoi in linguistics. In this work, he began the field of typological study of languages in world linguistics by comparing languages belonging to different families. In the play, Navoi highlighted the lexical-stylistic, phono-stylistic, morpho-stylistic aspects of the old Uzbek language, the poetic possibilities in fiction, as well as its linguocultural, linguocognitive features.

The Future of Nephrology and Public Health.

The study of kidney diseases has been described since the Hippocratic era, but nephrology as a medical specialty dates from the mid-20th century. Despite all interesting aspects of nephrology, there is a lack of interest by young physicians for the specialty worldwide. Great discoveries have been made throughout the years, leading to great achievements in diagnosis, classification, and treatment of kidney diseases. There is a current interest in the search for novel biomarkers for early detection of kidney dysfunction, and, in the future, there will be novel diagnostic tests for kidney diseases. There have been significant improvements in dialysis and transplant techniques, and novel modalities are being studied, including new renal replacement therapy modalities, such as the wearable artificial kidney. Another trend in the contemporary world, and one that should increase in the future, is the increasing patient connectivity, using novel technologies that will allow access to healthcare and improve outcomes.

Preface from the Editors

It is our privilege to present the proceedings of the three days online conference entitled “International Conference on Integrated Interdisciplinary Innovations in Engineering (ICIIIE 2020)” , which was held at the University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India from 28 to 30 August 2020. The subject was chosen keeping in view the need of new materials for advanced applications in health care, sensors and devices. Many great discoveries are the result of convergence of various scientific and engineering fields. Interdisciplinary integrated innovations have resulted in numerous advanced products. This conference provided a forum for researchers from different scientific and engineering fields to deliberate and collaborate at national and international level for translating research into useful advanced products to make human life better.The conference was sponsored by Technical Education Quality Improvement Program III (TEQIP III) of MHRD, Government of India assisted by World Bank and Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi. The conference technical program was enriched with ten plenary talks, twelve invited talks, eight short invited talks and 200 oral/poster presentations. This conference provided an opportunity for in-depth technical discussions and exchange of innovative ideas on a wide range of topics to explore the potential of their applications in industry and society. Moreover, young researchers were exposed to emerging trends and areas of research that have significant technical and scientific importance.List of Editors are available in this pdf.

120 ЛЕТ ГЕНЕТИКЕ - ИЗ ИСТОРИИ НАУКИ И ЕЕ РОЛИ ВО ВСЕОБЩЕМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ

Significance. The recent anniversary - the 120th anniversary of genetics - symbolizes importance of science in all spheres of both natural science and humanitarian knowledge. Many health problems in Russia and abroad, including infections (SARS-CoV-2 virus), hereditary, multifactorial diseases, congenital malformations, ecological factors have genetic background. Knowledge of the basics of genetics helps to understand the role of genetic information in the implementation of phenotypic features of the human body with the participation of environmental factors to assess their positive or negative role in health formation and development. Purpose. a) To attract attention of all participants of the educational process to aspects of genetics in connection with problems of demographic situation and health in Russia to learn the basics of health; b) To evaluate temporal regulations related to teaching genetics in the system of the existing educational standards (FSES) in both secondary schools, colleges and high schools as insufficient and not meeting needs of the society and learners in understanding the personalized medicine and health basics; c) To substantiate necessity of studying genetics in connection with the human body and biota in the 21st century. Material for this article served scientific databases: eLibrary, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Results. The rationale of studying genetics by all participants of the Russian education at all levels was substantiated. An excursus into history of genetics was carried out to review its formation stages and recognize achievements of the domestic scientists - their contribution into creation of the science bases and its great discoveries. The need for genetic information for developing knowledge about origins of health and causes of its possible problems was pointed out and the role of methods of gene diagnostics, gene correction in preventing hereditary diseases and congenital defects was emphasized. Conclusion. The genetic component in the system of the Russian education should become universal in the cognitive model of "Nature-Man-Society". This knowledge provides basis for understanding and managing health. Genetics explores mysteries of the past, diagnoses problems of the present (health - disease) and predicts the future. For many the engine in mastering the basics of genetics will be a future profession (medicine, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, ecology, veterinary medicine, botany), but absolutely for everyone will be relevant to the study of their "self" for self-discovery of their roots, their future and conditions of their lives.

