Great Disaster Research Articles

اسلامی تصورِ احتساب اور عدلیہ پر اس کا اطلاق

Accountability has a very significant role in Islamic law. The process of accountability is very important for the amelioration of the state, society, family, and individual in the world. Some orders are issued for rectification and some matters are ordered to be avoided. The execution of these prohibited acts leads to accountability in society. Furthermore, many people are given powers to carry out the affairs of the state, the misuse of which can lead to great catastrophe. Hence, it is very critical to hold accountable those who hold these positions from time to time. One of these influential positions is that of the judiciary to which the Islamic concept of accountability is very substantial. Now the question is, what is the concept of accountability in Islam? And what was the exercise of accountability of the judiciary in the Qur'an and Hadith and Islamic history? This matter will be discussed in this manuscript. This research will refer to the introduction of accountability using authoritative citations to illustrate the Islamic concept of accountability, its sources, and strategies. How did accountability apply to the judiciary in Islamic history? Specimens are also included in this study and will be discussed. The importance of this research and its results will be disclosed in the conclusion. We will know that Islamic law has comprehensive laws of accountability, and how this sector has been kept on the right track by applying the law of accountability to the judiciary in the past.

Special Issue on the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: Part VI – Thoughts About the Great Disaster Now That Ten Years Have Passed –

A holistic and comprehensive perspective on society is essential to disaster research. However, at one time, the world did not have any scholarly journals that dealt with disasters from a holistic point of view. This situation gave rise to the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR), the first issue of which was published in August 2006. In principle, six issues are published annually, with special or extra issues also published in some years. The Great East Japan Earthquake struck in March 2011, five years after the first issue of the JDR. Following this incident, we decided to publish a special issue whenever there was a major disaster. All accepted papers and articles were to be published free of charge, in electronic format. So far, eight special issues have been published. Since this year 2021 marks the tenth anniversary of that disaster, we at the JDR have decided to publish a special issue of notes on the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. The selected theme is “Thoughts About the Great Disaster Now That Ten Years Have Passed.” As an academic journal dealing comprehensively with disasters and disaster risk reduction, we asked people working in all disaster-related fields to submit, from their unique perspectives, their views or proposals in any area or subject regarding what changes have taken place, what has remained the same, or what is needed in the future. We have the twelve notes presented here in this Special Issue on the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: Part VI. We hope that these notes provide seeds for further progress in the field of disaster research. Lastly, the editors would like to thank all contributors who submitted their manuscripts and the reviewers who provided valuable feedback with their constructive comments.

Between Jeju and Hanshin: intimate migration

ABSTRACT The Great Hanshin Earthquake, which struck western Japan on 17 January 1995, ushered in a year of social, economic, and political upheaval. In his prize-winning short story ‘“Aboji” o fumu’, Oda Makoto employs the earthquake to explore this broader upheaval and the unresolved postwar tensions that it revealed, in particular the legacy of Japan’s colonization of Korea. This article offers a close reading of Oda’s story, contextualizing it within his other writings, the events of 1995, and broader postwar history, particularly the migrant flow between the Korean island of Jeju and the Hanshin (Osaka-Kobe) region. It examines how Oda uses images of land and water, fixity and flow, to undermine the coherence of the nation and substitutes an understanding of the colonial legacy grounded in the local. This reading offers an example of how to recognize the significance of this year of upheaval, as it is represented in Japanese cultural production in and around 1995, as marking the start of a rupture with the postwar order that would be confirmed two decades later by another, greater catastrophe at Fukushima.

Methodology of emergency medical logistics for multiple epidemic areas in public health emergency.

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has brought great disasters to humanity, and its influence continues to intensify. In response to the public health emergencies, prompt relief supplies are key to reduce the damage. This paper presents a method of emergency medical logistics to quick response to emergency epidemics. The methodology includes two recursive mechanisms: (1) the time-varying forecasting of medical relief demand according to a modified susceptible-exposed-infected- Asymptomatic- recovered (SEIAR) epidemic diffusion model, (2) the relief supplies distribution based on a multi-objective dynamic stochastic programming model. Specially, the distribution model addresses a hypothetical network of emergency medical logistics with considering emergency medical reserve centers (EMRCs), epidemic areas and e-commerce warehousing centers as the rescue points. Numerical studies are conducted. The results show that with the cooperation of different epidemic areas and e-commerce warehousing centers, the total cost is 6% lower than without considering cooperation of different epidemic areas, and 9.7% lower than without considering cooperation of e-commerce warehousing centers. Particularly, the total cost is 20% lower than without considering any cooperation. This study demonstrates the importance of cooperation in epidemic prevention, and provides the government with a new idea of emergency relief supplies dispatching, that the rescue efficiency can be improved by mutual rescue between epidemic areas in public health emergency.

