Grass Field Research Articles

Effects of some control methods on Johnson grass and yield components in tomato fields

Johnson grass is one of the most dangerous and difficult to control weeds. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different control methods on Johnson grass in tomato fields and to investigate the effect of these methods on the phenological stages and yield indicators of tomatoes. The study was carried out during the 2019 and 2020 seasons. The experiment treatments were as follows: hand hoe, mulch, preemergence herbicide pendimethalin (5 L/ha), postemergence herbicide fluazifop-P-butyl (1 L/ha), and control parcels. The number of flowers, the number of branches, and the length of the plant were determined in tomato. The yield and characteristics of the fruit were calculated and the fruits were analyzed. For Johnson grass, the time for germination, flowering, and seed maturity were determined. Plant height, fresh and dry biomass weight of weed, and rhizomes were also calculated. The results of this experiment showed that the best yield was 64.943 kg/ha in the hand hoe and the fluazifop-P-butyl treatment. The lowest density and fresh biomass of Johnson grass were detected in the fluazifop-P-butyl (217.3 stem/mm$^{2}$, 1009.4 g/m$^{2}$) and the mulch (251.7 stem/mm$^{2}$, 1355.2 g/m$^{2}$) treatments, respectively. The highest density and fresh biomass were detected in control parcels (448.8 stem/m$^{2}$, 3239.2 g/ m2), and in the pendimethalin treatment (334.2 stem/m$^{2}$, 1956.4 g/m$^{2}$), respectively. The percentage of lost yield in the control parcels was 90.1%. Hand hoe was found to be the most effective control method against Johnson grass followed by fluazifop-P-butyl, mulch, and pendimethalin.

Problematizing Chieftaincy Succession Squabbles in the Cameroon Grassfields Studies

Chieftaincy institution constitutes a significant aspect of the socio-cultural heritage and feature within the Bamenda Grass fields. Its historical role in the maintenance of peace and promotion of development at the local level is incontestable. Recently the institution that was yesterday a symbol of harmony, development and cultural pride has suddenly become an object of discord and rivalry. In reality, the authority and legitimacy of chiefs in the Cameroon Grassfields is increasingly being contested and questioned. It is sustained in this paper that chieftaincy that used to be a problem shooter in communities in the Bamenda Grassfields has become itself a problem to the socio-economic and political developmentefforts of grassroots population. Following a critical historical approached based on the content analysis of primary and secondary sources, the study reveals that the multiplication of dual chieftaincy crisis in the Bamenda Grassfields is the historical product of the socio-cultural degradation of the chieftaincy institution. In order to carry out this workboth quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in interpreting and analyzing Data. A thematic cum chronological approach was used in presenting the findings.

Milk Production and Quality of Etawa Crossbred Goats with Non-Conventional Forages and Palm Concentrates

Using Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), Cassava leaves (Manihot utilisima), and Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) as alternative fibers, and palm concentrate as an alternative protein, is one way to implement an effective feeding strategy under a limited supply or lack of feed sources for Etawa Crossbreed Dairy Goats (ECDG). This research aimed to study the productive traits and milk quality of ECDG fed on several sources of forage with Palm Kernel Cake Concentrate (PKCC). The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments of feed formulation. Treatment formulations were as follows: A. 50% Tofu Waste (TW) +50% field grass (control); B. 25% TW +25% PKCC +50% Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia); C. 25% TW +25% PKCC +50% Cassava leaves (Manihot utilisima); D. 25% TW +25% PKCC +50% Gamal (Gliricidia sepium). The results showed were significant (P<0.05) on parameters such as DMI, OMI, CPI, DMD, OMD, CPD, protein, lactose, fat, TS, and Ca of milk. It can be concluded that the replacement of field grass with forage sources such as Tithonia, Cassava leaves, and Gamal and the replacement of tofu waste with concentrate-based palm kernel cake could increase feed intake, digestibility, protein, lactose, and fat of milk.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ІСТОРІЇ ВИНИКНЕННЯ ТА ЕВОЛЮЦІЇ ВИГІННОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВА

