Sand Gravel Research Articles

Using pore size distribution and porosity to estimate particle size distribution by nuclear magnetic resonance

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is critical for assessing the potential for internal instability of sand–gravel soils, mainly because particle migration in sand–gravel soils owing to seepage forces affects almost all soil hydraulic properties during internal erosion processes. Therefore, a reliable PSD analysis is essential for revealing the mechanism of particle migration and internal instability of sand–gravel soils. At present, however, PSD is commonly calculated by manual interpretation methods and cannot be continuously and nondestructively analyzed during internal erosion processes. Those methods are lacking, however, in that it results in a failure to continuously determine the internal erosion condition. In this paper, a new approach with the ability to continuously predict the PSD changes in sand–gravel mixtures is introduced based on one-dimensional laboratory suffusion tests in a non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system over a range of suffusion times. The results show that pore expansion and particle migration are an interactive process that controls suffusion development in sand–gravel mixtures. The proposed method is verified through experimental data measured by sieve analysis, and has potential to retrieve PSD information at different suffusion times.

Influence of non-plastic fine on static iquefaction and undrained monotonic behavior of sandy gravel

Many geological hazards such as landslide, liquefaction, slope failure and rockfall occur in mixed gravelly alluvium or colluvium deposits, highlighting the importance of studying gravel–sand–silt mixtures. Although many natural strata are built using these mixtures, they are not entirely understood. A fundamental experimental study was designed to explore the influence of non-plastic fine content on the undrained behavior of gravel-sand-silt mixtures as common geomaterials in nature. Undrained monotonic triaxial tests were carried out. Three types of sandy gravels with different sand-to-gravel ratios were selected as base gravels. The impacts of the non-plastic fine content on the stress–strain behavior, static liquefaction potential, steady sate line, residual strength and critical state friction angle were studied. The laboratory results show that both sand-to-gravel ratio and non-plastic fine content have significant impacts on the undrained response of gravelly mixtures. It was observed that mixtures with zero non-plastic fines content exhibit the non-flow liquefaction behavior. However, adding silt content up to 45% shows the limited liquefaction or flow behavior, depending on the base gravelly soils and fine content percentage. A threshold for non-plastic fine content was found to be 35%–45%. Below this threshold, the steady state line shifts downward as silt content increases, and then shifts upward with further increase in the silt contents. The identical trend was also noted for residual strength and critical state friction angle. For silt contents below the threshold, the equivalent intergranular void ratio concept (modified with a new logical assumption) was used to analyze the behavior of gravelly mixtures. The results clearly indicate that the accurate value of equivalent intergranular void ratio can fully explain the behavior of sandy gravel-fine mixtures, similar to sand-fine mixtures. From a microstructure perspective, both sand and silt content act as fine-grains in gravelly mixtures and should be considered when studying the mechanical properties of theses mixtures.

Susceptibility of shallow groundwater aquifers to water logging, case study Al Marashda area, West Nile Valley, Qena, Egypt

Attempts were carried out to delineate the areas where the aquifer is vulnerable to water logging, head drop and pollution in the new and old reclamation areas as well. All of the hydrological, geophysical and soil factors were incorporated in the DRASTIC model. Parameters included are; depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, water salinity, thicknesses and resistivity of successive geoelectrical layers soil media, topography and impact of the vadose zone. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity varies from 4.43 X10-4 to 243 X10-4 m/sec. Groundwater is supplied from the gravel sand saturated sediments belonging to the Quaternary aquifer. The aquifer thickness rangs from 60 to 120 m. Groundwater depths are gradually increased from 2 m in north to about 72 m in the southern area. Groundwater levels are ranging from 58 m a.s.l. to 74 m a.s.l. Transmissivity is ranging from 155 m2/day to 420 m2/day. Applying the DRASTIC model reveals that there are five vulnerable classes characterizing the study area. Very low and Low vulnerable areas characterize the southern area located near the table land area. Medium vulnerable area present at the pediment area just above the old cultivated lands and extends through the old cultivated lands East of Al Marashda area where groundwater depths are ranging from 5 m - 40 m and recharge is essentially from excess irrigation water. A very high and high vulnerable area is located in the old cultivated lands where groundwater is very shallow (< 5 m) and recharge is very high from excess irrigation water and percolation from surface water systems.

