Greater Consciousness Research Articles

Survey of Acute Mountain Sickness on Mauna Kea

Although thousands of people ascend 4205 m to visit the summit of Mauna Kea each year, there has been no information on the rate of altitude illness triggered by such visits. Two surveys were used: one for tourists driving up to the summit and the other for summit astronomy workers staying at lodging facilities at intermediate altitude. The surveys included the standardized Lake Louise Self-report Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) Questionnaire that, when scored, gave the Lake Louise Symptoms Score (LLSS). Thirty percent of surveyed day visitors and 69% of surveyed professional astronomy staff had AMS, defined as a LLSS score of 3 or greater, with headache. Nine participants reported "disorientation/confusion" or greater consciousness changes. A majority of astronomy professionals reported fatigue, disturbed sleep, reduced activity, and mental status changes. Few took any AMS medications. The incidence of AMS in visitors to Mauna Kea's summit warrants increased education and increased availability of supplemental oxygen at the summit. The absence of reported serious altitude illness in the community is probably due to the rapid descent available on Mauna Kea, with prompt reversibility of adverse effects.

The Imaging Imperative Meets Concerns About Radiation Exposure

Never in the forefront, but always in the back of my mind, ever since my residency, I have wondered about what seemed to me the often cavalier use of ionizing radiation. “Is this a good idea?” I’ve thought. Even my behavior occasionally has been paradoxical. I have gingerly stuck my arm under the fluoroscopy beam when I thought it would expedite an invasive procedure, but then stood back as far as I could (radiation diminishes as the square of the distance from the source, I recall from my physics readings) while letting a resident perform a maneuver. I don’t think the way I’ve acted has been unique. It was inevitable that a greater consciousness about the effects of ionizing radiation eventually would emerge.

Training Trends in Indian Industry

This survey focuses on current management training practices, the services that are valued from a training vendor and the growth of e-learning market in corporate India. The emerging trends suggest definite shifts in customer priorities and greater consciousness towards evaluating the impact of learning and return on investments. Technology barriers are slowly diminishing thereby increasing the demand for on-line services to provide cost-effective training. To secure a sizable market share, training providers would need to develop solutions that are competitive on three fronts. Firstly, content that is need specific as against “canned”, off-the shelf products; on-line training in addition to the interactive training approach and thirdly, value-adding Services that goes beyond delivering a training program, to developing an integrated approach that incorporates needs assessment, curriculum development, training evaluation, performance support and performance tracking.

The Real World of Modern Science, Medicine, and Qigong

Humankind is concerned with scientific enquiry because humans want to understand the milieu in which they find themselves. They want to engineer and reliably control or cooperatively modulate as much of the environment as possible to sustain, enrich, and propagate their lives. Following this path, the goal of science is to gain a reliable description of all natural phenomena so as to allow accurate prediction (within appropriate limits) of nature’s behavior as a function of an ever-changing environment. As such, science is incapable of providing us with absolute truth. Rather, it provides relative knowledge, internally self-consistent knowledge, about the relationships between different phenomena and between different things. The goal of engineering, on the other hand, is to build on this fundamental understanding to generate new materials, devices, structures, attitudes, moralities, philosophies, and so on, for producing tangible order, harnessing the latent potential in nature’s phenomena and expanding human capabilities in an ever-changing environment. In this context, medicine is to human biology as engineering is to physical science. As each of us rides the “river of life,” the great consciousness adventure, we perceive events occurring around us, but more often than not, we do not perceive the total information content inherent in those events nor the true reality of those events. The latter point is so because what we take as the reality of an observation is actually a convolution between (1) what our sensory system actually senses and (2) our mindset or belief structure that filters and/or selectively amplifies segments of the basic gathered data stream. Further, only what we call the five physical senses are well-developed and integrated in our overall sensory system, so only a portion of the total available data becomes our basic internal data stream. We are thus always making personal observations through the distorting and spectrally-limited lens of our mindsets, and we have no way at present to perform a deconvolution and perceive the pure information inherent in our basic input data stream. By using designed instruments to access information patterns in nature, we gain a more objective perspective of these events. However, we must always remember that these instruments were designed on the basis of the logic of our average cognitive development and therefore probably also have only a limited access to the total information spectrum for these events occurring in nature. In particular, these instruments only respond to positive energies. Over the course of the past four to five centuries, we have learned how to conduct true scientific investigations, first under the rubric of classical mechanics and, more recently, quantum mechanics. Let us now look a little more deeply to see what this means.