Summary The purpose of the research is to make a comprehensive historical-scientific analysis of the process of formation of the scientific and practical foundations of the cropping (multi-field-grass) system of agriculture, to find out the prerequisites for its emergence and to establish the patterns of development of its components. The research methods are historical-scientific, dialectical-logical, bibliographic-statistical, problem-chronological, which contributed to the comprehensive analysis of the research subject, which is based on the principles of multifactoriality, comprehensiveness, historicism and scientific objectivity of knowledge. Research results. Many years of research by scientists of the Bilotserki National University convincingly proved that the very low productivity of cattle breeding due to the constant shortage of fodder, and of low quality, and an excessively large share of steam (usually 1/3-1/2 of the entire area of arable land) under the steam farming system were the main reasons the emergence of a fallow (multi-field-grass) system of agriculture on the territory of Ukraine. In the estates of the nobles of the Black Earth belt, this system often arose from virgin or fallow land as a transitional form from primitive to interactive farming systems. Conclusion. It was noted that the yield system was gradually transformed into an improved grain crop by reducing the share of the area under perennial grasses and the growth under grain crops. The improved grain system, in turn, is transformed into a crop rotation (grain-grass rowing system) by replacing clean pairs with busy ones, as well as introducing row crops into crop rotations. Analyzing the data, it can be stated that in Ukraine, the no-till farming system was not very widespread in its pure form, but its individual components (multi-pollinated - grass, soil protection, fodder crop rotations) are successfully used even today in combination with crop rotations of other systems. V.O. is deservedly considered a pioneer of experimental field grass seeding and the creator of an improved grain system with a four-field crop rotation. Levshina, and the founders of field grass sowing on a large economic scale were D.M. Poltoratskyi and I.I.Samarin. Key words: evolution, system of farming (agriculture), crop rotation, culture, steam, tillage, soil, fertility, fertilizers.

Evaluation of wind pressure in low-rise buildings with full-scale metal roofs in Juliaca city

The study of the loads resulting from the action of the wind in buildings is one of the relevant aspects of structural design, for which its correct consideration in the design, as well as the study of real cases, adds great value to the field of engineering. Civil construction. In this sense, the present work was developed in order to evaluate wind pressure in low-rise buildings with full-scale metal roofs in the city of Juliaca. It was quantitative and experimental, where, as the object of study, they took 3 structures, which were evaluated from the natural ground level to the top of the coverage; being the following: Coliseum of the University Peruana Unión [UPeU], 13.13 meters high with parabolic coverage; Los Uros dining room of the University Peruana Unión, 4.75 meters high with one water roof and; Grass field of the University Peruana Union of 7.30 meters high with gabled coverage. Data collection and recording was performed at intervals of 30 minutes, for a period of 12 hours, in an arrangement of 7 rows by 6 columns, for each coverage, where 840 reading data were the speed of wind obtained from the anemometers digital installed in the coverages. As a result of the statistical analysis through the application of the Correlation and linear regression method, it was obtained that the 3 evaluated structures comply with the parameters established in the Peruvian Technical Standard E-020 of the National Building Regulations for the design of wind loads.

EFFECT OF SOME DIFFERENT METHODS AND NATURAL ENEMIES ON THE CONTROL OF THE APHID OF SOME HERBOGY GRASS FIELD CROPS IN NEPAL