ЮЖНЫЙ ОКЕАН - СУРОВАЯ МОРСКАЯ ОКРЕСТНОСТЬ ЛЕДЯНОГО КОНТИНЕНТА

The latest in a series of Great Geographical Discoveries was the finding of a southern ice continent in 1820. It was long expected, but very late for different reasons. Among the main ones are the physical and geographical characteristics of the Southern Polar Region of the Earth, which was discovered much earlier than the Northern one. Geographers and sailors, confident in the polar symmetry of the planet's surface, found it difficult to imagine the location of the still unknown continent so close to the South Pole. In addition, the vast belt of water and ice in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica was (and still is) a serious obstacle to safe navigation. Other reasons were the results of James Cook's Second circumnavigation of the world in 1772­1775 to search for the Southern Mainland. In 1773, Captain D. Cook on the ship Resolution for the first time crossed the Southern Arctic Circle and reached 71° s. s. He considered the voyage in the Southern Ocean quite successful: the Southern hemisphere was sufficiently explored and the search for the Southern continent was put to an end. The authority of the English navigator was so high that nobody tried to refute his opinion for almost half a century. It required not only the courage of scientific foresight, but also the power of a state with a developed shipbuilding industry, skilled sailors and experience of long successful voyages in the World's oceans. At the beginning of the XIX century, Russia having the status of the Ocean Power possessed all this. According to the plan of the Russian Navy Department, the Russian Antarctic Expedition of 1819–1821 was aimed at implementation of scientific exploration in the least studied and most inaccessible high latitudes of the Southern Ocean. One of the participants in the preparation of the expedition, Captain Irank I.F.Krusenstern, wrote that this expedition for exploring the countries around the South Pole with greater accuracy than how much is known about them to this day.... In search of Antarctica, the naval sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” had to cross the roaring forties and furious fiſties of the southern latitudes and overcome the belt of driſting icebergs and polar ices.

Universal values and spiritual growth in the process of globalization

The article discusses the dialectic of national and universal values in the context of globalization in today's world. Some recommendations are given based on the nature of the topic. The limitation of universal values in space and time is relative. Just as human culture and civilization are a single phenomenon, so is the world. All civilizations in the world are integral parts of a single human spiritual wealth. This means that if great scientific and technological discoveries are national and do not become the wealth of mankind, they will not receive enough attention and will not be applied worldwide. By universal value, we mean a system of values that is important for social development. These values have been created by all nations in the process of world historical development. The limitation of universal values in space and time is relative.

The Great Commission, Papal Bulls and the Doctrine of Discovery: from the 4th Century to Current Law

When we study Canada's Indian Residential Schools, we frequently hear words reconciliation, of discovery and What we do not hear is the great commission. This paper traces history of great commission, papal bulls and doctrine of discovery. The purpose is to continue a study into what caused Indian Residential Schools to come into existence. The first paper in this study was The Deep History of White Supremacist Laws and Canada’s Indian Residential Schools: Agriculture, Civilization, Great Chain of Being and Great (March 16, 2021). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3805447 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3805447 The current paper expands on history of Great Commission: idea that Christianity is one true religion, that Catholic Church has universal authority over all humans, that Christians are compelled by God to treat every non-Christian either as a potential convert or someone who should be killed. In my view, Great Chain of Being and Great Commission are irreconcilable with reconciliation between Christians and indigenous peoples. This paper traces history of papal bulls that purported to give indigenous lands to Christians monarchs. This paper notes that purported objective of of discovery was to prevent Christian monarchs from going to war against each other over discovered lands once pope had declared which Christian monarch had right to spread Christianity in those lands. This paper examines history of how of discovery was a complete failure. Christian monarchs constantly ignored papal bulls and constantly went to war against each other for discovered lands. Further, not only were papal bulls about Great Commission and discovery, they were primarily about white supremacy and enslavement of Africans and indigenous peoples. It is a grave mistake to use vocabulary of invaders (doctrine of discovery) instead of more accurate vocabulary of what was really going on: white supremacy. Do not exaggerate importance of of discovery and related papal bulls. If they ever did have influence, their power over Christian monarchs ended in 15th century.