Consciousness: An Outside Story

causes me three worries. First, and most important, I just do not believe it. In the great consciousness debates now raging, I side with Searle (1997), who accepts consciousness as a high-level brain feature but denies property dualism; in the end, I inch toward Churchland (1997), Dennett (1997), and other materialists who have spoken out against extra properties because they require special intuitions of thatje ne sais quoi of experience that, in the end, only the true believers seem to have (see the papers in Shear, 1997, for the technical critiques of Chalmers and his responses). Second, it reminds me of a cartoon I once saw in the New York Times over a review of the autobiography of A. J. Ayer, that unapologetic and unrelenting logical empiricist who, by his early twenties, had dismissed all the great metaphysical questions of philosophy as gibberish because they lacked data. He was portrayed as a hunching old man, looking down at his feet for his entire life while the sky exploded with comets, angels, spaceships, and other phenomena bracketed out, in principle, as non-sense. I worry that Chalmers is telling a similarly exclusionary tale--experience is information from the (p. 305). Where are all those other people and things? Where are the bugs, churches, and baseballs? His inside

Medicine in Motion

When C. Everett Koop exclaimed that exercise is the "most potent modifier of health" in medicine today ((1)), he was merely echoing what most of us have known for the past 25 years. Exercise is not only recreation and work, it is also therapy, prevention, and treatment. Primary care physicians inherently practice "sports medicine" with each patient they treat because they know the inherent health benefits of physical activity. As a result, society now has a greater consciousness about sports medicine and the benefits of exercise than ever before.

TYLEE, Claire M.The Great War and Women's Consciousness: Images of Militarism and Womanhood in Women's Writings, 1914–1964.

TYLEE, Claire M.<i>The Great War and Women's Consciousness: Images of Militarism and Womanhood in Women's Writings, 1914–1964</i>.

Tylee, C. M., The Great War and Women's Consciousness: Images of Militarism and Womanhood in Women's Writings, 1914-1964. Pp. xvi + 293. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1990. Hardbound 35.00; paperbound 14.99

Tylee, C. M., The Great War and Women's Consciousness: Images of Militarism and Womanhood in Women's Writings, 1914-1964. Pp. xvi + 293. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1990. Hardbound 35.00; paperbound 14.99

Looking Backward to Plan for the Future: Collection Analysis for Manuscript Repositories

In recent years several archivists have challenged the profession's approach to collection development as being haphazard, uncoordinated, and random. Collection analysis, the evaluation of the characteristics of a repository's holdings, attempts to systematize and bring more planning to the collecting process. Between 1980 and 1986 three midwestern state historical repositories conducted collection analysis studies—the Minnesota Historical Society, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Staff members analyzed the manuscript holdings to determine what topics their collections documented, and in what number. The quantified data was reviewed in detail and eventually resulted in the development of new collecting priorities and strategies. The analysis was a useful managerial tool that brought greater consciousness to the collecting process. Its value, however, went beyond individual repositories to foster interinstitutional cooperation.

