Grass Areas Research Articles

Analysis of Fire Protection with Focuse on the Specific Conditions of the Historic Roofs

Protecting of historic roofs is an important part of efforts to protect our cultural heritage. These wooden structures carry a lot of information about the authentic tools, technologies and construction processes. Trusses are generally endangered by many risks that could cause irrecoverable damage and loss of information. In addition to the threat wood destroying insect and fungi, should not be forgotten on fire threats that may start from lightning, through electrical installations, to the burning of the surrounding dry grass areas. Historical wooden trusses are with respect to the old wood, indoor climate, the unavailability or the fact that many national cultural monuments are located outside of the inhabited territories, very susceptible to fires. Nevertheless, there are many methods, which are used for new buildings, but unusable for historical truss, and others were proved to be unsuitable by the time. This article analyses the possibilities of modern firefighting arrangements in the historic truss with regard to the specific construction conditions and with regard to the very rare substructure, which should not be damaged.

MÉTODO DE PÓS-FECHAMENTO DO BALANÇO DE ENERGIA PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS FLUXOS DE MODELOS DA SUPERFÍCIE TERRESTRE

In this work, an analysis of the uncertainty of energy flux resulting from post-closure methods of the energy balance: H Method, LE method and Bowen method for the data observed in native grass area of the Pampa biome, located in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. From these three methods suggest a new one, which we call the Combined Method. This method takes into account the quality classes of eddy covariance to choose the correct method to be applied. The uncertainties of flux were obtained by the difference between the fluxes corrected by one of the post-closure methods and the raw fluxes. The maximum values of the uncertainties occur during the daytime. Regarding the combined method, the highest percentage of cases resulted in the application of correction by Bowen method, followed by the LE method and with less occurrence Method H. Thus, this method can be considered valid to evaluate the uncertainty of simulated fluxes over land surface models.

Rural Development Program measures on cultivated land in Europe to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions – regional “hotspots” and priority measures

ABSTRACTAgriculture is a significant source of GHG emissions, contributing 10% of total emissions within the EU-28. Emissions from European agriculture have been reduced, albeit at the expense of crop yield and the risk of production displacement (the transfer of production, and associated emissions, to land outside of Europe). This article assesses the impact on GHG emissions of selected European Rural Development Program measures, representative of a diversity of management strategies implemented on cultivated land, within nine European Member States. Climatic zone and underlying spatial environmental variables were accounted for using a novel technique, “Regional Variation Categories,” developed with European-scale GIS data sets. Production displacement is assessed with two benchmarks: (1) compared with existing crop production and (2) relative to a “minimum requirement” land management scenario, where an emissions reduction of less than this does not constitute mitigation. Most measures reduce emissions relative to the baseline crop scenario; however, many do not reduce emissions beyond the “minimum requirement,” this being limited to measures such as catch crops and within-field grass areas to prevent soil erosion. The selection and targeting of measures to maximize agricultural GHG mitigation on cultivated land within Europe is discussed.

Effects of food provisioning and habitat management on spatial behaviour of Little Owls during the breeding season

The population of Little Owls in Denmark is close to extinction. The main cause is food limitation during the breeding season. Efforts to improve breeding success include providing breeding pairs with supplementary food and attempts to improve foraging habitats by creating short grass areas near the nests. In addition to increasing the reproductive output, feeding and habitatmanagementmay cause parents towork less hard improving their future reproductive value. We studied working efforts of five radio-tagged Little Owl pairs in years of absence and presence of food provisioning, and/or access to short sward vegetation areas near to the nest.We quantifiedmovement as theminimumflight distance hour–1 (MFD), using themean distance from the nest (DN) as a supplementary index. Under unmanipulated conditions, males had higherMFD and DN than females. If provided with food and/or areas with short sward vegetation, males but not females reduced their MFD and DN significantly. If MFD was adjusted for DN (the two measures correlated positively), both sexes reduced their DN-adjusted MFD as response to food provisioning but not to habitat provisioning. Food provisioning therefore had similar proximate effects on the foraging effort ofmales and females, whereas provisioning of short sward habitats had an indirect effect onmale but not female MFD, because of decreased commuting distances between nest and foraging sites. The results indicate that food provisioning not only leads to increased reproductive output in an endangered raptor, but also to decreased working effort, which in turn may improve adult survival.