This Great Catastrophe: Bungling Pandemics from 1918 to Today

In examining how badly the United States bungled its COVID-19 pandemic response, it is worth going back to the commemorations of the 100th anniversary of the 1918 flu pandemic. Author after author cautioned that the next pandemic would overwhelm the United States health system and that the demand for hospital beds, treatments, and medical staff would quickly outstrip supply. These prescient predictions from just two years ago. Why, when the risks were so obvious and so clearly understood, were they ignored? In answering that question there is blame enough to go around. The American public increasingly refused vaccines for communicable diseases, resisted spending for health research, and elected anti-science candidates. Those elected officials in turn failed to take obvious steps to ward off an entirely foreseeable disaster. Some of these developments are new(ish), relating to the specifics of the current political climate. Yet what is most striking is how readily official responses fell into virtually the same patterns that stymied effective pandemic response in 1918, and how structural racism predicted which communities would be hardest hit and least served by government responses. Instead of learning from the mistakes of the 1918 pandemic we have largely repeated them. This paper traces some of the threads of complacency, hubris, isolationism, and distrust that got in the way both times, and draws some broader lessons we must learn about American political culture before the pandemic next time.

Planning and Responding to a Petrochemical Disaster in the North American Inland Seas

The Great Lakes represent the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world along a 1,500 mile international boundary between the United States and Canada. A source of drinking water for 35 million people and a hub of unique biodiversity, a major petrochemical spill would be devastating. With the increase in pipeline activity due to regional tar sands drilling and the navigationally challenging waterways hosting an increasing stream of petrochemical commerce, risk to the Lakes is higher than ever. Given the Lake's closed-system nature and their geographic remoteness relative to current US and Canadian government and private sector assets, the current response posture is inadequate. As the primary maritime spill response agency in the United States, the US Coast Guard retains the mantle of prevention and planning for a Great Lakes petrochemical disaster. This paper seeks to examine the historic, current, and future states of the Great Lakes' oil-spill risk, in light of increased maritime commerce and recent spill “near-misses” regarding submerged pipelines in the Straits of Mackinac. The US Congress and the US Coast Guard have identified that the Great Lakes are not prepared for a large scale spill. Current resourcing levels and technology are insufficient, especially given the challenge of responding while the Lakes are frozen for a substantial portion of the year. With resources focused on the prospect of disaster in salt water regions, the “inland seas” of the Great Lakes receive too little attention. After identifying the evolution of Great Lakes spill prevention and response policy, this paper will apply the Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon spill as a case study into what spill response would look like on the Great Lakes. Given the authors' expansive experience as an operator during that historic spill and current commander of one of two US oil spill response assets in the Great Lakes, this paper will also identify remaining challenges to an effective spill response policy, and conclude with recommendations on how to tackle the response issues identified. The US Congress recently established the US Coast Guard's National Center of Expertise for the Great Lakes and one of their primary tasks is to analyze the effect of a spill in freshwater and develop an appropriate response plan. By attempting to identify critical gaps, this paper seeks to advance government and industry's ability to posture the region swiftly in the face of a growing threat and assist in the Center's work.

Artificial Intelligence Technologies for COVID-19-Like Epidemics: Methods and Challenges

The outbreak of coronavirus COVID-19 not only brings great disaster to the people of the world, but also brings heavy burden to the medical and health network system. Massive network data traffic and resource optimization requests make traditional network architectures unable to calmly deal with the impact of COVID-19. Artificial intelligence (AI) can effectively raise the upper limit of the medical and health network, as evidenced by the ever-increasing restorative clinical data. In addition, the development of next-generation network (NGN) technologies based on machine learning (ML) has created unlimited possibilities for the emergence of emerging medical methods. In order to reflect the effective results of the current application of AI technologies in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic and provide a reliable guarantee for subsequent diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 epidemics, a series of AI technologies which can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 are systematically summarized and analyzed. Based on various AI technologies and methods, we try to propose an AI-based medical network architecture. The architecture uses AI technologies to quickly and effectively realize the monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of patients. Finally, we rationally analyzed the technical challenges and practical problems that may be faced in implementing the architecture. The purpose of this article is to inspire scholars and medical researchers to carry out the latest research in response to the COVID-19 epidemic and make breakthrough medical technology progress.