Popular Sovereignty and the Search for Appropriate Institutions

ABSTRACTThis paper is about criteria for assessing alternative political institutions in a society committed to popular sovereignty. The issues are classic, and we do not attempt a comprehensive review of the ways in which they run through political and economic thought since Aristotle. An aggregative perspective on political institutions, which describes politics in terms of aggregating exogenous, prior preferences of citizens, is contrasted with an integrative perspective, which describes politics more in terms of the development of preferences within a framework of rights and norms. The evaluation of aggregative processes and institutions highlights questions of efficiency, preferences, and endowments. The evaluation of integrative institutions focuses on questions of competence and integrity. Many of the most influential contemporary discussions of political institutions are based on an aggregative framework that is relatively inattentive to issues of political integration. This contemporary emphasis on metaphors of aggregation, however, represents a phase in a history of oscillation between aggregation and integration in politics and political theory, and there are signs that the emphasis may shift in the next few decades to a greater consciousness of integration. Although the cyclic process is not escaped through awareness of it, such awareness may provide a basis for a more thoughtful approach to the search for appropriate institutions within a political system dedicated to popular sovereignty.

Education and Development: Era of Hope and Disillusionment

It seems almost superfluous to have to highlight formal education as a social and moral institution (historically that has been its main role) but for the fact that after the Second World War greater consciousness on the part of rich industrialized countries spawns fresh concepts and notions that education is an economic enterprise. The human capital concept popularized by the Chicago School of economics as reflected in the works of Schultz and the seminal work of Denison catapulted education into the forefront as an engine of economic development for the so-called Third World countries. Heavy physical capital investment, with the exception of Japan and Germany, which is thought to be a sufficient stimulus for economic development in classical economic theory fails to deliver the goods. The frantic search for an efficacious solution to Third World Poverty unearths the forgotten dimension of educated and trained manpower as the missing variable in the economic development equation. Education becomes the ne...

DAGSPRESSEN SOM FORUM FÖR PREVENTIVT MENTALHÄLSOARBETE

SUMMARY With an educational project made in Northern Tavastland as an example, the article investigates and explains common methodological mistakes and omissions in preventive mental health work. The research as part of the project, showed that a series of articles did not succeed in urging people to an active analysis of their lives or in creating a greater consciousness in the administration of their behaviour. The project led to more questions than answers, but appeared to be valuable because it contributed to increasing the experience of the members and to facilitate a more goal-directed planning of preventive work.

Assimilation or Consciousness: Perceptions of U.S. Society Among Recent Latin American Immigrants to the United States

Two competing views of determinants of immigrants' perceptions of U.S. society and perceptions of discrimination against their own group are examined. Assimilation theory suggests a process leading to lesser discrimination and a more favorable evaluation of the host society as immigrants' economic position, and their knowledge of the culture and language improve. More recent conflict theories indicate a possible reversal in this causal sequence: greater familiarity with the culture and language and some economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination and a more critical appraisal of the host society. These competing perspectives are examined on samples of Cuban and Mexican immigrants interviewed at the moment of arrival in the U.S. and reinterviewed three years after. Bivariate and multivariate regression results are mixed, but lean definitely in the direction of the conflictlconsciousness hypothesis. A LISREL model of immigrants' perceptions of society and discrimination confirms the basic similarity of causal effects across the two immigrant groups and the general agreement of those effects with conflict theory predictions. Implications of these findings are discussed.

The Symbolism of Ebonics

Ebonics is a variety of English spoken by a majority of Americans. It dates from preslavery to the present while undergoing many linguistic changes along the way. Not until the 1960s had Ebonics become a topic of educational and social significance. The emergence of Ebonics as a prominent issue and ensuing controversy is a product of a period during which people were in the midst of great consciousness raising and self-approbation. It was during this time that Ebonics assumed its highest stature, symbolizing a peoples' pride in its language. Few will deny the importance of symbols to the civil rights efforts during the sixties and early seventies. Such slogans and symbols as Black is Beautiful, Black power, Black handshake, colorful dashikies, large Afro-hair styles, to name a few, were indeed powerful symbolic affectations, in that they helped unite and solidify people in their efforts to differentiate themselves from and intimidate those who opposed their plight. Just as symbolic of ethnic identity, cultural distinctness, and rejection of behavioral values of white America was the spoken English of people. Indeed, some