Comparative analysis on spatial variability of soil moisture under different land use types in orchard

Spatial variability of soil moisture under different land use types of orchard in Weibei rainfed highland of China was investigated by means of geostatistics. Classical statistical analysis showed that the average soil moisture content of clean tillage, grass land and straw land ranged from 9.36 to 20.86, 8.78 to 23.37 and 10.84 to 20.49, respectively. In 0–40cm soil layer, 10%<CV%<100%, which belongs to moderate variability. Depth in 120–160cm and 160–200cm, CV≤10%, which belong to weak variability. And with the increasing of depth, coefficient of variation decreased. S-W test values pointed out that the distribution of soil moisture content accorded with normal distribution.The results of variation function analysis indicated that the ranges of grass land were larger than clean tillage. Spatial autocorrelation in surface soil was weaker than that of the bottom soil. The reason was that surface soil was more easily influenced by exterior factors. Fractal dimension value decreased with the increasing of soil depth. While the average content of soil moisture showed the opposite trend. According to kriging interpolation, the high-value areas of clean tillage mainly concentrated in (13.4, 27.8), (28.0, 32.5) and (27.0, 10.4), and low-value areas were in (13.8, 6.6). However, the high-value of grass areas mainly focused on around (11.5, 11.5), and low-value were in (11.2, 11.2) and (25.5, 25.5). The change of the other areas’ soil moisture were not obvious in a wide range. It has a good consistency. Therefore, in the dry season, it was advisable to choose straw mulching, and reduce grass cultivation, to achieve the goal of improving soil moisture content.

Development of an establishment scheme for a DGVM

Environmental changes are expected to shift the distribution and abundance of vegetation by determining seedling establishment and success. However, most current ecosystem models only focus on the impacts of abiotic factors on biogeophysics (e.g., global distribution, etc.), ignoring their roles in the population dynamics (e.g., seedling establishment rate, mortality rate, etc.) of ecological communities. Such neglect may lead to biases in ecosystem population dynamics (such as changes in population density for woody species in forest ecosystems) and characteristics. In the present study, a new establishment scheme for introducing soil water as a function rather than a threshold was developed and validated, using version 1.0 of the IAP-DGVM as a test bed. The results showed that soil water in the establishment scheme had a remarkable influence on forest transition zones. Compared with the original scheme, the new scheme significantly improved simulations of tree population density, especially in the peripheral areas of forests and transition zones. Consequently, biases in forest fractional coverage were reduced in approximately 78.8% of the global grid cells. The global simulated areas of tree, shrub, grass and bare soil performed better, where the relative biases were reduced from 34.3% to 4.8%, from 27.6% to 13.1%, from 55.2% to 9.2%, and from 37.6% to 3.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the new scheme had more reasonable dependencies of plant functional types (PFTs) on mean annual precipitation, and described the correct dominant PFTs in the tropical rainforest peripheral areas of the Amazon and central Africa.

Habitat selectivity influences the reactive responses of African ungulates to encounters with lions

Prey mortality depends on the likelihood of encountering a predator and of being killed following such an encounter. While the proactive responses of large herbivores to the risk of predation have been well documented, the reactive responses of prey following encounters have been less well studied and restricted mostly to northern temperate ecosystems. We postulated that the reactive response should depend on the habitat selection of the prey species as well as the hunting tactic (cursorial versus stalking) of the predator. We investigated the reactive responses of a selective grazer, the blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, and a generalist grazer, the plains zebra, Equus quagga, to encounters with lions, Panthera leo, their main predator, in Kruger National Park. We used simultaneous global positioning system (GPS) locations of prey and predators to identify encounters and assess their frequency and characteristics (e.g. time of day). We compared both the immediate response (stay or flee) and subsequent movement (remain in the habitat patch or relocate) of the two ungulate species following encounters with lions. Despite being more predictably located in open short grass areas, wildebeest encountered lions no more frequently than zebra. However, being more selective for these particular habitat types, wildebeest more often stayed near the encounter site than zebra. Specifically, wildebeest were less likely to leave when located in more open areas with short grass providing both high-quality food and little concealment for stalking lions. We suggest that this is because wildebeest incur higher risks and greater feeding costs than zebra should they relocate, owing to their narrower preference for areas of short grass. Our findings show how the adaptive responses of wildebeest and zebra following encounters with their major predator depend on their habitat requirements.