Assessing the impact of groundwater mixing and sea water intrusion on oil production in coastal oil fields using resistivity sounding methods

Issaran oil field is a major heavy oil field in the Western shoreline of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, which is facing challenges in field development and operations. Therefore, it is under development for many years to identify the required parameters to improve the quality of the produced oil. Identifying the source of groundwater mixing with heavy oil during the production process is a prerequisite. Geoelectric resistivity survey is suggested to identify aquifer characteristics, as well as the distribution of structural elements affecting the groundwater aquifer in Issaran oil field. A total of 94 Vertical Electrical Resistivity Soundings (VESs) were conducted to evaluate the groundwater aquifer. The recorded VESs were corrected and modeled to create two-dimensional profiles (2D) and areal contour maps throughout the studied site. Geoelectric modeling revealed five distinct resistivity subsurface layers. The top three layers are corresponding to dry friable gravelly sand and alluvial sediments of a total thickness of about 15–70 m and resistivity values ranging from 15 to 200 Ω m. The fourth layer represents the groundwater bearing horizon and is characterized by high degree of saline water saturation, where resistivity ranged from 0.5 to 15 Ω m. Finally, the lower stratigraphic layer is characterized by its relatively high resistivity (greater than 70 Ω m), and it is not observed through all the conducted VESs. The findings shows that the groundwater bearing horizon is structurally controlled and is mainly affected by the Red Sea structural regime, which could act as seawater passages to the oil field area.

Factors influencing surface water and groundwater interaction in alluvial fan

Abstract In this study, the surface water balance method was used to calculate the interaction between surface water and groundwater (SGW) in the Taoer River alluvial fan in Jilin Province, China, from 1956 to 2014. The automatic linear model was used to determine the key and non-key influencing factors, and correlation analysis was performed to evaluate their relationship with one another. River runoff and groundwater level were the key factors affecting the SGW interaction, and sand–gravel exposure in the fan was more conducive to SGW interaction. There was a positive correlation between runoff and SGW interaction, and the relationship between the groundwater and surface water levels was correlated and affected by groundwater exploitation and groundwater runoff. Groundwater exploitation and evaporation and precipitation indirectly influenced the SGW interaction by affecting the groundwater level and river runoff key factors, respectively, and were considered non-key factors.

Study on the Material Properties of Cement-sand-gravel

Cement-sand-gravel dam is a new type of dam. The low-strength cement-sand-gravel material with low price is used for dam construction. This material is obtained by simply mixing water with a small amount of cement in the sand gravel of river bed or excavation waste slag and other materials easy to get near the dam site. In this paper, the effects of water binder ratio, fly ash, sand ratio, stone powder and other parameters in different mix ratio design on the properties of materials are studied. The results show that: (1) water to binder ratio has a great influence on the strength of cement-sand-gravel material; (2) fly ash can increase the later strength of cement-sand-gravel material; (3) when the sand ratio exceeds 25%, with the increase of sand ratio, the compressive strength of cement-sand-gravel material decreases sharply; (4) stone powder has a significant effect on the early strength.

Study some optical properties of different total suspended solids in media filters by using He–Ne laser

The drip irrigation emitter is a small mechanical device which is designed to dissipate pressure and constantly discharge a small, uniform flow of water. Partial and total clogging of emitters is closely related to the quality of the irrigation water. Physical factors for water quality include all inorganic materials such as sand, silt and clay; the filtration of the irrigation water is essential in order to avoid blockages damage of the small passage emitters, drippers, sprayers and sprinklers. This is a mechanical water treatment and it is achieved by the installation of main filtering devices (filters) at the control head of the irrigation systems. Sand–gravel media filters are particularly suitable for water with high suspended solid content. The precision agriculture database generally includes irrigation facilities, water availability and planning of other inputs. The science of remote sensing RS is usually restricted to methods that detect and measure electromagnetic energy including visible and non-visible radiations that interact with surface materials and the atmosphere. A new multispectral optical sensor system has been designed and developed for measuring total suspended solid (TSS) concentration in polluted water. In this study, the optical sensing system has been designed for measuring scattered radiation from water samples from media filters at the irrigation systems. This study aims to measure the peak of optical properties at transmission and absorption intensities of irrigation water samples. Three different concentration levels of TSS are 286.8, 270 and 290 mg/l. It was noticed that high values were 4240 and 3880 for absorption intensities to Zaffaran media and Misr bank media at wavelength 632.8 nm.