Interim Measures of Protection in the International Court of Justice

Two recent cases in the International Court of Justice have given new prominence to the role of interim measures of protection in international controversies. The circumstances of both the Icelandic fisheries litigation and the Australian and New Zealand application to prevent the holding of French nuclear tests in the Pacific Ocean were such as to promise an enhanced role for interim measures in interstate conflicts. First, the jealousy with which states guard their natural resources and the continuing competition for those resources, especially in the high seas, have occasioned disputes in which a potential conflict management role for interim measures has been foreshadowed. The classic award of interim measures of protection, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case (Interim Measures o f Protection) (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1 was made in this context, as was the order in Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v.Iceland), Interim Protection.2 Secondly, in both cases, the indication of interim measures was disregarded. The effective role of interim measures is thus related to the general problem of improving the acceptability of the Court to states. Interim measures of protection, as an adjunct of the ,judicial process, reflect the perennial judicial concern for effective decisionmaking.The present debate on the role of the International Court of Justice has, to a large extent, concentrated on the lack of confidence shown by states in the Court. The length of time which elapses before final judgment has constituted a serious objection to the proceedings of the Court. Interim measures may have a role to play in ameliorating this situation3 for the duration of proceedings is of less concern when the rights of the parties receive interim protection. Thirdly, interim measures, may prove a unique means of preventing abuses of the human environment at the international level. The current emphasis on problems of the environment, especially pollution in international areas such as the high seas and pollution transcending state borders, has given rise to a growing demand that environmental abuses be nipped in the bud. States are unlikely to be satisfied with final judgments after irreparable damage to the environment has been caused. Increasing awareness of the global dimensions of these problems, the greater consciousness of the interdependence of states and of the inevitable impact of natural activities upon the environments of other states, should lead to a strengthening of the preventive role of the international judicial process. In this area, the institution of interim measures of protection, such as the injunction, has a potential role of great significance.

The self as other

Many persons continue analysis at this point, at the same rate of inten sity, with the same number of sessions and the same arduous work writing up dreams, fantasies, and associations. Others continue analysis on a periodic basis; and still others engage in disciplined exercises of self-anal ysis. What is happening here? Psychoanalytic literature offers little in formation and scant guidance for patient or analyst in these later phases of treatment. We must depend here for guidance on our own experience as analysts. The aim of analysis is greater consciousness, greater contact with the unconscious. The question that presses in upon one as analysis proceeds is: What is the value of greater consciousness? What does it mean to move

We Must Emphasize Improving the Quality of Products

Our plant specializes in the production of metal cutting tools. Following the vigorous development of socialist construction in our country, the state requires us to supply a larger number of cutting tools with greater variety and better quality. But is it possible to raise the quality of products to a new level when we have to increase output and the range of products on a large scale? There has always been a struggle on this question, from the factory headquarters down to the workshops and shifts. When we implement Chairman Mao's revolutionary line with greater consciousness and handle the contradiction between quantity and quality more properly, there is new development in production. Otherwise, setbacks will be suffered. The production of cutting tools in our plant has been developed and improved through this struggle between the two lines and two world outlooks.