A Thermodynamically Based Model for Actual Evapotranspiration of an Extensive Grass Field Close to FAO Reference, Suitable for Remote Sensing Application

Abstract A thermodynamically based model is presented to estimate daily actual evapotranspiration (ET) of a grass site closely resembling reference grass as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) under nonadvective conditions, from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) imagery. The model presented here is derived from the thermodynamic theory by Schmidt combined with an atmospheric boundary layer model. Daily net radiation over the (reference) grass surface is parameterized as a function of global radiation, which can be estimated from MSG observations. It is then shown that ET over the grass area can be estimated using remotely sensed daily global radiation and air temperature as input only. The validation relied on observations gathered in Cabauw, a site closely resembling the reference grass, as defined by the FAO. The comparison with in situ data indicated a bias of 2.8 W m−2 and an RMSE of 7.7 W m−2. The possibility of using the approach developed here to provide reference crop evapotranspiration ETo is discussed. Because of the ambiguousness of ETo definition regarding local advection effects, it should be noted that explicitly advection-free conditions are dealt with. It is pointed out that in semiarid regions local advection cannot be ignored.

Human residential status and habitat quality affect the likelihood but not the success of lapwing breeding in an urban matrix

Wildlife living in the suburbs faces the challenge of dealing with human presence and yard management (including the occurrence of pets) which vary at the scale of the house block. This study examined the influence of ecological factors (e.g. extent of grass and food availability) and anthropogenic factors (e.g. human activity and garden usage) on breeding site choice and reproductive success of the ground-nesting masked lapwing Vanellus miles on Phillip Island, Australia. Lapwings nested less frequently in residential properties (high levels of human usage) compared with vacant blocks and holiday houses. They were also more likely to breed on properties with high food availability and larger areas of grass. None of these variables influenced clutch size or the probability of eggs hatching, although larger clutches and higher hatching rates tended to be associated with more food. This study shows that, for an urban exploiting species, habitat quality is not homogenous at the scale of the house block, and that human activity is avoided by a species generally considered highly tolerant of people.

Documentation of the Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Culpepper Site (41HP1) in Hopkins County in the Upper Sulphur River Basin in East Texas

The Culpepper site (41HP1) is a late (post-A.D. 1600) Titus phase site in the upper Sulphur River basin in East Texas. It is on a sandy knoll alongside Stouts Creek, a small northward-flowing stream in the White Oak Creek basin of the larger Sulphur River drainage. The site is in the modern-day Post Oak Savannah, but there are areas of tall grass prairie between Stouts Creek and White Oak Creek; the larger White Oak and Sulphur prairies lie approximately 15 km to the west and northwest. Excavations at the Culpepper site by University of Texas (UT) archaeologists in 1931 uncovered a number of ancestral Caddo burial features with associated ceramic vessel funerary offerings. These ceramic vessels are presently curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL). In this article I document and analyze the Culpepper site vessels to better ascertain the likely chronological age and social and cultural affiliation of the Caddo populations that occupied the Stouts Creek area, as well as their interrelationships with other known Caddo communities in East Texas.

The impact of greenspace size on the extent of local nocturnal air temperature cooling in London

Urban greenspaces can provide a significant cooling service, which extends beyond the greenspace boundaries. Consequently, greenspaces are recognised for their ability to locally reduce the urban heat island, a phenomenon that has negative implications for the thermal comfort and health of urban citizens. However, the amount of cooling provided by a greenspace and the distance over which that cooling extends depend on factors such as greenspace size and characteristics. Based on data collected in and around eight London greenspaces, with areas ranging from 0.2 to 12.1ha, this work models the distance and magnitude of cooling provided by each greenspace and defines the relationships between cooling extent and the size of greenspace or the areas of tree canopy and grass. Such data, illustrating the value of expanding the area of urban greenspaces and explaining how cooling relates to greenspace size/coverage characteristics, will be of use to urban planners and climatologists concerned with finding solutions to the urban heat island. Modelling was statistically valid on calm warm nights (with mean air temperatures ≥10°C and wind speed ≤3ms−1). On those nights, cooling distance increased linearly with increasing area of greenspace, tree canopy and grass, but the relationship between those factors and the amount of cooling was non-linear. Cooling distance was most strongly related with tree canopy whereas the amount of cooling was most strongly linked to the grass coverage. Our results suggest that a comprehensive cooling service on calm warm nights within cities with similar climate/characteristics to London may come from greenspaces with 3–5ha, situated 100–150m apart.