Multi-Technique Characterization and Conservation of an Ancient Egyptian Fabric from King Khufu First Solar Ship

Textiles are among the most fragile artefacts in the world. They are difficult to preserve even in the best circumstances. Herein, we studied an artefacts fabric of a special nature in terms of usage. Despite the multiple applications of textiles, the piece understudy is one of the unique pieces that the ancient Egyptian used as fenders for King Khufu’s first solar boat, the second-largest discovery in Egypt history. The boat was discovered inside a limestone pit. It was disassembled and arranged in several layers. Four pillows of wrapped fabric were found in the first layer, which was used as boat fenders. This use is a great discovery of the role of textiles in the manufacture of ancient boats. Thus, we conducted tests and analytical studies of those fenders using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an optical microscope to identify the type and nature of fibers, spinning method, and aspects of damage. Both energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and infrared analysis (FT-IR) were employed to explore the sample’s elemental content and study the functional groups of the fabric. These analytical processes were useful in carrying out the restoration and preservation work necessary for the artefact under study.

The bright side of the Covid war

Background: The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic are comparable to a medium-size war with 2 million victims and hundreds of millions of people unemployed. The shock of the pandemic has inevitably led to radical solutions, e.g., biotechnology advances occurred in 6–8 months instead of 5 years or more. During the last 20 years, in spite of spectacular innovations, developed countries did not really change how they offer services and produce goods; rather, they created extremely rich multinational monopolies.
 Research purpose: The main purpose is to look at the post-Covid-19 world economy. We discuss rather positively different aspects of the post-pandemic reality, especially the accelerated technological progress and innovations pushed by the social and economic crisis, unemployment, and the huge losses of human lives during the pandemic. Pfizer and Moderna have developed a Covid-19 vaccine in months instead of years.
 Methods: An academic synthesis of the multitude of reliable data sources. A multidisciplinary overview from the point of view of macroeconomics, political science, and sociology.
 Conclusions: We are witnessing the birth of great innovations to treat diseases and to “grow” meat. There are driverless taxis, the best AI natural language algorithm to date, and a significant drop in the prices of renewable energy. In other words, in the dark days of Covid-19, we can see on the horizon a new era of great discoveries leading to faster economic and social development

ГЕНИЙ ПО МЕХАНИКЕ И «ОТЕЦ РОБОТОТЕХНИКИ» АЛЬ-ДЖАЗАРИ

In the article, the great Turkish scientist, engineer, genius mechanical engineer and "robot technician" Al-Ghazi forgotten unfairly contributed to world science. It has been shown that his scientific works and inventions have a great impact on Europe. It is emphasized that scientific achievements and ideas played an important role in the formation of the revival of European science. Al-Ghazari's unique, historic achievements and numerous great discoveries have been made available to the world. This genius Turkish scientist's "forgotten" inventions in Europe were reviewed. Key words: crankshaft, water-lifting mechanisms, automatic machines, robots

Pathological changes in the central nervous system, caused by a lumbar puncture

One of the most important purposes of scientific experiments performed by doctors on animals is to serve the interests of the clinic; it is a well-established fact, thanks to which modern medicine in general, and the clinic in particular, has been enriched with the greatest discoveries. Particularly important is the preliminary conduct of experiments on animals, when the clinic offers new means of treating diseases, which, for theoretical reasons, may turn out to be harmful to the human body; the use of such a means can be justified only in the case if the good results achieved by them cover its temporary harmful effect; but even under such conditions, the doctor should be aware of the unfavorable aspects of the action of the means used by him.