Каскадный способ фильтрования сточных вод с использованием ферритовых реагентов

Wastewater is a variety of waters, as well as precipitation discharged into water bodies from industrial enterprises, domestic, livestock production, as well as settlements through the drainage system, the properties of which were deteriorated as a result of human activity. In areas where livestock complexes are located, the situation is tense. It is necessary to solve the problem of processing toxic, toxic and harmful industrial, domestic, animal waste. It is necessary to develop special sites for the destruction and recycling of these wastes. There are many ways to treat wastewater, such as screening, initial sedimentation without reagents, filtration, sorption on activated carbon, ultrafiltration, ozonation, etc. Currently, it is becoming increasingly important to use the ferrite method for wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions.&#x0D; Basically, this method is widely used in wastewater treatment of galvanic production, engineering plants which in the process of their work have galvanic waste, i.e. galvanic sludge. The article presents the results of cascade filtration through various natural sorbents such as activated carbon of the BAU-A brand, gravel sand and zeolite of various fractions. The limiting indicator of the harmfulness of the studied pollutants before and after ferritization is calculated. Based on the research results, regression models were obtained that characterize the dependence of the concentration of impurities on the reaction time of ferrite reagents with poultry runoff.

Hydrodynamic Controls of Particulate Metals Partitioning Along the Lower Selenga River—Main Tributary of The Lake Baikal

In this study, the downstream effects of pollutants spreading due to hydromorphological gradients and associated changes in sediment transport conditions along the braided-meandering and deltaic distributary reach of a large river downstream section are discussed. We demonstrate the significance of hydrodynamic control for sediment-associated metal partitioning along the river. Typically, the downward decline of the sediment and metals spreading towards Lake Baikal is observed due to buffer effects in the delta. During peak flow, the longitudinal gradients in heavy metal concentration along the distributary delta reach are neglected due to higher concentrations delivered from the upper parts of the river. In particular, significant variations of heavy metal concentrations associated with the river depth are related to sediment concentration and flow velocity profiles. Various particulate metal behavior in silt-sand delta channels and the sand–gravel Selenga main stem emphasize the importance of near-bottom exchange for particles spreading with the river flow. Using empirically derived Rouse numbers, we found quantitative relationships between the ratio of particulate metals sorting throughout depth in a single river channel and the hydrodynamic conditions of sediment transport.

Soft Sediment Deformation Structures in Quaternary Sediments from Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Western India

Abstract Quaternary sediments are preserved in disconnected patches along the middle and lower reaches of major river valleys like Damanganga, Par, Ratakhadi and Dongarkhadi in the Dadra and Nagar Haveli region of Konkan coastal belt, Western India. These deposits mainly consist of stratified sand, silt, clay and gravel beds. The study area has been earlier affected by moderate earthquakes. The identified soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) are mainly developed in the sand silt, sand gravel and clay beds; and includes intrusive sedimentary bodies (dykes and sills), slump structures, suspended clast blocks and convolute structures. The nature, shape and dimension of SSDS suggest that the trigger mechanism and driving forces for the origin of these structures were seismic shock waves. Sediment loading and storm events as a trigger for the SSDS are less likely the reason and the proximity of these structures to the faults support the inference that it may be of seismic origin. Deformation in the Quaternary sediments of Dadra and Nagar Haveli imply the presence of neotectonic activity and points to an earthquake of magnitude &amp;gt;5.5 that struck the study area after sediment deposition.

Enhancing Cadmium Tolerance and Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation Together with Biochar and Gravel Sand.

Contamination of soils with heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), is an increasingly alarming environmental issue around the world. Application of organic and inorganic immobilizing amendments such as biochar and gravel sand in combination with metal-tolerant microbes has the potential to minimize the bioavailability of Cd to plants. The present study was designed to identify the possible additive effects of the application of Enterobacter sp. MN17 as well as biochar and gravel sand on the reduction of Cd stress in plants and improvement of growth and nutritional quality of pea (Pisum sativum) plants through the reduction of Cd uptake. Pea seeds were surface sterilized then non-inoculated seeds and seeds inoculated with Enterobacter sp. MN17 were planted in artificially Cd-polluted soil, amended with the immobilizing agents biochar and gravel sand. Application of biochar and gravel sand alone and in combination not only improved the growth and nutritional quality of pea plants by in situ immobilization but also reduced the uptake of Cd by plant roots and its transport to shoots. However, microbial inoculation further enhanced the overall plant health as well as alleviated the toxic effects of Cd on the pea plants. These soil treatments also improved rates of photosynthesis and transpiration. The combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculation resulted in an increase in plant height (47%), shoot dry weight (42%), root dry weight (57%), and 100 seeds weight (49%) as compared to control plants in Cd contaminated soil. Likewise, biochemical constituents of pea seeds (protein, fat, fiber, and ash) were significantly increased up to 41%, 74%, 32%, and 72%, respectively, with the combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacterium. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combined application of biochar and gravel sand, particularly in combination with Enterobacter sp. MN17, could be an efficient strategy for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil. It could support better growth and nutritional quality of pea plants.

