Graphics Library Research Articles

Image vectorization and editing via linear gradient layer decomposition

A key advantage of vector graphics over raster graphics is their editability. For example, linear gradients define a spatially varying color fill with a few intuitive parameters, which are ubiquitously supported in standard vector graphics formats and libraries. By layering regions filled with linear gradients, complex appearances can be created. We propose an automatic method to convert a raster image into layered regions of linear gradients. Given an input raster image segmented into regions, our approach decomposes the resulting regions into opaque and semi-transparent linear gradient fills. Our approach is fully automatic (e.g., users do not identify a background as in previous approaches) and exhaustively considers all possible decompositions that satisfy perceptual cues. Experiments on a variety of images demonstrate that our method is robust and effective.

F3-INTERIOR E-COMMERCE APPLICATION USING 3D VIEW WEBGL REACT THREE FIBER BASED ON ANDROID

The development of technology in this era is growing rapidly and has a big effect on the wearer, especially in the world of business. Buying and selling interior furniture manufacturing services is still fairly manual. With the development of information technology, the introduction of interior and exterior furniture can be done using a smartphone or personal computer. People sometimes still experience problems in choosing the right furniture and texture choices. The previous online buying and selling system also lacked the desired texture or color selection, so that orders were still fairly rigid and did not match the wishes of consumers. Based on these problems, this research created an application that can assist consumers in exploring the desired furniture, from setting the color and texture atmosphere. By using WebGl (Web Graphic Library) which makes it easier for consumers to see an overview of interior furniture in the form of a 3D (Three Dimensional) view. but WebGl itself can only be displayed via the website, so the author here will use packages that help React Three Fiber which can render WebGl on Android. The results of this study produce the output of an application that displays 3D on furniture items, which can also change the material texture or color in real-time (real).

Shooting Simulator «Inhibitor»: Target Layout Mathematical Support

Mathematical support of target layout with pre-scaling during storage and mixing of target image boundaries is described when displaying on a shooting range for the optical-electronic shooting simulator 'Inhibitor' developed at Institute of mechanics UdmFRC UB RAS and at Computer Engineering department of Kalashnikov ISTU jointly with JSC «Kalashnikov» Concern». The tactical and technical task for the implementation of the target layout is given: support for all targets from the Shooting Course and realistic targets, the angular dimensions of objects on the screen must correspond to the real ranges to them, and the speed of visualization algorithms allows simultaneously displaying at least 32 targets with a frequency of at least 25 frames/s. When developing mathematical support, the BMP format for storing TrueColor images with the scale of 1 pixel = 1cm2 was chosen, scaling targets to speed up further processing and the obligatory mixing of object-background border colors when displaying fractional coordinate support with pixel fractions of greatly reduced targets on the screen (so a thoracic target 50 cm wide at a distance of 100 m should be 12.8 points wide, while at a distance of 600 m - 2.13 points only) was emphasizes. The carried out studies of mathematical support performance for the target layout images formation confirmed compliance with the tactical and technical task requirements and recommended a pre-scaling factor of 0.5 (1:2) for optimal «quality-performance» ratio. Based on the prospects for further research and development of electronic shooting simulators and due to the improvement of computing tools and the development of software graphics libraries, it is necessary to expand the eficiency of simulators and reduce costs, which means to increase competitiveness, for example, by increasing the target layout display realism.

Digital twin-based structural health monitoring by combining measurement and computational data: An aircraft wing example

Digital twin is a concept that utilizes digital technologies to mirror the real-time states of physical assets and extract the hidden yet valuable information of physical assets for optimization, decision-making or scheduling. By combining measurement and computational data, this paper presents a digital twin-based structural health monitoring framework of physical assets. The process for building the measurement-computation combined digital twin (MCC-DT) involves four steps. First, an artificial intelligence-driven load identification method combining measurement and computational data is employed to recognize the loads applied on physical assets. Two approaches were proposed to realize load identification, based on single fidelity surrogate models and deep learning techniques, respectively. Second, multi-fidelity surrogate (MFS) models are applied to improve the accuracy in the MCC-DT. Two routes for implementing the MFS models are introduced and the advantages and shortcomings of both are analyzed. Third, an online rainflow counting algorithm is developed to calculate the degradation of the physical assets. The main advantage of the algorithm is that it can provide a near real-time estimation for the damage accumulated of physical assets. Finally, the data generated from the first three steps can be fused into a three-dimensional scene using Web graphics library to provide an intuitive view of the MCC-DT. To describe the implementation details of the framework and verify its applicability and effectiveness, the MCC-DT was established using an aircraft model as an example.

КРОССПЛАТФОРМЕННАЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРЕПРОЦЕССОРА ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМ

The paper discusses a number of graphic libraries in the C++ language. The original algorithms of the preprocessor for system modeling are presented, providing flexibility and ease of use. Based on the C ++ language and the FLTK library, the BEAT preprocessor has been developed, which implements the automation of data preparation and their visualization.

