Effects Of Grazing Management Research Articles

Choosing Appropriate Taxonomic Units for Ecological Survey and Experimentation: the Response of Aristida to Management and Landscape Factors as an Example.

The use of appropriate taxonomic units to describe herbaceous vegetation is an issue of increasing importance due to developing interest in the effects of grazing and other management on plant diversity in pastures. We use data for the genus Aristida as an example to examine patterns of ecological response to grazing, pasture sowing and landscape position in different taxonomic units. Responses of Aristida at the level of genus, section and species were compared over the gradients. There was strong evidence of differential responses to these factors, both between sections within genus, and between species within sections. The planning and execution of botanical field descriptions involve striking a balance between taxonomic accuracy and precision that will best address the objectives of a particular project. The species of the genus Aristida have a range of ecological responses, the variety of which can not be captured in data sets which record Aristida as a single entity. As a result, management recommendations for the genus in its entirety are likely to be inaccurate. Although data collection might ideally record individual species, this is not always practicable. In any case, there may be many rare species in the data set, with occurrences too low to detect ecological pattern. Delineation of rare species may only be important if diversity issues are being examined. In other circumstances the use of an intermediate unit (e.g. section or species groups) may be appropriate. The latter approach may be required if there are practical limitations to the collection of data at specific level for all groups, or if the research objectives do not require a high level of precision.

Vegetation change in semiarid communities

In arid regions, the effects of grazing or sparing management on natural communities of long-lived plants generally take decades to become evident. Event-driven dynamic behavior, unpredictable and low rainfall and complicated interactions between species make it difficult to assess probabilities and time scales of vegetation change.

The contributions of Dr Raymond Wilkie Brougham to grassland science and management

The contributions to grasslands research and practice of the internationally notable New Zealand Scientist, Dr Raymond Wilkie Brougham are reviewed. He made significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of processes in pasture establishment, pasture growth particularly its relationship with leaf area and light interception, and to grazing management effects on the botanical and genetic composition of grassland communities.

Effects of Grazing Management on Standing Crop Dynamics in Tallgrass Prairie

Grazing system and stocking rate effects on forage standing crop of tallgrass prairies in north-central Oklahoma were evaluated from 1989 to 1993. Twelve experimental units, consisting of pastures dominated by big bluestem [Andropogon gerardi Vitman], little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx. Nash], indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], and switch grass [Panicum virgatum L.], were arranged in a completely randomized design with either a short duration rotation or continuous grazing system and stocking rates ranging from 127 kg animal live-weight/ha to 222 kg live-weight/ha. Yearling steers grazed the units from late April to late September. Herbage standing crop was sampled in July and September. Total, live, and dead standing crops did not differ significantly between the 2 grazing systems in July. Total standing crop was significantly higher in the rotation units in September (3,600 versus 3,020 kg/ha, P < 0 .05). Dead standing crop was also higher in the rotation units in September (1,950 versus 1,570 kg/ha, P < 0 .05). Evidence suggests the difference in standing crop between systems is due, in part, to reduced forage intake by the livestock. Grazing system did not interact with either stocking rate or year. Stocking rate had significant effects on total, live and dead standing crops at both sample dates. The slope of the total standing crop-stocking rate relationship varied over years and ranged from -12 to -36 kg/ha per kg live-weight/ha in July and from -12 to -27 kg/ha per kg live-weight/ha in September. Higher standing crop at the end of the grazing season in the rotation units would mean greater soil protection and higher fuel loading for prescribed burning, and would suggest a lower impact on plant vigor. However, if the higher standing crop is a result of lower forage intake, we would expect livestock weight gains to decline.