Gradation and geochemistry of the Fenced Lagoon sediments (Bandar Anzali) with regard to source rock and tectonic location

The location of the Fenced Lagoon in the urban basin of Bandar Anzali, which should be considered due to its impact on the lives of the people of the region in terms of the conservation of the wetland and its environmental issues, and, on the other hand, the potential of this area to be introduced as a geotourism center determine the need to investigate the area’s sedimentology and geochemistry. Therefore, to study sedimentary and geochemical properties of the Fenced Lagoon sediments located in Bandar Anzali, 33 samples were taken in the form of 6 cores and 12 grabs, and basic sedimentation tests and heavy metals measurement were carried out on them .Studies show that the sediments range from sand to clay in terms of gradation and have mainly coastal-river origin. The sediments of this lake are classified into four sedimentary types: Muddy Sand, Slightly Gravelly Muddy Sand, Sand and Slightly Gravelly Sand, and sand is the main component of all of these sediments. The most abundant sedimentary types belong to Muddy Sand and Sand and the least abundant sedimentary types belong to Slightly Gravelly Muddy Sand and Slightly Gravely Sand. The nature of the source rock is derived from acidic to intermediate combination and in general, sedimentary rocks of the area under study are within the continental arch islands and, to a lesser extent, the active continental margin.

NON-ERODING WATER VELOCITIES FOR INCOHERENT BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

There are the values of non-eroding water velocities for various types of bottom sediments (incoherent and cohesive) given in the normative documentation in the form of tables and graphs. Also there are a number of regulatory documents containing methods for calculation such velocities. These methods are based on empirical dependencies adapted to specific conditions. The calculated mean non-eroding water velocities are proportional to the depth of flow and bottom particle size in the case of incoherent bottom sediments erosion. The authors made an attempt to estimate non-eroding water velocity by a physical approach to the problem depending on the internal friction angle, the calculated clutch of incoherent bottom sediments and the depth of the water over the bottom. This approach should be universal. An analysis of the results indicated that the proposed formula for calculating bottom non-eroding water velocities in all considered cases gives results significantly higher than the values given in the regulatory documents for the corresponding size of incoherent bottom sediments. As a result authors obtained non-eroding water velocities, which were overestimated at times on the basis of expert evaluation. When the depth changes from 0.5 to 10 m, the spread of estimated bottom velocities varies from 14 to 22%, depending on the size of the incoherent soil. It was concluded that for smaller particles of incoherent soil, the less deviation of the calculated values of bottom non-eroding water velocities from the normative ones (for massive gravel sands at a 10 m flow depth, the deviation from the normative values reaches 375-510%). In addition, the dependence of the value bottom non-eroding water velocity on the depth is traced, which is not provided in regulatory documents. The authors offer the scientific community to join to discussion of the reasons for these discrepancies.

Assessment and treatment of arsenic contaminated tube well water from selected areas in Kyaunggon Township, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar

Arsenic contamination of tube well water has become the greatest health threat to the people. This cross-sectional analytic study aimed to find out the prevalence of arsenic contaminated wells in selected areas of Kyaunggon Township, to increase the arsenic awareness and to construct the low-cost arsenic reducing Gravel Sand Filter (GSF) for household use. The water samples were tested for arsenic and other parameters. About 66% (63/96) tube wells of depth between 12 to 183 meters had arsenic concentration more than 10 ppb and moreover 42 out of 63 tube wells had depth between 30 to 90 meters. Therefore, this depth range should be avoided for tube well construction in that area. About 67.7 % (65/96) had iron concentration more than 0.3 ppm, 74 % (71/96) had manganese concentration more than 0.4 ppm and 4.1 % (4/96) had phosphate concentration more than 4 ppm according to WHO drinking water quality guideline. These results were disseminated to basic health staff, teachers and students from respective areas. GSF was constructed and demonstrated to villagers. Widely using of this removal method in arsenic contaminated areas will partly contribute towards the safe water supply and promote the community health.

Ground Penetrating Radar Investigation of Late Pleistocene Shorelines of Pluvial Lake Clover, Elko County, Nevada, USA