Research and Implementation of Gear Measurement Based on Digital Twin Technology

The digital twin technology of the gear measurement center is a digital space mapping of the mechanical structure, workpiece performance and measurement process of the traditional gear measurement center, which is a gear measurement center designed according to the physical gear measurement center, but can independently complete the virtual measurement and function, which belongs to the digital software system. This paper studies the digital twin implementation steps of gear measurement center from the perspective of achievability, uses Opengl to develop graphics library, spatial geometry algorithm and digital integral interpolation algorithm, successfully establishes the digital twin gear measurement center model in VS2019, and conducts virtual measurement verification, obtains reliable data, verifies that the digital twin gear measurement center can complete the measurement process independently, solves the practical application problem of digital twin gear measurement center, and provides ideas for the development of virtual measurement.

Troid: A Real-Time Multiplayer FPS Game

Abstract: Troid is a real-time multiplayer first-person shooter (FPS) game designed to be played on a web browser without the need for a high-end PC or dedicated graphics card. The game allows two players to join a room and engage in a fast-paced, action-packed gameplay experience. The purpose of Troid is to provide a high-quality FPS game that can be enjoyed on any device with a modern web browser and an internet connection, regardless of hardware specifications. Unlike most FPS games that require high-end hardware to run smoothly, Troid is optimized for minimal requirements. Troid's front-end is built using a reactive web framework that facilitates the creation of fast and interactive user interfaces, while the game's graphics and animation are created using a 3D graphics library. Real-time communication between players is facilitated using a reliable real-time communication library, and an in-memory data store is utilized to store player coordinates and other in-game data. Overall, Troid exemplifies the potential of creating highquality multiplayer games that can be played on any device with a modern web browser and an internet connection, without compromising on the gameplay experience.

Shooting Simulator «Inhibitor»: Mathematical Supportof Fire Range and Shielding

Mathematical support for constructing the relief of a shooting range from an image with support for the height and range of each point and taking into account the screening of targets by folds terrain for tactical optical-electronic simulator of the small arms 'Inhibitor' developed at Institute of mechanics UdmFRC UB RAS and at Computer facilities department of Kalashnikov ISTU jointly with JSC «Kalashnikov Concern» was described. The tactical and technical task for the functional capabilities of implementing the relief of the shooting range is given: hills, ravines, mountains at a distance of up to 2 km in the sector up to 60°, shielding targets with folds of the area. A relief model is proposed in the form of a bilinear interpolated matrix of heights with a pitch of 10 m, and an editor is developed that allows interactively specifying range boundaries and terrain height along the front on the image of the shooting range. Screening the visibility of targets by folds of the terrain is implemented using the central projection of all relief profiles for a single workplace of shooters, and for the implementation of trenches, a mechanism for the height of the target above the surface of the shooting range is proposed, which optimizes the 'quality-speed' ratio. Studies of the «projector-screen-observer» system showed the presence of factors of errors in the virtual shooting range, some of which are of a fundamental nature, and the rest can be compensated for by the regression model of the target point recorder and taking into account its cumulative error by reducing the tabular ballistic dispersion of simulated shots. Based on the prospects for further research and development of electronic shooting simulators and thanks to the improvement of computing tools and the development of software graphics libraries, it is necessary to expand the functionality of the simulators and reduce the cost, which means to increase competitiveness, for example, improving the realism of simulating the terrain of the shooting range with screening of targets by folds of the terrain.

Real-time panoramic map modeling method based on multisource image fusion and three-dimensional rendering

Under the complex environment, in the process of sensing and understanding the surrounding scene with an unmanned system, the traditional single-source panorama provides limited information and is prone to interference from lighting, it is difficult to capture hidden objects, and the user’s three-dimensional (3D) experience is poor. To solve this problem, we propose a real-time panoramic map modeling method based on multisource image fusion and 3D rendering with intensity, hue, saturation transform and wavelet technology, open graphics library. Five general image sharpness evaluation methods are used to analyze the single-source and multisource close-range and distant images during the day and night. The results show that in the daytime, the sharpness of the multisource image is significantly improved compared with the single-source visible light image, especially the energy gradient evaluation can reach 3.4 times. Similarly, compared with the single-source infrared image, the multisource image at night also improve significantly, the energy gradient evaluation can reach 1.4 times. This conclusion is verified by the subsequent experiments of several indoor scenes, the 3D rendering processing technology of panoramic map is realized, which improves user experience of 3D stereoscopic vision, and will provide multisource image fusion and 3D rendering technical support for unmanned real-time panoramic map modeling.

The prediction of contact force networks in granular materials based on graph neural networks.