Fungal endophyte effects on intake, health and liveweight gain of grazing cattle

The direct effects of fungal endophyte-produced alkaloids on dairy beef cattle were determined in early summer 1992 and in autumn of 1993 and 1994. Endophyte level (nil vs high) or strain (wildtype vs selected 187BB) did not affect liveweight gain (LWG), but in 1994 weaners on nil endophyte consumed more dry matter than those on either endophyte treatment. The presence of clover enhanced LWG, reflected in higher dry matter intake in autumn 1993. Under the severe endophyte challenge of 1994, clover reduced the severity of ryegrass staggers even though the daily intake of lolitrem B was higher in the presence of clover. Under the rotational grazing management contrast imposed in 1994, followers had lower LWG than leaders and tended to have higher daily intake of lolitrem B. Grazing management effects on ergovaline intake were inconsistent and differed between endophyte strain and clover level. Animal responses to endophyte strain under contrasting conditions during each measurement period were related to daily alkaloid intake when scaled to liveweight. It is concluded that under the environmental conditions experienced in the Manawatu, endophyte alkaloids have minimal direct effect on cattle performance, although the reduction in ryegrass staggers by clover presence and its elimination by using a selected endophyte have important practical effects. Indirect effects through pasture production, composition or persistence may be more important to animal performance. Keywords: alkaloid intake, cattle, endophyte, ergovaline, herbage intake, liveweight gain, lolitrem B, peramine

The Effects of Grazing Management on the Vegetation of Mesotrophic (Meadow) Grassland in Northern England

Haymeadows in the Yorkshire Dales and the North Pennines in Northern England are grazed with cattle and sheep outside the 2-3-month summer period, when a hay or silage crop is grown. Experimental exclosures were used from August 1987 to June 1991 to prevent this grazing for various periods in the year in a meadow at Ravenstonedale, Cumbria. Vegetation change was investigated using biomass samples taken in June of each year. Experimental treatments were: no grazing at any time of the year; no grazing from the time of the hay cut until 1 January; no grazing from 1 January to the time of the hay cut; control plots in which the normal grazing regime was followed each year. All other management factors were kept constant. All plots showed vegetation changes related to treatment and to time (...)

Development of more productive and persistent lucerne by selection under frequent cutting

The area of luceme (Medicago sativa L.), regarded as the best adapted legume for dry areas of New Zealand, has declined by 67% over the last 2 decades. The major reason for the decline has been the effect of pests, diseases and poor grazing management on productivity and persistence. The development of disease- and pest-resistant cultivars has allowed plant breeders to investigate methods for developing grazing-tolerant lucernes. It has been suggested that frequent cutting is harder on plants than grazing and that it could be used to rapidly identify the survival characteristic of breeding lines. Lines surviving cutting every 4 m weeks for 2 seasons have been selected at Lincoln. To evaluate the breeding method these selected lines were compared with their parents, under 4- weekly cutting (frequent), 8-weekly cutting (infrequent) and frequent grazing. Frequent grazing was less severe on plants than frequent cutting and evaluation by this treatment was discontinued after 3 years. There was a trend towards increased production through selection under both frequent and infrequent cutting and there appeared io be line differences in response to selection. Persistence of lines after 7 years of frequent and infrequent cutting was significantly improved by selection for most lines. The different degrees of improvement between lines indicate that lines responded differently to selection. Cutting frequency had little effect on the final plant numbers of lines. The differences between cultivars and lines can be attributed to disease and pest resistance and adaptability of lines. The trial showed that selecting plants tolerant of frequent cutting can improve production and persistence. Keywords: frequent cutting, grazing, Medicago sativa, persistence, production, selection

Land Degradation Assessment in Central Australia Using a Grazing Gradient Method.