Maya’s Materialistic Longings Resulting in Alienation and Frustration: A Feminist Reading of Anita Desai’s Cry, the Peacock

Anita Mazumdar Desai occupies a much privileged place in the Indian Writing in English. She is known as an acclaimed Indian woman novelist who deals with the psychological problems of her women characters. She was born in 24 June 1937 in Mussoorie. Her father D.N. Majumdar was a Bengali businessman and her mother Toni Nime was a German immigrant. Anita Desai is working as Emeritus John E. Buchard Professor of Humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Anita Desai got a congenial environment to learn different languages in her own home and neighbourhood. She learnt Hindi from her neighbourhood. They used to speak German, Bengali, Urdu and English at their home. She learnt English at her school. She attended Queens Mary Higher Senior Secondary School in Delhi and she did her B.A. in 1957 from the Miranda House of the University of Delhi. So far is Anita Desai literary career is concerned, she wrote her first novel Cry, the Peacock in 1963. With the help of P. Lal, they founded the publishing firm Writers Workshop. Clear Light of Day (1980) is her most autobiographical work. Her novel In Custody was enlisted for the Booker Prize. She became a creative writing teacher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993. When she published her novel Fasting Feasting and it won the Booker Prize in 1999, she came to the limelight. She was shortlisted for the Booker Prize three times in 1980, 1984 and 1999 for her novels Clear Light of Day (1980), In Custody (1984) and Fasting Feasting (1999) respectively. She received Padma Bhushan in 2014 also. She has received Sahitya Akademi Award in 1937 for her well-known novel Fire on the Mountain. The present paper analyses the central female protagonist Maya’s materialistic pursuits which turn in a great catastrophe for her in the novel Cry, the Peacock.

Idols, celebrities, and fans at the time of post-catastrophe

ABSTRACT This article explores the ways in which activism was performed and negotiated by Japanese celebrities and idols after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Disaster that occurred in March 2011. Post-catastrophe, humanitarian works, particularly visits to the affected areas, by celebrities and idols such as AKB48 were widely reported by the mainstream media. At the same time, there had been a social tendency within Japanese showbusiness to keep celebrities silent from making public anti-nuclear claims. While most celebrities kept their ‘neutral’ stance, there were a few instances where celebrities expressed clear anti-nuclear messages. Comparing idols’ politically ‘safe’ humanitarian work with other cases of celebrity activism, my article aims to examine the ways in which the nature of idols impacts the form of their activism. Aligning with the notion of ‘celebrity citizenship,’ ‘affective intimacy’ shared among celebrities/idols and fans plays a crucial role in identifying celebrity/idol activism. I argue that idol activism in particular mirrored the existing characteristics of the relationship between idols and fans.

シンポジウム「大震災と生活学」に参加して(日本生活学会シンポジウム「大震災と生活学」報告2011)

シンポジウム「大震災と生活学」に参加して(日本生活学会シンポジウム「大震災と生活学」報告2011)

生活学の再考(日本生活学会シンポジウム「大震災と生活学」報告2011)

生活学の再考(日本生活学会シンポジウム「大震災と生活学」報告2011)

Influence of reservoir water level variations on slope stability and evaluation of landslide tsunami

Reservoir filling and water level variations are important factors that induce slope failures near the reservoir banks. Once a landslide occurs, a tsunami might form which can result in a far greater disaster. This study provides insight and a method for analyzing the disaster chain of a landslide near the reservoir water by taking a slope near the bank of A’lagou reservoir in Xinjiang, China, as an example. The instability mechanisms of the slope are studied based on the field investigation and numerical analysis. The results show that there are two factors that increase the process of slope instability: the rock structure of the slope, which is an important internal factor, and the reservoir filling, especially the rapid drawdown which is an important external factor. Then, a numerical simulation that is based on SPH-DEM coupling method is used to evaluate the landslide tsunami process. The quantitative analysis of the tsunami indicates the initial wave height is about 22 m, the tsunami run-up on the opposite slope is about 44 m high, the maximum overtopping flow is about 1.35×104 m3/s, the maximum velocity is about 9 m/s, the maximum overtopping depth is about 7 m, and the erosive velocity on the downstream slope of the dam is > 20m/s. The results of this study will be useful for preventing and mitigating landslide hazards in reservoirs.

Resilience in the face of pelvic pain: A pilot study in males and females affected by urologic chronic pelvic pain.