The contact force network, usually organized inhomogeneously by the inter-particle forces on the bases of the contact network topologies, is essential to the rigidity and stability in amorphous solids. How to capture such a "backbone" is crucial to the understanding of various anomalous properties or behaviors in those materials, which remains a central challenge presently in physics, engineering, or material science. Here, we use a novel graph neural network to predict the contact force network in two-dimensional granular materials under uniaxial compression. With the edge classification model in the framework of the deep graph library, we show that the inter-particle contact forces can be accurately estimated purely from the knowledge of the static microstructures, which can be acquired from a discrete element method or directly visualized from experimental methods. By testing the granular packings with different structural disorders and pressure, we further demonstrate the robustness of the optimized graph neural network to changes in various model parameters. Our research tries to provide a new way of extracting the information about the inter-particle forces, which substantially improves the efficiency and reduces the costs compared to the traditional experiments.

A set of codes for numerical convection and geodynamo calculations

Abstract We present a set of codes for calculating and displaying solutions to diverse problems within thermal convection and magnetic field generation in rotating fluid-filled spheres and spherical shells. There are diverse programs for the kinematic dynamo problem, the onset of thermal convection, and boundary-locked thermal convection, and time-stepping codes for non-magnetic convection and the dynamo with either homogeneous or spatially varying thermal boundary conditions. Where possible, all programs have been benchmarked against other codes and tested by reproducing previously published results. Each program comes with the complete source code, a pdf instruction manual, and at least one example run with a sample input file and all necessary files for describing an initial condition. The only prerequisite for running most of the codes is a FORTRAN compiler. The plotting programs require in addition the PGPLOT graphics library. All source code, examples, input files, solutions, and instructions are available for download from github and Zenodo.

A numerical simulation procedure for evaluating the accuracy of 3-dimensional photogrammetric models and its application to geometric parameters of discontinuities in rock masses

This study proposes a numerical simulation procedure to evaluate the accuracy of geometric parameters of 3-dimensional models reconstructed by photogrammetry based on the Open Graphics Library. As a technical mean to obtain photogrammetric photos and data, this method has achieved the goal of controlling the parameters in the photogrammetric process at will. The proposed method is validated by several physical model experiments using the unmanned aerial vehicle Phantom 4 Real-time kinematic (RTK). Through a series of numerical experiments, this study quantitatively analyzes the error of geometric parameters of discontinuities in rock masses caused by coordinate accuracy of camera positions and shooting distance, and some quantitative findings were obtained. These results conforming to common sense also validate the proposed simulation procedure. This numerical simulation procedure has a broad application prospect in guiding and optimization of photo acquisition of field outcrop balancing the accuracy and efficiency.

Design and Development of Monopoly Game Based on EasyX

The EasyX Graphics Library, which can be used for graphic algorithm simulation, computer game development and physical simulation test, etc., is a free and widely used graphic library for C and C++. Monopoly game is a multi-player board fun game, in which players allocated money at first, and then bought land, built buildings and earned rent by throwing the dice. The game result depends on the players’ capital amount. This paper introduces the design and development of monopoly game with C++ and EasyX. Through the development of the game, the purpose of learning and being familiar with the programming process of C++ language has been achieved.

Cytoscape.js 2023 update: a graph theory library for visualization and analysis.

Cytoscape.js is an open-source JavaScript-based graph library. Its most common use case is as a visualization software component, so it can be used to render interactive graphs in a web browser. It also can be used in a headless manner, useful for graph operations on a server, such as Node.js. This update describes new features and enhancements introduced over many new versions from 2015 to 2022. Cytoscape.js is implemented in JavaScript. Documentation, downloads and source code are available at http://js.cytoscape.org. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Large scale medical image online three-dimensional reconstruction based on WebGL using four tier client server architecture

The development of medical device technology has led to the rapid growth of medical imaging data. The reconstruction from two-dimensional images to three-dimensional volume visualization not only shows the location and shape of lesions from multiple views but also provides intuitive simulation for surgical treatment. However, the three-dimensional reconstruction process requires the high performance execution of image data acquisition and reconstruction algorithms, which limits the application to equipments with limited resources. Therefore, it is difficult to apply on many online scenarios, and mobile devices cannot meet high-performance hardware and software requirements. This paper proposes an online medical image rendering and real-time three-dimensional (3D) visualization method based on Web Graphics Library (WebGL). This method is based on a four-tier client-server architecture and uses the method of medical image data synchronization to reconstruct at both sides of the client and the server. The reconstruction method is designed to achieve the dual requirements of reconstruction speed and quality. The real-time 3D reconstruction visualization of large-scale medical images is tested in real environments. During the interaction with the reconstruction model, users can obtain the reconstructed results in real-time and observe and analyze it from all angles. The proposed four-tier client-server architecture will provide instant visual feedback and interactive information for many medical practitioners in collaborative therapy and tele-medicine applications. The experiments also show that the method of online 3D image reconstruction is applied in clinical practice on large scale image data while maintaining high reconstruction speed and quality.