: how well are they structured? J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. 42(7), 528-31. Stmnk, W. and White, E.B. (1972). 'The elements of style'. Macmillan, New York, and Collier Macmillan. London. Manuscript received 1 March 1993, accepted 22 March 1993 Rangel. J. 15(2) 1993,190-216 LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA USING A GRAZING GRADIENT METHOD G.N. Bastin, G. Pickup, V.H. Chewings and G. Pearce CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology, Centre for Arid Zone Research, PO Box 21 11, Alice Springs, NT 0871 Abstract Rangeland monitoring using ground-based methods has been fraught with difficulty because of the lack of accurate and repeatable techniques capable of separating grazing impact from both seasonal variability and natural landscape heterogeneity. The results presented here show how these problems can be overcome by analysing the entire grazed landscape using remotely-sensed data and 'grazing gradient' methods which separate grazing effects from natural variation. Land degradation is defined as 'a reduction in the capacity of landscapes to produce vegetation cover from rainfall'. After a period of grazing, vegetation cover typically decreases as water is approached producing a spatial pattern known as a grazing gradient. Vegetation increases across the whole landscape following rain and the extent of vegetation recovery in the vicinity of watering points . after significant rainfall is determined for each mapped land system. A 'percentage cover production loss' index is then derived allowing grazing management effects across land systems (and paddocks) to be compared. We report on the analysis of 38,000 krn2 of grazed country on all or parts of 16 pastoral leases. Land systems containing a high proportion of palatable forage have high index values and are most adversely affected by grazing. These land systems are frequently the most intensively stocked due to their original productivity. In some cases, parts of these land systems have also had a relatively long history of grazing. Some land systems of lower pastoral value show no gradient after rainfall but a pattern of decreasing cover with distance from water after a period of grazing. This is associated with an increase in cover of unpalatable shrubs. We advocate the use of grazing gradient methods which utilise remotely-sensed satellite data as an operational means of determining grazing impact in the arid rangelands. Our methods compare favourably with conventional ground-based monitoring in terms of cost and labour requirements. The remote sensing-based method is capable of providing comprehensive, objective and repeatable analysis of grazed country after future significant rainfalls. It also offers the significant additional advantage of immediate information about landscape condition through the analysis of archived remotely-sensed data.

Effects of pre-sowing herbicide and subsequent sward mass on survival, development, and production of autumn oversown Wana cocksfoot and Tahora white clover seedlings

Abstract Although oversowing new grass and legume cultivars offers potential for development of hill country, the success of this technique is variable. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of pre-sowing herbicide and subsequent grazing management on autumn oversowing into dense, hill country pastures. Three herbicide treatments (paraquat, glyphosate, and unsprayed) and four spring grazing treatments (average cover of 500,1000,2000, and 3000 kg DM/ ha) were compared. In general, ‘Grasslands Wana’ cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and ‘Grasslands Tahora’ white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings were more numerous (490 Wana /m2 and 90 Tahora /m2 versus 35 Wana/m2 and 40 Tahora /m2), larger (6–12 tillers or stolons/plant versus 1 tiller or stolon/plant), and more productive in herbicidetreated than unsprayed swards. Lax grazing ( about 3000 kg DM/ha) did not influence the survival of seedlings during spring, but resulted in smaller cocksfoot and clover seedlings. Rapid growth of these seedlings occurred after uniform grazing (release from competition) and resulted in few subsequent differences in plant size and contribution of Wana to pasture production. Once established, Wana and Tahora seedlings were tolerant of a range of grazing conditions, but with the high fertiliser input in this trial, did not appear to benefit annual production.

SEASONAL AND SHEEP GRAZING MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON BRANCHING STRUCTURE AND DRY WEIGHT OF WHITE CLOVER PLANTS IN MIXED SWARDS

Swards that had been either set stocked (SS) or rotationally grazed (RG) for five years were sampled monthly over two years by removing turves. The uncut white clover plants were then washed out, classified by branching structure (lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th order) and then dissected into stolon and leaf before drying and weighing Under both managements stolon dry weight per plant and branching structure of the population each indicated a strong seasonal shift from larger plant size during summer, autumn and winter (February, 109 mg stolon DW/plant, 7% of population 1st branching order) to a preponderance of smaller plants in spring (October, 41 mg stolon DW/plant, 30% of population 1st branching order). Grazing management affected stolon DW per plant (means. RG 106 mg. SS 53 mg) but had little effect on branching structure. However, in spring, under RG management proportions of 1st branching order plants in the population were higher for a longer period than under SS management. The simpler structure of plants in spring is thought to increase the vulnerability of the white clover population to adverse conditions at this time. While RG management allowed white clover to better utilize favourable growth conditions, it also increased the susceptibility of the population to large declines during stress periods; SS management reduced the potential for growth, but enhanced stability during stress periods. Hence where environmental conditions are unpredictable SS rather than RG management will favour retention of white clover in the sward. The seasonal and grazing management effects reported are likely to occur across a wide range of environments. Keywords: Trifolium repens, individual plants, plant size, seasonal variation, branching.