Prelude to Nation-States: The French and German Experience, 1789-1815

PrefaceThe quarter of a century between 1789 and 1815 was a crucial time in the history of Continental Europe. It brought the first break with the remnants of feudalism; it gave the people the knowledge that it could and was entitled to change the existing social and political order and it determined the character of nationalism and the rising nation-states in the two leading nations of the Continent. It explains much of their following history, and its influence has not ended yet. Since 1945 the two nations have lost their dominant position in Europe, but their different behavior and “ideas” were to set in the intervening time the model for the aspirations to form nation-states everywhere, outside the English- speaking nation-states which with their religious matrix and their late- seventeenth and mid-eighteenth-century background have remained incomprehensible to most European observers. For that reason Germany underestimated the strength and the intervention of Britain and the United States in both world wars.Within this late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century context, France and Germany set the often conflicting models for the emerging nation-states which evolved in the nineteenth century in Europe and in the twentieth century in other continents. This process is far from finished. Thus this historical study, like probably all historical studies, is of some importance for an understanding of our present-day world. For me personally it has been a work of many years. It establishes the bridge between the Idea of Nationalism and the various books which followed and which deal with nineteenth-century European and twentieth-century worldwide nationalism, books like Prophets and Peoples, The Making of the Modern French Mind, The Mind of Germany, Pan-Slavism, Its History and Ideology, and The Age of Nationalism.I have always loved teaching because, among other things, it has kept me in contact with young minds, which have now become half-a-century younger than mine. In that way I have remained in touch with living history. For real teaching is always a give and a take, and it is difficult to say who is more enriched by this partnership. Perhaps it has taken time away from my research and writing. I do not regret it. One (one, not the only but probably the most important) task of the university is to continue the long chain of learning which started with the ancient Greeks and which assures us of the continuity of our civilization. Naturally, and legitimately, each generation adds its own point of view, changes the tradition, “revolts” against the “burden of the past.” When we were young, we did it too. I am glad that the present generation follows this pattern, perhaps sometimes with greater consciousness than we did. Yet with many of them I always found a common language and a common ground, and with many of their complaints I have been in full agreement.

A Comparison of Demographic Trends in the Faroe and Shetland Islands

A COMPARISON of the demographic trends of the Faroe and Shetland Islands reveals largely divergent developments in modem times, although there are certain significant similarities. Both archipelagos are strongly affected by the accelerating economic development and rural depopulation which are such features of 'western' societies today. In the Faroes these have been superimposed on a rapid increase in total numbers, and the population structure is youthful; but in Shetland the population structure is notably old-aged, and total numbers have been declining for more than a century, after an earlier period of increase. Several factors may be distinguished which have contributed to this situation. There is a greater consciousness among the Faroese of being a distinct community, marked above all by retention of their own language; and this distinctiveness has since World War II also been expressed in a large measure of autonomy in internal affairs, although the islands are still linked to Denmark. Shetland, on the other hand, lost its old Norn language more than two centuries ago, and particularly over the last century has become progressively more integrated into the life and organization of Britain, the first country to establish a modem industrial economy. One of the important consequences of this has been a much greater rate of emigration from Shetland, to make use of the opportunitites in the cities of Britain and in Englishspeaking lands overseas. The economic development of the two island groups also shows a great contrast: the Faroese economy has been built over the last century almost entirely on fishing but while the Shetlander was traditionally a fisherman by occupation, the numbers of fishermen have greatly declined, and the relative importance of fishing in the Shetland economy is but a fraction of what it was half a century ago. The geographical factor of location is of great consequence in a comparison of the two island groups. Shetland has in modern times proved to be both too near and too far from Britain: it is near enough to be reached by overnight steamer from Aberdeen (I85 miles), and for the better employment opportunities in Britain to draw away many Shetlanders; but it has been far enough away to inhibit economic development, largely because of high freight rates. Faroe, on the other hand, has been sufficiently far from Denmark (785 miles to Copenhagen) to be more self-contained, and despite the handicap of isolation, this has resulted in considerably more vigorous economic development in Faroe. Population levels and trends are now related, above all, to employment, and this involves in increasing degree employment for women as well as for men. Faroe has generally had sufficient male employment, whereas for decades Shetland has not, and indeed since World War II unemployment has consistently been a major problem. On the other hand, both island groups lack adequate employment for women, and a greater proportion of young women emigrate.

Legality and Justice

The present stage in the history of the Soviet state is characterized by the improvement of socialist democracy in all spheres. Legality is most closely connected with democracy. Legality ensures and order. The policy of developing democracy does not mean that the individual will be left to himself, that observance of the laws is henceforth not obligatory, or that standards are being lowered and a nihilistic attitude toward state discipline is permissible. Certainly, the majority of Soviet people voluntarily observe the provisions of the as a result of their great consciousness; they regard these provisions as the expression of the will of society as a whole. But at the same time, under present-day conditions, full force still attaches to Lenin's notion that law is nothing without a machinery capable of compelling observance of its provisions.