AimsResilience represents a fundamental element in the experience of pain, as it allows adaptation to suffering and increases psychological social well‐being and quality of life (QoL). We investigated resilience in patients affected by urologic chronic pelvic pain (UCPP) and the relationships with pain severity and distribution, catastrophizing and psychological distress.MethodsForty‐eight consecutive UCPP patients were classified on a pain body map as being affected by pelvic pain only or widespread pain (WP), and underwent the evaluation of resilience with the 14‐item Resilience Scale (RS‐14), with higher scores indicating high resilience levels; scores < 56 denote very poor resilience. Pelvic and nonpelvic pain intensity and the bother of urinary symptoms on QoL were measured by means of Pain Numerical Rating Scale (PNRS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21) investigated catastrophizing and psychological conditions.ResultsOverall, RS‐14 mean ± SD total score was 50.2 ± 12.5 in patients with pelvic pain only and 40.2 ± 10.2 in those with WP. Significant relationships were observed between low resilience levels and high scores of pelvic and nonpelvic PNRS, VAS, pain catastrophizing scale and depression and anxiety, stress scale (for all: p < 0.001). Significantly lower RS‐14 scores were detected in females and in patients with WP.ConclusionsA very poor resilience has been identified in UCPP patients, particularly in those with greater catastrophizing and mood alterations. WP and female gender were mostly affected. In UCPP patients, low resilience appears as a crucial factor in pain experience.

KEPRIHATINAN UMAT ISLAM TERHADAP ANCAMAN IDEOLOGI MODEN: SATU KEPERLUAN

Muslims to this day still face the challenges of modern ideology for a relatively long period of time. The emergence of modern ideologies such as secularism, liberalism, pluralism, and others became a great disaster that could erode the faith of Muslims towards Islam itself. Therefore, this article discusses the concerns of Muslims towards the threat of modern ideology which is a necessity today. This article is fully qualitative using data collection and data analysis methods involving library methods from printed materials using N-Vivo 2.0 software. This article finds that the beliefs of Muslims are increasingly threatened because some Muslims themselves prefer to choose modern ideology as a social style in life rather than Islamic teachings. They are based on modernity and the need for modern progress which indirectly causes Islam to become increasingly alienated from the core beliefs of Muslims. Therefore, Muslims need to be mobilized again to realize the threats and dangers of this modern ideology and return to the practice of the true religion of Islam.

A Twin of the Great Lisbon Earthquake (Based on Materials from the Newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti for the 18th Century)

The article generalizes materials on the earthquake of March 31, 1761, which is almost unknown in our scientific discourse, although very significant in its seismological impacts; it can therefore be considered as a twin of the Great Lisbon disaster of November 1, 1755. The 1761 earthquake struck a large part of Europe and, although it did not involve such disastrous consequences as the 1755 Lisbon quake, it significantly changed the seismic regime observed after after the latter. Both earthquakes were followed by tsunamis on the western margins of Europe and the eastern coasts of North America; they also triggered seismic activations of vast, spatially different regions in Western Europe and North Africa. It is possible to associate a number of strongest seismic events in the West Atlantic region with the 1761 earthquake. In the recent research literature on the topic, predominantly by Portuguese authors, the sources of both earthquakes are located in the eastern part of the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault. It is of particular interest that the initial data for this article were taken from the newspaper Sankt-Petersburgskie vedomosti for the 18th century and were supplemented with information from historical catalogs and recent foreign papers.

復興庁が震災復興に果たした役割と課題

復興庁が震災復興に果たした役割と課題

IoT-based LPG Gas Leakage Detection and Prevention System

LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) is a form of natural gas which has been liquefied under extreme pressure and then contained in a metal cylinder. It is very sensitive to fire and can cause a great disaster if it's exposed to any fire source without precaution. LPG is more available than any other natural gas so most people choose LPG for their needs like cooking and other needs. So the event of gas leakage or blast occurring by leaked gas is frequently seen and heard. In this paper, a device has been introduced to prevent any possible accident from happening. It is called Smart Gas and Fire detector. The device can detect any spillage of gas and fire very quickly and send a response via gsm tool directly to the user very fast and a buzzer is set up to alert. The device also has another feature with an exhaust fan which will be activated in case of gas leakage and fire detected, to reduce the density of gas by pushing the air outside. The device is designed to detect gas and fire as quickly as possible. Its performance is the same in case of closed and open both types of room.

On Coexistence with COVID-19: Estimations and Perspectives.