Effects of Grazing Management on Establishment and Productivity of Aeschynomene Overseeded in Limpograss Pastures1

AbstractLow protein concentration in limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf et C.E. Hubb.] herbage is thought to limit the performance of grazing animals. In 1983 and 1984 an experiment was conducted on a sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Haplaquod soil to evaluate effects of grazing management on establishment and productivity of the legume aeschynomene (Aeschynomene americana L.) seeded in limpograss. Existing limpograss pastures were grazed in the spring to 75‐ or 150‐mm stubble heights. After broadcast seeding aeschynomene, stubble heights were maintained by grazing until (i) legume cotyledons were exserted, (ii) two true leaves were present, or (iii) 2 weeks after the two‐leaf stage. Summer grazing was initiated when aeschynomene plants were 0.20, 0.40, or 0.80 m tall in 1983 and 0.20, 0.40, or 0.60 m tall in 1984. After initiation of grazing, pastures were grazed every 5 weeks. Limpograss stubble height during legume establishment did not affect legume productivity, but there was a trend favoring the 75‐mm level. Extending the period of early season grazing of limpograss until aeschynomene seedlings reached at least the two‐leaf stage controlled grass competition and maximized legume performance. Legume dry matter (DM) accumulation was greatest if initiation of summer grazing was delayed until aeschynomene was 0.80 (1983) or 0.60 (1984) m tall. Initiation of grazing when aeschynomene was 0.20 to 0.40 m tall resulted in more uniform distribution of total and legume DM, higher efficiency of grazing, more vigorous legume regrowth, and a trend toward greater total herbage consumption. These data indicate that aeschynomene can be established into limpograss sods under grazing, and that this association has potential on the large expanses of poorly drained soils in Florida.

Effects of Grazing Management on Natural Pastures in a Marginal Area of Southeastern Australia

Effects of Grazing Management on Natural Pastures in a Marginal Area of Southeastern Australia

Symposium on Pasture Methods for Maximum Production in Beef Cattle: Effect of Grazing Management on Animal and Area Output

Symposium on Pasture Methods for Maximum Production in Beef Cattle: Effect of Grazing Management on Animal and Area Output

Effect of Grazing Management on the Animal Production from Birdsfoot Trefoil Pastures1

AbstractThe effect of grazing management on animal product per hectare and individual animal response from birdsfoot trefoil‐Kentucky bluegrass pastures was studied for a 6‐year period. The put‐and‐take grazing procedure was used with yearling steers and feeder lambs. Animal product per hectare, as measured by animal liveweight gains, was greater from a three paddock rotational grazing system than from continuous grazing. ‘Empire’ birdsfoot trefoil produced more total animal product per ha for the 6 years than did ‘Viking’ birdsfoot trefoil within grazing treatments. Individual animal response as measured by average daily gains was similar for grazing treatments as well as for Empire and Viking birdsfoot trefoils. Empire was found to be a more persistent pasture legume than Viking. Feeder lambs produced more animal product per hectare than yearling steers.