Invazivne i alergene biljke na zelenim površinama Ibarskog keja u Kraljevu

Urban green areas used directly for active and passive recreation, and indirectly affect the qual­ity of the urban environment and quality of life of residents. Green areas Ibar Quay is located in the central town of Kraljevo and extending along the left bank of the river Ibar. In urban recreational areas may appear wild, planted and sown plant species. Increasingly, these areas occupy invasive and allergenic plants that have a very adverse impact on the health status of people in urban areas. The presence of invasive plants on green areas is not desirable because, in addition to the negative effects they have on human health, the negative impact on biodiversity and threatening native vegetation. The analysis of trees and shrubs and lawns of the area, it was noted the presence of allergenic and invasive plants. Was recorded, and analyzed 35 woody and herbaceous plant taxa 85. In the analyzed flora grass areas there were already 68 genera and 27 families. Of the total, 12 were invasive herbaceous plants, 2 as invasive seed­lings of woody plants that can be removed by proper and regular care measures and mowing. Also is recorded 1 woody taxa in the category of invasive plants that can only be removed by mechanical means cutting trees. While 25 herbaceous plants recorded from category allergens, as well as 10 tree taxa. Studies have confirmed the inadequate maintenance of lawns, and the largest presence of invasive herbaceous weeds Cynodon dactylon L., Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf., Cichorium intybus L. and of a woody plant Ailanthus altissima Mill. The exposure of the inves­tigated area, anthropogenic influence constitutes the essential factor to facilitate the settlement of invasive plants. Monitoring and control of the presence of invasive and allergenic plant taxa of the study area is necessary to protect the health with users, indigenous vegetation and the environmental quality of urban city space.

Soil Carbon and Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio Change under Tree Canopy, Tall Grass, and Turf Grass Areas of Urban Green Space.

Soils in urban green spaces are an important carbon (C) store, but urban soils with a high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio can also buffer N eutrophication from fertilizer use or atmospheric deposition. The influence of vegetation management practices on soil C cycling and C/N ratios in urban green spaces is largely unknown. In 2013, we collected replicate ( = 3) soil samples from tree canopy, tall grass, and short turf grass areas ( = 3) at four random plot locations ( = 4) established in 13 golf courses ( = 13). At each sample point, soil was separated into 0- to 0.1-, 0.1- to 0.2-, and 0.2- to 0.3-m depths (total = 1404). Linear mixed models investigated the relationships between soil properties, vegetation attributes, and green space age. Tree canopy soil was less compacted (1.07 g cm) than grassy areas (1.32 g cm). Similarly, tree canopy soil had mean C/N ratios of 17.2, as compared with between 14.2 and 15.3 in grassy areas. Soil properties in tree canopy areas were best explained by tree basal area and understory vegetation volume. Soil C/N increased with increasing understory vegetation, and the difference in soil C/N between tree canopy and short turf grass areas increased over time. The soil properties in tree canopy areas of urban green space mean they can increasingly buffer the localized use of N fertilizers and atmospheric N deposition. Managers of urban green spaces concerned about N pollution of groundwater and waterways could consider planting trees in suitable topographic locations and promoting understory vegetation and surface litter accumulation.