The study dealt with methods of controlling aphids on some grassy field crops in Nepal. The aphids are considered a dangerous sucking piercing insect because they feed on plant sap and attack all parts of the plant and cause damage to it also transmit different viruses. The insects' spreads in bothEgypt and Nepal, where the climatic conditions are similar in both countries, which prompted farmers to use multiple methods to control this insect because of the special importance of the grass field crops and where a large percentage of the population depends on them.There are many ways to control aphids, biologically, chemically, and others. One of the most important methods of combating this insect is integrated pest management (IPM). This controlling strategy depends on the rational useof both physical and mechanical control, chemical and biological control, and organizational and legislative control in a way that achieves the goal of its use and maintains the ecological balance.To accomplish this, it is necessary to persuade farmers to use alternative methods to combat natural enemies, particularly aphids, in addition to planting new pest- and disease-resistant plant varieties, exploiting the available natural resources and exploiting environmental factors to eliminate pests, as well as raising their awareness of the effective time and appropriate time to spray pesticides in the proper way, as well as the precautions to be taken into account when spraying and information related to chemical control, as well as their skill in using other control methods and evaluating these uses in control, especially aphids.

To the study of conservation agriculture for sesame production in the northern areas of the republic of Karakalpakstan

As a result of the use of the herbicide Zeldek extra (active ingredient Haloxyfop-p-methyl a.e. Bentosan 48% w.p.), about 70% of the death of cereal weeds and the destruction of the aerial parts of field grasses were observed. Restoration of weed roots was observed 10-15 days after spraying. The highest sesame yields using soil-protective resource-saving technology were obtained in the experimental variant with a seed sowing rate of 5 kg per 1 hectare.

INTRODUKSI TEKNOLOGI PAKAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKSI DAN KUALITAS SUSU KERBAU MURRAH DI NAGARI KAPAU KECAMATAN TILATANG KAMANG KABUPATEN AGAM

The Murrah buffalo is a breed of dairy-type river buffalo that has better milk production than the Mud buffalo. In West Sumatra, buffaloes are generally kept traditionally and the feed provided is low-quality field grass without providing concentrate so that productivity has not shown good results. This increase in productivity can be done through improving maintenance management and improving the quality of the feed given to buffaloes. Community service is an activity that aims to provide knowledge in technological innovation to breeders in the form of providing probiotics and the use of local forage feeds, especially cassava leaves as supplementary feed for buffaloes to increase production and quality of buffalo milk in order to increase farmers' income, while the specific target is expected to foster community self-reliance. in an effort to use local forage as animal feed. The method applied is counseling, training/pilots and discussion are the best ways to transfer knowledge and technology to farmers, while guidance and coaching can be done periodically through coordination with the head of the Kelok Rambai Cattle Farmer's group, Nagari Kapau, Tilatang Kamang District, Agam Regency. is the only livestock group in Kab. Agam who raises Murrah buffalo as a producer of curd. The results obtained were an increase in milk production 3.25 vs 4.75 l/day and milk quality: fat 5.47 vs 6.26%, Protein 4.35 vs 5.60%, SNF 10.76 vs 11.85% and water content 82.20 vs 81.75%. The conclusion of this activity is that the provision of probiotics and cassava leaf pellet supplement feed can increase the production and quality of Murrah buffalo milk and increase the income of farmers.

Assessment of parasymphysis and ramus fractures in pediatric patients using panoramic radiographs and CBCT: a case report

Objectives: This case report aims to identify fractures that occur through panoramic radiographs and evaluated by CBCT after being given treatment.&#x0D; Case Report: A 12-year-old male patient came with his older brother to the emergency room (ER) RSKGM/Bandung Dental Hospital due to the trauma of a fall by an iron football goalpost while playing soccer which caused the patient to fall onto the grass field. The patient was experiencing continuous bleeding. Systemic and allergic history was denied. Extraoral examination showed bruising with no facial asymmetry. Intraoral examination revealed a vertical gap between teeth 42 and 43, the jaw within the site was mobile, and active bleeding especially from lingual lacerations. After consulting with Dental Surgery Specialist, the emergency room doctor gave interdental wiring. After 2 months post wiring, a CBCT photo evaluation was carried out.&#x0D; Conclusion: The mandibular fracture in this case report was well identified by clinical examination and supported by panoramic radiography. After that the patient was given treatment and evaluated through CBCT. CBCT provides a clearer and better picture.