Effect of Grazing Management of Annual Pastures on Body Weight and Subsequent Wool and Lamb Production of Nonlactating Ewes

Effect of Grazing Management of Annual Pastures on Body Weight and Subsequent Wool and Lamb Production of Nonlactating Ewes

Effect of Grazing Management on Body Weight and Subsequent Wool and Lamb Production of Non-Lactating Ewes

Effect of Grazing Management on Body Weight and Subsequent Wool and Lamb Production of Non-Lactating Ewes

The Effect of Grazing Management on Forage and Grain Production from Rye, Wheat and Oats1

Agronomy JournalVolume 46, Issue 1 p. 29-33 Article The Effect of Grazing Management on Forage and Grain Production from Rye, Wheat and Oats1 M. A. Sprague, M. A. Sprague Associate Research Specialist, Department of Farm Crops, Rutgers University. The author wishes to thank Dr. J. W. Bartlett, Chairman of the Department of Dairy Husbandry, for making animals available for these studies and for use of the pasture areas. Recognition is also due Dr. G. M. Wood, Associate Agronomist, Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. for aid in making sample harvests the first two years of the study.Search for more papers by this author M. A. Sprague, M. A. Sprague Associate Research Specialist, Department of Farm Crops, Rutgers University. The author wishes to thank Dr. J. W. Bartlett, Chairman of the Department of Dairy Husbandry, for making animals available for these studies and for use of the pasture areas. Recognition is also due Dr. G. M. Wood, Associate Agronomist, Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. for aid in making sample harvests the first two years of the study.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1954 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1954.00021962004600010009xCitations: 13 1 Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta., Rutgers University—the State University of New Jersey, Department of Farm Crops, New Brunswick, N. J. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume46, Issue1January 1954Pages 29-33 RelatedInformation

Effect of Grazing Management on Beef Gains from White Clover‐Grass Pastures in Central Alabama 1

Agronomy JournalVolume 39, Issue 7 p. 584-595 Article Effect of Grazing Management on Beef Gains from White Clover-Grass Pastures in Central Alabama 1 E. L. Mayton, E. L. MaytonSearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. Grimes, J. C. GrimesSearch for more papers by this authorH. T. Rogers, H. T. Rogers Superintendent of the Piedmont Substation (formerly Associate Agronomist), Head of the Animal Husbandry Department, and Associate Soil Chemist, respectively. The manuscript was prepared by the second junior author who is now Agronomist with the Tennessee Valley Authority.Search for more papers by this author E. L. Mayton, E. L. MaytonSearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. Grimes, J. C. GrimesSearch for more papers by this authorH. T. Rogers, H. T. Rogers Superintendent of the Piedmont Substation (formerly Associate Agronomist), Head of the Animal Husbandry Department, and Associate Soil Chemist, respectively. The manuscript was prepared by the second junior author who is now Agronomist with the Tennessee Valley Authority.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1947 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1947.00021962003900070003xCitations: 2 1 Contribution from the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume39, Issue7July 1947Pages 584-595 RelatedInformation

Effect of Soil Treatment and Grazing Management on the Productivity, Erosion, and Run‐off from Pasture Land1

Agronomy JournalVolume 32, Issue 11 p. 877-887 Article Effect of Soil Treatment and Grazing Management on the Productivity, Erosion, and Run-off from Pasture Land1 C. A. Van Doren, C. A. Van DorenSearch for more papers by this authorW. L. Burlison, W. L. BurlisonSearch for more papers by this authorL. E. Gard, L. E. GardSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Fuelleman, R. F. Fuelleman Soil Conservationist, Office of Research, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; Head, Department of Agronomy, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station; Assistant Soil Conservationist, Office of Research, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; and Associate in Crop Production, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, respectively.Search for more papers by this author C. A. Van Doren, C. A. Van DorenSearch for more papers by this authorW. L. Burlison, W. L. BurlisonSearch for more papers by this authorL. E. Gard, L. E. GardSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Fuelleman, R. F. Fuelleman Soil Conservationist, Office of Research, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; Head, Department of Agronomy, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station; Assistant Soil Conservationist, Office of Research, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; and Associate in Crop Production, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, respectively.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1940 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1940.00021962003200110006xCitations: 5 1 This study is being conducted as a cooperative project between the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, Ill., and the Soil Conservation Service, Office of Research. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume32, Issue11November 1940Pages 877-887 RelatedInformation