Anticorpos anti-toxoplasma gondii em gatos domiciliados no Município de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil

Blood samples were collected from 89 cats to assess the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and the possible risk factors associated with feline Toxoplasma gondii infection. An epidemiological questionnaire was developed and implemented for owners of domestic cats domiciled in Rio Branco, Acre. The results were statistically evaluated with the odds ratio and chi-square tests, considering the significance level of 5%. Of 89 animals’ samples, 22 had antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Among the 22 reactive animals, 15 (68.19%) were female, 15 (68.19%) were less than one year old and 20 (90%) were cross breed. Concerning risk factors, there was no difference (p &gt; 0.05) between the variables evaluated by the chi-square test. Moreover, 16 (72%) cats were fed a mixed diet, 20 (90%) of the cats had hunting habits, 18 (81%) had contact with animals of another species, 11 (50%) had access to the street, and 22 (95%) lived in homes that had areas of grass or dirt. In conclusion, the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats was 22.7%, and there were no significant risk factors for feline toxoplasmosis in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre.

Foraging Habitat Selection of Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) on an Australian Temporary Wetland

Abstract. Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) populations have declined over much of their global range over the past 30 years and in Australia numbers fell by almost 40% between 1977–1981 and 1998–2002. In Australia, loss of wetland area and quality in relation to river regulation for irrigated agriculture are the main suggested causes. The species' diet has been quantified in many areas, but there have been no detailed studies of its foraging habitat requirements upon which to base conservation measures. This study quantified foraging habitat selection at Fivebough Swamp, New South Wales, an internationally important feeding and roosting site for non-breeding Glossy Ibis. Typical of many floodplain wetlands in southeastern Australia, Fivebough Swamp is temporary, flooding during the wet season and drying during the hot summer. Glossy Ibis showed a strong preference for feeding in areas of water couch grass (Paspalum distichum) less than 10 cm tall interspersed among open water, and avoidance of areas dom...

Causes and Deaths of Peacocks in the Southern Expressway from Pinnanduwa to Godagama

Peacock (Pavo cristatus) is one of the largest and attractive birds in Sri Lanka. Indian peacocks are native to South Asia as well as to Sri Lanka. Low land dry grass areas are their range in Sri Lanka. During the construction of the southern expressway (SE), peacocks highly concentrated along the sides of the road between Pinnanduwa and Godagama. The objective of this study was to find causes, deaths and the methods to conserve peacocks. This research was based on the qualitative methods. Discussions were made with five expressway officers, four bus drivers, four usual passengers and three local individuals. The direct observation is also included as a data source for the study. During the construction of the SE from Pinnanduwa to Godagama, quite a number of peacocks newly inhabited on either side of the road and used to walk along and cross the road very often. Unfortunately, peacocks were victimised after the open of the SE to the public from 15th of March 2014. This is because the peacocks are fresh to the vehicles, they usually fly downwards, peacocks cannot run fast but vehicles maintain speed around 100 km per hour, they cannot react quickly because they are large and also the road is higher than the land surface. According to the field study, the accident usually happens during the morning hours between 6.00 am to 7.00 am and in the evening around 5.00 pm. There are eight buses with damaged front windows because of the colliding with the peacocks. During the first two weeks, the death of peacocks were two to three per day and dramatically down to five to seven per week after two months and the death is continuing from two to five per month at present. However, fencing either sides of the SE up to four to five meters high in the particular area and occasional under road corridors may help to conserve peacocks rather than putting up warning boards for the drivers. Keywords: Peacocks, Southern expressway

A multi-sensor approach for detecting the different land covers of tidal flats in the German Wadden Sea — A case study at Norderney

The tidal flats of the Wadden Sea are a highly dynamic and largely natural ecosystem with high economic and ecological value but which are also at risk due to climate change, rising sea levels, algae blooms, invasive species and marine pollution. There is a need for the detection of emerging changes and the potential loss of the natural or semi-natural ecosystems accompanied by a decrease in water quality. Accessibility both from sea and land is very poor, which makes the monitoring and mapping of tidal flat environments from in situ measurements very difficult. In this study, a multi-sensor concept for the classification of intertidal areas in the Wadden Sea is developed. The basis for this method is a combined analysis involving RapidEye (RE) and TerraSAR-X (TSX) satellite data combined with ancillary vector data about the distribution of vegetation, shellfish beds and sediments for the accuracy assessment. The overall methodology is based on a hierarchical decision tree. First, the water coverage is separated from the tidal flats by using the normalized difference water index (NDWI). Second, the shellfish beds are estimated with the textural features of the TSX data and morphologic filters (MFs). Third, the classification of vegetation (salt marsh, sea grass/algae) is based on the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), object-based features and exclusionary criteria. The remaining area is then separated into different sediment types with an algorithm that uses a thresholding technique applied to radiometric values, the MSAVI and a majority filter. The results show that we are able to identify the location and shape of salt marsh and shellfish beds (a true positive rate of 0.63 and a precision of 0.55) by using multi-sensor remote sensing data. A detailed shellfish bed classification can only be done with radar sensors, like TSX. The extraction of the sea grass areas from the multi-sensor approach is difficult. Sea grass often grows very sparsely in the study area which, with respect to the spatial resolution of RE, leads to a mixture of the spectral signatures of sediment and sea grass. The classification of the sediment types in tidal flats is a challenge compared to vegetation and shellfish beds. An overall accuracy of 64.53%, 66.85%, 68.22% and 68.2% was achieved. The results emphasize that a sediment-type classification cannot be achieved with high accuracy using spectral properties alone due to their similarity, which is predominately caused by their water content.