Some interesting facts from the history of medicine

A huge number of unexpected and interesting facts are associated with the history of the development of medicine, some of them are generally known, while the majority of people might have never even heard of others. Sometimes these facts led to the greatest discoveries, for example, in the case of the discovery of penicillin, and in other cases they could go completely unnoticed. Today we invite you to find out who invented the quarantine, which cough medicine was considered the most effective for many years, and what is the «placebo» effect, which, as it turned out, works even on dogs. It may be of interest to you that not long ago, a little over 100 years ago, mercury was considered a cure for all diseases, and it was proposed to treat syphilis by infecting a patient with malaria. In the days of ancient Rome, every wealthy Roman had to have his own slave doctor, and the higher the professionalism of the forced doctor was, the more authority his owner enjoyed. Did you know, for instance, that the first contraceptive came to us from Ancient Egypt? At that time, it was a fragment of a spongy soft core of papyrus, saturated with an acidic substance that kills sperm. The substance was made from sour milk and crocodile excrement — indeed, the most common ingredients were used, which could be easily found in every Egyptian backyard.

Истоки формирования кавказского вектора внешней политики Российского государства (вторая половина XV в.)

The research objective includes identifying a starting point of the process of Russia’s assertion in the North and South Caucasus. The paper considers the following issues: activization of the Caucasian vector of Muscovite Russia’s foreign policy, increase of the Russian merchants’ role in the Volga-Caspian international trade in the second half of the XV century. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the problem is considered in the context of profound historical changes. Rapid technological progress, great geographical discoveries, appearance of new world powers __ all these factors contributed to formation of a new world order. The conducted research allows concluding that Ivan the Great and his followers established an outpost in the North Caucasus, which allowed Russia to assert its authority over a vast territory between the Black and Caspian seas.

W Harry Archer's collection of Horace Wells letters are still available. A commentary on a new publication

The definitive account of the life and work of Horace Wells, the dentist from Hartford, Connecticut, who experimented with nitrous oxide anesthesia in 1844, is that published by W Harry Archer for the centenary of Wells's work. A major source of original material was a collection of letters, by Wells and others, that Archer found in the house in Hartford, Vermont, in which Wells was born. In later support for Wells being better recognized for his role in the introduction of general anaesthesia, Richard J Wolfe and Leonard F Menczer published a collection of essays in 1994. However, their preparation was hampered by their (mis)understanding that the ‘Archer’ letters (which were lodged in the Pittsburgh University Library) were “missing”, a belief which continued, but has been disproved by a new author. Before his death, John Bunker encouraged his anthropologist daughter, Emily, to continue a project he had been planning on the history of anesthesia, and the result is a new book, “Horace and Elizabeth: Love and Death and Painless Dentistry”. First and foremost Ms Bunker has discovered that the Archer Letters are very much available, and has been greatly helped by the University of Pittsburgh Library in producing her book. She has used reproductions and transcriptions of the letters (some previously unpublished) and other contemporary documents to illustrate Wells's role in the great discovery. Some of the material, especially from before the ‘Colton’ demonstration of 1844 is remarkable; it is almost like hearing the story from Wells himself.

Discovering the sky at the longest wavelengths with a lunar orbit array.