Effects of Tannin-containing Supplement on Enteric Methane Emissions, Total Digestible Nutrient, and Average Daily Gain of Local Indonesian Beef Cattle

Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is one of the most critical goals in ruminant nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of concentrate and tannin supplementation on the mitigation of methane gas in Indonesian local beef cattle. The current study was conducted in vivo using 12 Bali cattle using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates. Cattle were fed a basal ration with field grass (control), the addition of concentrate 25% dry matter (DM) ration no tannin as well as tannin supplemented in concentrate at levels of 0.12% and 0.18% of DM concentrate. The concentrate contains 7.5% crude protein and 71.25% total digestible nutrients and tannin supplementation using gambir (Uncaria gambir Indonesia) tannin extract. The parameters measured were apparent digestibility, total digestible nutrients, methane production, and average daily gain. The results showed that concentrate addition significantly increased DM consumption, crude protein digestibility, and total digestible nutrients. Supplementation of 0.18% tannin in concentrate can mitigate 49.7% methane gas production resulting in energy efficiency, which was reflected in the weight gain rate of 0.75 kg/day. In conclusion, present results suggest that the supplementation of 0.18% gambier tannin extract in concentrate could be considered a suitable feed additive to mitigate methane gas production and increase the average daily gain of Indonesian local beef cattle.

Agricultural practices influence biological soil quality indicators in an irrigated semiarid agro-ecosystem

A study was conducted to investigate how soil biological measurements can be used to indicate differences in soil quality in arid and semiarid agroecosystems. The objectives were to assess soil biological quality indicators under different land management practices and at different depths and to explore the relationships between soil microbial community and organic matter fractions. Soil samples were collected from three replicates of six land management systems at 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm soil depths. Four management systems had medium to fine soil texture including a permanent grass field with tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum [Schreb]; TFC), peach orchard with clover understory (Prunus persica with Trifolium repens L.; PCC), alfalfa field (Medicago sativa; ALF) and conventionally tilled soil with an annual crop rotation (CTC). Two management systems, including a young cottonwood tree orchard (Populus fremontii and Populus deltoides; CWS) and conventionally tilled soil in annual crop rotation (CTS), had coarse soil texture. Management systems had significant impacts on most of the soil biological indicators assessed at the two depths with both depths responding similarly to management practices. For the soil biological indicators that showed differences, the TFC generally had the most favorable indicator measurements compared to other management systems. The principal component analysis showed a clear separation between the management systems and microbial communities at both soil depths. The ordination pattern was structured by soil textural differences between medium to fine-textured soils from TFC, PCC, ALF, and CTC fields and coarse-textured soils (CWS, CTS). Spearman’s correlation coefficients (rs) showed that the soil organic matter (rs = 0.85, P = 0.001) and the permanganate oxidizable carbon (rs = 0.93, P = 0.001) were significantly correlated with the total microbial biomass at 0–5 cm soil depth. Also, the soil organic matter (rs = 0.84, P = 0.001) was significantly correlated with the total microbial biomass at 5–15 cm soil depth. This study suggests that in semiarid agroecosystems, management practices with permanent covers have the potential to improve soil quality, and soil texture may also influence the directional changes in soil quality within this region.

Prediction of airborne pollen and sub-pollen particles for thunderstorm asthma outbreaks assessment

When exposed to convective thunderstorm conditions, pollen grains can rupture and release large numbers of allergenic sub-pollen particles (SPPs). These sub-pollen particles easily enter deep into human lungs, causing an asthmatic response named thunderstorm asthma (TA). Up to now, efforts to numerically predict the airborne SPP process and to forecast the occurrence of TAs are unsatisfactory. To overcome this problem, we have developed a physically-based pollen model (DREAM-POLL) with parameterized formation of airborne SPPs caused by convective atmospheric conditions. We ran the model over the Southern Australian grass fields for 2010 and 2016 pollen seasons when four largest decadal TA epidemics happened in Melbourne. One of these TA events (in November 2016) was the worldwide most extreme one which resulted to nine deaths and hundreds of hospital patient presentations. By executing the model on a day-by-day basis in a hindcast real-time mode we predicted SPP peaks exclusively only when the four major TA outbreaks happened, thus achieving a high forecasting success rate. The proposed modelling system can be easily implemented for other geographical domains and for different pollen types.