Meclib: Dynamic and Interactive Figures in STACK Questions Made Easy

Abstract—Making and interpretation of drawings and schematics is an important skill to be developed in engineering education. The question type STACK in the Moodle learning management system combined with the interactive graphics library JSXGraph has a great potential for implementation of e-learning resources addressing these skills in formative and summative settings. The authoring process of such materials is complex due to multiple markup and programming languages like HTML, LaTeX, Maxima and JavaScript (JS) being involved. The Meclib concept mitigates this complexity and allows for efficient bulk production of material with consistent appearance and user experience. The core of Meclib is a set of pre-defined JSXGraph-based objects with an interface to Maxima, such that no problem specific JS code is required at all. The present paper outlines the basic ideas of the implementation and demonstrates the approach for some typical examples of different complexity. The focus is on applications in engineering mechanics, starting from static illustrations up to an editor for free body diagrams, with rich adaptive formative feedback.

Adaptive Layout Decomposition With Graph Embedding Neural Networks

Multiple patterning layout decomposition (MPLD) has been widely investigated, but so far there is no decomposer that dominates others in terms of both result quality and efficiency. This observation motivates us to explore how to adaptively select the most suitable MPLD strategy for a given layout graph, which is nontrivial and still an open problem. In this article, we propose a layout decomposition framework based on graph convolutional networks to obtain the graph embeddings of the layout. The graph embeddings are used for graph library construction, decomposer selection, graph matching, stitch removal prediction, and graph coloring. In addition, we design a fast nonstitch layout decomposition algorithm that purely depends on the message passing graph neural network. The experimental results show that our graph embedding-based framework can achieve optimal decompositions in the widely used benchmark with a significant runtime drop even compared with fast but nonoptimal heuristics.

Rustworkx: A High-Performance Graph Library for Python

In rustworkx, we provide a high-performance, flexible graph library for Python. rustworkx is inspired by NetworkX but addresses many performance concerns of the latter. rustworkx is written in Rust and is particularly suited for performance-sensitive applications that use graph representations.

Electromechanical Energy Converter Imitation Model in SciLab

The paper shows the implementation of simulation models of an electromechanical energy converter on the example of an induction motor with a squirrel-cage rotor in the SciLab environment and its graphic library Xcos for building structural diagrams. Despite the existence of simulation programs such as Simulink and ANSYS Twin Builder, SciLab is completely free, which is an advantage for use in an academic environment and in scientific research. Despite SciLab being free and significantly different from existing paid software, this program allows to create complex models and has a powerful built-in programming language. This paper shows how, using SciLab blocks, to build a simulation model of an induction motor with a squirrel-cage rotor, based on the differential equations of electromagnetic transients. The construction of models for the mode of direct start from a source of stable three-phase power supply is considered. An example of a code program in SciLab for determining the parameters of an induction motor with a squirrel-cage rotor, necessary for simulation, only from the motor rated data, is shown separately. The work will be useful to researchers who intend to use free software to solve complex problems.

Revisiting Language Support for Generic Programming: When Genericity Is a Core Design Goal

Context: Generic programming, as defined by Stepanov, is a methodology for writing efficient and reusable algorithms by considering only the required properties of their underlying data types and operations. Generic programming has proven to be an effective means of constructing libraries of reusable software components in languages that support it. Generics-related language design choices play a major role in how conducive generic programming is in practice. Inquiry: Several mainstream programming languages (e.g. Java and C++) were first created without generics; features to support generic programming were added later, gradually. Much of the existing literature on supporting generic programming focuses thus on retrofitting generic programming into existing languages and identifying related implementation challenges. Is the programming experience significantly better, or different when programming with a language designed for generic programming without limitations from prior language design choices? Approach: We examine Magnolia, a language designed to embody generic programming. Magnolia is representative of an approach to language design rooted in algebraic specifications. We repeat a well-known experiment, where we put Magnolia's generic programming facilities under scrutiny by implementing a subset of the Boost Graph Library, and reflect on our development experience. Knowledge: We discover that the idioms identified as key features for supporting Stepanov-style generic programming in the previous studies and work on the topic do not tell a full story. We clarify which of them are more of a means to an end, rather than fundamental features for supporting generic programming. Based on the development experience with Magnolia, we identify variadics as an additional key feature for generic programming and point out limitations and challenges of genericity by property. Grounding: Our work uses a well-known framework for evaluating the generic programming facilities of a language from the literature to evaluate the algebraic approach through Magnolia, and we draw comparisons with well-known programming languages. Importance: This work gives a fresh perspective on generic programming, and clarifies what are fundamental language properties and their trade-offs when considering supporting Stepanov-style generic programming. The understanding of how to set the ground for generic programming will inform future language design.