Given the harsh reality faced by the global effort to contain coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the virtual impossibility of its worldwide eradication in the foreseeable future, global human coexistence with fast mutating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may have to occur, for the time being, irrespective of the wishes and aspirations of our people. Therefore, for China, the risk associated with small to medium scale outbreaks induced by imported cases and the corresponding need to continuously and promptly suppress domestic infections would persist for a certain period of time. However, such reality would not imply that we can deviate from our existing effective COVID-Zero strategy on entry-exit quarantine measures and community non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) containment measures and embrace certain “open-up” strategies without reservation, resting solely on the hypothesis of the success of herd immunity induced by vaccination advocated by certain western countries. In this article, we found that even in a highly underestimated outbreak scenario under the most optimistic assumptions, once China adopts the control and prevention strategies of some typical western countries, the number of the daily new confirmed cases in China would likely rise up to hundreds of thousands of cases, and among which >10,000 cases would present with severe symptoms. Particularly, the number of standing severe cases would exceed the peak number nationwide in early 2020 within 1–2 days, which would have a devastating impact on the medical system of China and cause a great disaster within the nation.

Conservation of Wood and Restoration of Artifacts Against Wood Destroying Organisms

Conservation of wood and restoration of artifacts against wood destroying organisms has been the greatest priority of any woodworker so far as a man greatly relies on wood products to satisfy almost every need. Since the creation of the universe, wood-destroying organisms have been with us, and have over the years caused great catastrophes that bring bad memories to several people, notable is the dunes of Holland and Columbus. Many research papers have been written by scholars across the globe concerning this topic under discussion. Those materials either talk about insects that cause damage, or the processes of conserving and restoring wood and wood products. In bridging this gap, the study aims at educating people on how to control wood and wood products from getting entirely damaged by insects. In achieving this, the study sought to outline some common but dangerous wood-destroying insects, appropriate preservation materials, and the processes to adopt in controlling the damage. In this regard, the study adopted Content Analysis in the investigation, analyses, and composition of the concept. The study divulged that insect like termites, beetles, ants, bees, etc. as well as fungi and bacteria cause destruction or damage to wood and wood products. Preservation materials like lindane, pentachlorophenol, alkaline chloride, sodium chloride, fluorosilicates, boric acid, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate, tars, kerosene, Bassa, DDT, etc. were also revealed to be effective and reliable in conserving and restoring wood and wood products by the study. These preservation materials can be applied on wood and wood products by either; fine and coarse spraying, brushing, smoking, soaking or dipping, impregnation, injection, infusion, and so on. If the right preservative is selected and the right application method is employed, treatment will last to achieve the prevention of insects and restoring the damaged wood or wood product into a desirable form. The study is expected to serve as reference material in helping the general public, particularly woodworkers and users of wood items to know how to control certain insects attack using the appropriate, effective and reliable preservation material (s) by employing the right preservation process. As instructive research, the authors recommend extensive further studies be done by singling out each preservation material against the methods of preservation to help craftsmen and product users to know which preservation material is appropriate, its advantages and disadvantages for a particular work while employing the right method.

Health Services on the Caucasus Front in the First World War and the First Typhus Vaccine Applications in Erzurum

The Caucasian Front, which is called the Eastern Front, is one of the biggest defeats in Ottoman history, and it is a front where we lost most of our soldiers in the 3rd Army before fighting with the Russian army and where the cold and epidemic disease are our main enemies. Typhus disease is defined as the terrible disaster of war periods, invaded the 3rd Army in the Caucasian Front during the Sarikamis Operation, which lasted 18 days during the World War I (22 December 1914 - 9 January 1915), and made the general massacre that the enemy could not succeed, caused much more soldier and civilian casualties than the war, and took its place in history as a disaster in the history of war. While being driven to war on the Caucasian Front, preparations were extremely inadequate. While the sanitary service and organization was the most important point to focus on, in this important struggle, which was entered under extremely difficult conditions in the middle of the severe winter, the sanitary equipment was completely neglected. The offensive operation launched in December 1914 by the order of Enver Pasha ended unsuccessfully, most of the soldiers who took action under the harsh winter conditions succumbed to hunger and cold, and the rest of them were destroyed by the typhus disease, which was an epidemic in the army. All these unfortunate circumstances came together and resulted in the loss of too many soldiers in the 3rd Army, even at the beginning of the war. The consequences of the Sarikamis disaster were felt by the country, the army and in the front for a long time. Dr. Tevfik Saglam, appointed as the head of the aid in the 3rd Army at the age of 32 and worked at this position for 3 years and a half, started the first typhus vaccine applications in Erzurum (Hasankale) by creating miracles in health services and concluding that the disease they could not diagnose when they encountered in Yemen before was ‘Typhus' and prevented even greater disasters that may occur with the ‘Typhus epidemic'. While our fight against the COVID-19 pandemic continued in today's possibilities are continuing, we once again commemorate our Turkish physicians who managed to defeat the typhus epidemic a century ago despite war, poverty and cold. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.