Database of Nutrition Status, Production and Reproduction Performance, and Social Economy of a Farmer of a Beef Cattle Farm in Sumberpucung District, Malang Regency

Sumberpucung District, Malang Regency has the potential for developing beef cattle. This study aimed to analyze the nutrition status, production, and reproduction performance of beef cattle as well as examine the socio-economic of farmers. The research method is a survey to obtain a database about beef cattle kept by a farmer. This study involved 50 respondents spread over 4 villages, namely Senggreng, Jatiguwi, Trenyang, and Sambigede. The results of the research showed that the average age of farmers was only 14% who were under 40 years old. The number of cattle ownership was an average of 2-3 heads with the largest breed of cattle being Simmental crossbreeds. The system of breeding and rearing was wholly AI and in the cage. Feed that was usually given in general was rice straw followed by corn straw, sugarcane top, elephant grass, field grass, and rice bran. The average feed intake of rice straw, corn straw, and elephant grass were 17.865 – 22.9 kg/head/day, 10.23 – 20.5 kg/head/day, and 17-31.3 kg/head/day respectively. The chest girth of the male adult group had the highest value of 162.5 cm and the female adult group of 165.7 cm. The highest estimated live weights for male and female adults in Jatiguwi village were 340.40 kg and 352.31 kg respectively. The highest and the lowest average gestation length were 235 days and 224 days respectively. The highest and the lowest average of S/C were 5.5 times and once. The average calving interval of a cow in Senggreng, Trenyang, Sambigede, and Jatiguwi villages were 440 days, 399 days, 420 days, and 403 days respectively. The number of cattle that were pregnant in the first AI, second AI, and more than the second AI were 27 heads, 32 heads, and 24 heads. Based on the type of feed and its intake, it can be said that the nutrition status of beef cattle in Sumberpucung District is highly good. Effects of nutrition status can be seen from the performance of production and reproduction of cattle in terms of chest girth, live weight, and calving interval.

Ring‐necked pheasant nest site selection in a landscape with high adoption of fall‐seeded cover crops

AbstractGrasslands provide important nesting cover for ring‐necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), but they have been largely reduced with intensification of row‐cropping systems, resulting in population declines for pheasants and other grassland birds across the U.S. Row‐crop intensification and landscape homogenization has had negative impacts on environmental health, and agronomic practices such as fall‐seeded cover crops seek to ameliorate some of the environmental issues. Whether fall‐seeded cover crops provide additional benefits to wildlife, such as creating nesting cover for pheasants, remains unknown. We used radio telemetry and nest searches in 365, 0.4‐ha² plots during summer of 2019 and 2020 in 3 cover types including fall‐seeded cover crops, native warm season grasses, and cool season grasses to examine nest site selection by pheasants in the agricultural dominated landscape of Washington County, Iowa. We examined nest site selection at 3 spatial scales based on cover type and specific vegetation attributes to understand factors influencing nest site selection. Highest nest densities were found in native warm season grass (0.59 nests/ha, 95% CI = 0.41–0.86), while pheasants nested at low densities in cool season grass fields (0.03 nests/ha, 95% CI = 0.00–0.21) and cover crop fields (0.03 nests/ha, 95% CI = 0.01–0.12). Most nest‐site selection occurred at the landscape level (second order) and patch level (third order) and was influenced by percent litter cover (second order) and visual obstruction or vegetation density (third order). Our findings suggest that cover crops may make minor improvements in nesting cover availability but are unlikely to replicate the needs for nesting cover provided by perennial grasslands in working landscapes and thus have little potential to reverse long‐term population declines.