Due to ionosphere absorption and the interference of natural and artificial radio emissions, astronomical observation from the ground becomes very difficult at the wavelengths of decametre or longer, which we shall refer to as the ultralong wavelengths. This unexplored part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the potential for great discoveries, notably in the study of cosmic dark ages and dawn, but also in heliophysics and space weather, planets and exoplanets, cosmic ray and neutrinos, pulsar and interstellar medium (ISM), extragalactic radio sources, and so on. The difficulty of the ionosphere can be overcome by space observation, and the Moon can shield the radio frequency interferences (RFIs) from the Earth. A lunar orbit array can be a practical first step to opening up the ultralong wave band. Compared with a lunar surface observatory on the far side, the lunar orbit array is simpler and more economical, as it does not need to make the risky and expensive landing, can be easily powered with solar energy, and the data can be transmitted back to the Earth when it is on the near-side part of the orbit. Here, I describe the discovering sky at the longest wavelength (DSL) project, which will consist of a mother satellite and 6-9 daughter satellites, flying on the same circular orbit around the Moon, and forming a linear interferometer array. The data are collected by the mother satellite which computes the interferometric cross-correlations (visibilities) and transmits the data back to the Earth. The whole array can be deployed on the lunar orbit with a single rocket launch. The project is under intensive study in China. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades'.

The great geographical discoveries of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui and their link to the ABORA IV mission - Beloslav, Varna - July-August, 2019

I being a teacher of geography and at the same time a direct descendant of Tupac Yupanqui will introduce of you to his intercontinental voyages, the maritime achievements of the Inca, the implications of those for local civilizations and the resulting influence of these discoveries on the territorial and regional development of the Inca Confederation of the American continent. I will also present the link to Mission ABORA IV—Beloslav, Varna—July–August 2019.

KHOREZM MA’MUN ACADEMY - AT THE CROSSROADS OF WORLD CIVILIZATION

The article provides a scientific analysis of scientific research, scientific directions and great discoveries of the Middle Ages of international importance, the Khorezm Ma’mun Academy and the scientists who worked in it

Drilling and completion technologies for deep carbonate rocks in the Sichuan Basin: Practices and prospects

The exploration and development of oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin is shifting to the deeper strata. The deep and ultra-deep wells in deep carbonate gas reservoirs are faced with many difficulties, such as multiple pressure systems, poor drillability, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high temperature and high sulfur content, which bring great challenges to drilling and completion engineering. In order to ensure the smooth exploration and development of deep carbonate oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin, the overall concept of combining field practice and technological research is followed. During the 13th Five-Year Plan, a batch of ultra-deep wells (well depth about 8000 m) have been drilled fast and safely (such as Well SYX133 in the Shuangyushi structure), and great progresses have been achieved in the experimental research of the support technologies in drilling and completion of deep and ultra-deep wells. And the achievements are as follows. First, the optimization of non-standard well structure, combined with the application of precisely managed pressure drilling technology and under-pressure plugging technology, lays a foundation for the optimized fast drilling and the safe reaching of geological targets. Second, a high-efficiency customized PDC drill bit is comprehensively optimized, popularized and applied, which effectively improves the average rate of penetration (ROP) in difficult-to-drill formations. Third, the development and application of drilling fluids (e.g. being resistant to high temperature of 200 °C and anti-composite brine) and active under-pressure plugging technology effectively reduces downhole complexities while drilling the complex formations, such as high temperature and high pressure brine and circulation loss. Fourth, when precisely managed pressure drilling and precisely managed pressure cementing methods are applied in the strata with a narrow density window, multiple pressure systems and pressure sensitivity, the average drilling and completion fluid loss is reduced by more than 90%, and the complexity treatment time is cut down by more than 85%, and the cementing quality pass rate is increased by more than 20%. Fifth, the integrated application of ROP improvement technologies and tools (e.g. air drilling) results in a great reduction of drilling cycle and cost. It is concluded that the experimental research achievements provide basic support for the fast development of natural gas resources in the Anyue Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, and the great discovery of the Permian and Devonian natural gas resources in the northwestern Sichuan Basin. What's more, in order to adapt to the development of the deep natural gas (over 9000 m) in the Sichuan Basin during the 14th Five-Year Plan, it is necessary to speed up researches on drilling and completion technologies in nine aspects, e.g. high-temperature downhole tools and working fluid.