Beach ridges constructed by pluvial Lake Clover in Elko County, Nevada during the Late Pleistocene were investigated with ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The primary objective was to document the internal architecture of these shorelines and to evaluate whether they were constructed during lake rise or fall. GPR data were collected with a ground-coupled 400-Mhz antenna and SIR-3000 controller. To constrain the morphology of the ridges, detailed topographic surveys were collected with a Topcon GTS-235W total station referenced to a second class 0 vertical survey point. GPR transects crossed the beach ridge built by Lake Clover at its highstand of 1725 m, along with seven other ridges down to the lowest beach at 1712 m. An average dielectric permittivity of 5.0, typical for dry sand and gravel, was calculated from GPR surveys in the vicinity of hand-excavations that encountered prominent stratigraphic discontinuities at known depths. Assuming this value, consistent radar signals were returned to a depth of ~3 m. Beach ridges are resolvable as ~90 to 150-cm thick stratified packages of gravelly sand overlying a prominent lakeward-dipping reflector, interpreted as the pre-lake land surface. Many ridges contain a package of sediment resembling a buried berm at their core, typically offset in a landward direction from the geomorphic crest of the beach ridge. Sequences of lakeward-dipping reflectors are resolvable beneath the beach face of all ridges. No evidence was observed to indicate that beach ridges were submerged by higher water levels after their formation. Instead, the GPR data are consistent with a model of sequential ridge formation during a monotonic lake regression.

Experiment of Shear Properties on the Interface Between Gravelly Sand and Concrete Pipe

Experiment of Shear Properties on the Interface Between Gravelly Sand and Concrete Pipe

Sedimentary succession and recognition marks of lacustrine gravel beach-bars, a case study from the Qinghai Lake, China

Abstract The present is the key to the past. Based on the dissection of modern beach-bars in the Qinghai Lake, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, including two profiles parallelly to the shoreline, two profiles vertically to the shoreline and one plane-view profile, the sedimentary succession and recognition marks of lacustrine gravel beach-bars have been summarized. Vertically, the lacustrine gravel beach-bars develop with the “ABC” succession. The A interval, the B interval, and the C interval respectively correspond with the gravelly sand facies, the well-sorted gravel facies, and the graded sand facies. The lacustrine gravel beach-bars is composed of several combinations of the “ABC” succession, such as “ABAB”, “ABCABC”, “BCBC”. The main recognition marks of lacustrine gravel beach-bars is the following: the bottom contact is distinct and with the “ABC” succession; and the lacustrine beach-bars develop the swash bedding and sheet-like parallelly to the lakeshore. These viewpoints have significant contributions to the reconstruction of paleoenvironments and paleoshorelines and to the reservoir interpretation within lacustrine beach-bar clastic bodies.

Static Capacity of Closed-Ended Pipe Pile Driven in Gravelly Sand

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a static load test (SLT) and two dynamic load tests (DLTs) performed on a closed-ended steel pipe pile (CEP) with an outer diameter B=610 mm (24 in.) dri...

Seismic Property and Its Effect on Abrasion in the West Leihitu Coastal region, Ambon Island

This research was carried out in the West Leihitu coastal region, Ambon Island. The purpose of this study is to study seismic properties and their effects on coastal abrasion based on seismic geological conditions as an indicator of abrasion rate. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values of each coastal area have a range (19,722-41,130) gal, with the highest value in the Negeri Liliboi at 41,130 gal. PGA values do not represent Ground Shear Strain (GGS) levels or have an impact on rock deformation in coastal areas. This can be seen from the GGS of the Negeri Liliboi coastal area which is higher (γ = 1.459 × 10-5) when compared to Negeri Alang coastal area (γ = 2,561 × 10-5) although the Peak Land Acceleration (PGA) value is large. Based on these results, Negeri Alang and Negeri Liliboy have high soil susceptibility resulting in soil structure cracking and soil degradation. This is the potential for abrasion in coastal areas. Geological conditions on the West Leihitu coastal region consist of land classification types II, III and IV namely gravel sand, alluvial rocks, and buff formations and alluvial rocks formed from sedimentation with a very thick layer thickness in general.

Analysis on Deformation Control Technology for Large-Span Subway Tunnels from High-Narrow Channel

The construction process of the transverse channel to the large-span tunnel is complicated, the mechanics change frequently, and the construction safety risk is high. Relying on the Huangshan Street Station project of Wulumuqi subway tunnel, combined with the key technology in the construction of the transverse channel to the large-span tunnel, this paper aims to analysis the deformation during the construction of subway tunnel from transverse channel by numerical simulation method. The results demonstrate that the the bearing system of “frame beam plus middle diaphragm” is adopted in the construction of the main tunnel with large cross-section, and the deformation can be effectively controlled by “double-layer support structure” in the sand gravel layer. Therefore, the surface settlement has passed through three stages of “rapid growth—slow growth—stable”, and the maximum value of 13.32mm, which ensures the construction safety in the breaking process of transverse channel. Moreover, when the temporary middle partition wall is removed, the displacement of the measuring point will be greatly deformed during the construction of the positive hole. So the length of the support removed should be shortened, no more than 6m and on-site monitoring should be strengthened in this process.