Colonial and Post-Colonial Administrations and Fulani Rights in the Bamenda Grass fields of Cameroon, 1916-2020

The British colonial administration in implementing various Fulani cattle herder schemes in the Bamenda Grass fields of Cameroon created a cleavage between the Fulani and the indigenous communities. This cleavage made it impossible for the new people to acquire local citizenship anywhere. This eventually was used by the unscrupulous and exploitative post-colonial administrators to deprive the herdsmen of their financial and judicial rights in the Bamenda Grass fields. Oftentimes, the same was used as a wedge by the administrators against inter-ethnic solidarity between the Fulani and the indigenous communities during anti-government political developments in the region. In either case, the rights of the Fulani people were abused by the administrators. That is, without ethnic citizenship, the Fulani were easily frightened by these administrators and forced to pay in kind or in cash for their land disputes with the locals to be annulled, shelved or abandoned. The same was used to obtain Fulani support during political upheavals in the region. The rights of Fulani can only be rendered less susceptible to abuse by bridging the differences created by the British colonial administrators between the indigenous peoples and the herdsmen in the Bamenda Grass fields.

PENTINGNYA KLASIFIKASI BERBANTUAN DALAM MENGKELASKAN PENUTUPAN LAHAN SAWAH DAN LAPANGAN

When classifying satellite imagery cover is usually preceded by a supervised or unsupervised classification, directly from the system software program automatically dividing several clusters. However, especially for land cover that has similarities, it should be further classified by supervised classification or with human assistance by making a sample of land cover first. If not, there will be an error which is often referred to as omission or commission, namely omission, which means that class x omission belongs to another class, while the commission for adding class x is included in one of the land cover classes. The study tried to observe the spectral changes of both land cover every week for 7 weeks from rice plants at the age of 4 weeks to 11 weeks before harvest. By observing the reflectance every Saturday in the morning with a reflectometer, it can be seen that the two land coverages between rice fields and football field grass are similar. When lowland rice plants are still young, their reflectance position is higher than field grass, but then the reflectance position of field grass is always higher. The results of the observations were initially the red-green-blue position for rice fields 103-124-112 and for field grass 79-100-69. Furthermore, at the end of the observation before harvest, when the rice was 11 weeks old, the position of the rice fields was below it, namely red-green-blue for fields 44-63-32 and for field grass 78-94-43. In this case, it is recommended that for both land cover, a separate sample set is made between lowland rice and field grass, namely by marking the visual characteristics in the field, namely by distinguishing elements such as hue, texture, size, pattern, shadow, site, and very important association.

Pengaruh pemberian konsentrat pada waktu yang berbeda terhadap keberhasilan inseminasi buatan pada sapi Persilangan Limousin

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of providing concentrate at different times on the success of artificial insemination in limousin crossbred cow. The material in the study used limousin crossbred cows as many 45 cows, 15 each treatment, cattle between 1,5-6 years old, (BCS) 4-6 (standard 1-9). Methods: This research method uses experimental field trials. Data analyzed used Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD), grouping based on body weight (BW). Analyzed by ANOVA continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Treatment T0: field grass + Bio ATP, T1: field grass + concentrate 14 days before oestrus and 7 days after estrus + Bio ATP T2: field grass + concentrate 7 days before oestrus and 7 days after estrus + Bio ATP. Results: The result show that DM consumption T0 (7,74 kg), T1 (12,54 kg) and T2 (12,56 kg), CP consumption T0 (0,62 kg), T1 (0,72 kg) and T2 (0,69 kg), TDN consumption T0 (4,32 kg), T1 (5,23 kg) and T2 (5,17 kg). NRR1 in T0 treatment, T1 and T2 continued 86,67%, 60%, and 73,33%, NRR2 in T0 treatment, T1 and T2 continued 86,67%, 60% and 66,67%. CR in T0 treatment (66,67%), T1 (33,33%) and T2 (26,67%). CR in T0 treatment, T1 and T2 continued 80%, 66,67% dan 40%. Conclusions: The conclusion of this research is that using concentrate has a lower percentage of pregnancy 66,67% and 40% without using concentrate at 80%.