Farm level approach to manage grass yield variation under climate change in Finland and north-western Russia

Cattle feeding in Northern Europe is based on grass silage, but grass growth is highly dependent on weather conditions. If ensuring sufficient silage availability in every situation is prioritised, the lowest expected yield level determines the cultivated area in farmers' decision-making. One way to manage the variation in grass yield is to increase grass production and silage storage capacity so that they exceed the annual consumption at the farm. The cost of risk management in the current and the projected future climate was calculated taking into account grassland yield and yield variability for three study areas under current and mid-21st century climate conditions. The dataset on simulated future grass yields used as input for the risk management calculations were taken from a previously published simulation study. Strategies investigated included using up to 60% more silage grass area than needed in a year with average grass yields, and storing silage for up to 6 months more than consumed in a year (buffer storage). According to the results, utilising an excess silage grass area of 20% and a silage buffer storage capacity of 6 months were the most economic ways of managing drought risk in both the baseline climate and the projected climate of 2046–2065. It was found that the silage yield risk due to drought is likely to decrease in all studied locations, but the drought risk and costs implied still remain significant.

Land Cover Change Detection in the Nakdong River Basin Using LiDAR Data and Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery

This research is carried out for the land cover change detection in the Nakdong River basin before and after the 4 major rivers restoration project using the LiDAR DEM(Digital Elevation Model) and the multi-temporal Landsat imagery. Firstly the river basin polygon is generated by using the levee boundaries extracted from the LiDAR DEM, and the four river basin imagery are generated from the multi-temporal Landsat-5 TM(Thematic Mapper) and Landsat-8 OLI(Operational Land Imager) imagery by using the generated river basin polygon. Then the main land covers such as river, grass and bare soil are separately generated from the generated river basin imagery by using the image classification method, and the ratio of each land cover in the entire area is calculated. The calculated land cover changes show that the areas of grass and bare soil in the entire area have been significantly changed because of the seasonal change, while the area of the river has been significantly increased because of the increase of the water storage. This paper contributes to proposing an efficient methodology for the land cover change detection in the Nakdong River basin using the LiDAR DEM and the multi-temporal satellite imagery taken before and after the 4 major rivers restoration project.

Preliminary study of the impact of urban greenery types on energy consumption of building at a district scale: Academic study on a canyon street in Nantes (France) weather conditions

The urban population rise leads town planners to increase the building density in order to avoid an urban sprawl what can induce higher risks of the heat island occurrence and increases buildings needs for air conditioning. Urban vegetation such as trees, grass areas, green walls and roofs can be a solution to mitigate it.The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of various greenery types on cooling needs and to classify them according to their ability to mitigate it.Numerical simulations were carried out for canyon street configurations. The 3D numerical tool takes into account the unsteady building thermal behaviour using the SOLENE thermo-radiative model coupled with the outside airflow computed with the CFD tool Code_Saturne. A parametric modelling study considering different kinds of buildings permits to identify the most efficient greenery types and to investigate the interactions between each of them.Green walls and trees appear as the most efficient to reduce cooling needs. The less insulated and the more glassed the buildings are, the more efficient these devices are. The impact of grass areas and green walls applied on neighbouring buildings is only sensible without trees in the street and green cover on the studied building.