Identification of an acetyl‐CoA carboxylase‐resistant johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L.) population from a cotton field in northern Greece

AbstractA putative resistant johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L.) population from a cotton field in northern Greece was studied to determine the levels of resistance to acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase)‐inhibiting herbicides and elucidate related mechanisms of resistance. The johnsongrass population showed cross‐resistance to the ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides fluazifop‐p‐butyl, quizalofop‐p‐ethyl, and propaquizafop, with poor levels of control even with four times of the recommended rates of these herbicides. However, the johnsongrass population was highly sensitive (100% control) to the ACCase inhibitors cycloxydim and clethodim and to the acetolactate synthase inhibitor nicosulfuron. Amplification and sequencing of the ACCase gene fragment from johnsongrass plants revealed an Ile to Asn substitution at codon 2041 of the ACCase enzyme. This is the first record of a molecularly confirmed ACCase‐resistant johnsongrass population from cotton fields in Europe. These findings highlight a threat against the sustainable use of ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides in controlling johnsongrass and other grasses in cotton fields.

Denken uit gewoonten: een belichaamd perspectief

Thinking out of habit: an embodied perspective In the second half of the twentieth century, habit had received little attention in the cognitive sciences and philosophy of cognition. This despite the extensive theoretical attention habit received in phenomenology and pragmatism. This is because due to influence of behaviorism and the cognitivist revolution, habit was reduced to mechanical stimulus-response reaction that is learned through drill and repetition, and therefore habit cannot be considered intelligent. In this article I argue that a richer and more accurate notion of habit is possible through an embodied vision of cognition, namely enactivism and ecological psychology. This means that we can consider habit as intelligent without equating habit with reflective thought. Such a notion is possible because both enactivism and ecological psychology have their conceptual roots in pragmatism and phenomenology. Secondly, an embodied vison of cognition can describe how our habits are formed from sensorimotor contingencies and are self-organizing patterns of behavior in interaction with an environment. This can be described through the metaphor of ‘laying down a path’, whereby taking a shortcut across a field of grass a path is formed, which enables walking across the field of grass. Laying down a path is more than a metaphor, but also an example of the sociomaterial dimension of habit. Habits are always formed in an interaction between an organism and an environment that is, in our case both material and social.

Green Curtain 형식의 벽면녹화시스템을 통한 여름철 건물 실내 열환경 비교 분석†

In order to solve the limitations of horizontal thermal environment improvement, this study compared the thermal environment of the indoor and outdoor of a building in summer according to the presence or absence of a green curtain, a vertical greening method. In the summer of 2021, the air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and shortwave and longwave radiation were measured at a central point inside a building and the grass field outside of the building to determine the human thermal sensation index, PET and UTCI. As a result, the green curtain showed an average 1.6°C cooler air temperature during the daytime, but it did not have an effect at night. For relative humidity, it showed higher humidity indoors by an average of 5.6% and 1.0% during the daytime and at night, respectively. Wind speed was 1.4-1.8 ms⁻¹ and 1.4-1.5 ms⁻¹ higher outdoors on average during the daytime and at night, respectively, showing a high value outdoors regardless of whether a green curtain was installed. The green curtain showed an average indoor mean radiant temperature reduction effect of 4.7°C during the daytime, but it did not have an effect at night. In PET and UTCI, the green curtain reduced the indoor PET by about a 1/3 level, an average of 2.1°C, and the indoor UTCI by about a 1/6 level, an average of 1.1°C, during the daytime. However, no effects appeared in PET and UTCI at night. For landscape planning, a green curtain can effectively modify the thermal environment during the daytime in summer.