Graphical Analysis Method Research Articles

О соответствии производительности отечественных зерноуборочных комбайнов и урожайности зерновых и зернобобовых культур в России

The industry of growing grain and leguminous crops is not supported by the production of domestic combine harvesters capable of ensuring the organisation of harvesting operations with a high level of efficiency in the whole range of yields typical for Russian conditions. The analysis of the main characteristics of modern “Rostselmash” combine harvesters in relation to the yield of grain and leguminous crops has revealed the need to improve the range of combine harvesters produced in the Russian Federation. The calculation and graphic method has shown that in the line of domestic combine harvesters there are no models designed for harvesting grain and leguminous crops with yields up to 1.7 tons/ha and from 2.9 to 3.5 tons/ha. The absence of these models leads to higher production costs of cereals in farms, for which this yield is typical. It has been established that harvesting grain and leguminous crops of different yields requires a range of 5 models of combine harvesters. Each of them will have 100% use and maximum efficiency of utilization in the yield range, for which it is designed. The range of models, built according to the proposed principle, will provide the need of any farm in combines for harvesting grain and leguminous crops with yields from 0.87 to 10 tons per hectare. The graphical analysis method facilitates the selection of a rational combine harvester model suitable for local conditions by the criterion of maximum loading of the threshing and separating device.

Diseases maps of spatial epidemiological data by R

AbstractDisease maps are essential when analyzing spatial epidemiological data, such as newly detected COVID‐19 positive cases or suicide deaths, because it is necessary to determine the method of analysis in order to perform spatial statistical analysis. Disease maps give an initial overview of the data and provide evidence of regional trends, which the analyst can check. Therefore, in this article, the author aimed to use R, a statistical data analysis tool, to draw spatial epidemiological data in the form of disease maps. This article presents three different methods and analyzes recent trends in COVID‐19 and suicide mortality. The author used monthly data from April, July, and October 2020. The results showed no significant trend in April, but some prefectures showed a negative correlation in July. On the other hand, some prefectures showed a positive correlation in October, confirming the influence of COVID‐19 on suicide by region.This article is categorized under: Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization

THE INFRASTRUCTURAL POTENTIAL OF THE MOSCOW HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF FINANCING THE STATE PROGRAM "DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTHCARE IN MOSCOW"

The resource provision of the capital's healthcare system in general and each medical organization in particular is the leading structural component that increases the availability and quality of medical care Reproduction and maintenance of citizens' health can be viewed from the perspective of combining the fundamental triad of resources - human, logistical and financial - in order to achieve the final product - the implementation of medical care to the population. One of the independent types of resource provision in most socio-economic systems, including healthcare, includes financial resources - a form that forms the infrastructure of medical organizations (medical equipment, equipment, devices, etc.) that can be used not only to carry out medical activities directly related to treatment and prevention, but also to conduct scientific research in various subject areas of medical science. Information from the Moscow Government Portal «Open Budget of the City of Moscow» and the official website of the Mayor of Moscow were used to conduct the study. After data collection and aggregation, statistical, comparative and graphical analysis methods were used for their processing in order to construct dynamic time series. In the course of the study, the study of the main regulatory documents regulating the healthcare sector at the federal level and at the level of the city of Moscow was carried out. The study describes the current state of the capital's healthcare sector in terms of the regulatory framework and funding allocated for the development, expansion and modernization of the capital's healthcare infrastructure, as well as the features and main results of the purchase of medical equipment and equipment under life cycle contracts. Information on financing, on purchased medical equipment, devices and equipment, on the number and parameters of the functioning of the capital's healthcare infrastructure will allow analyzing and improving the work of medical organizations, implementing operational and predictive management in order to improve the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of the healthcare sector of the city of Moscow.

A graphical method for undrained analysis of cavity expansion in Mohr–Coulomb soil

A rigorous analytical solution is developed for undrained cavity expansion problems in non-associated Mohr–Coulomb soil, based on a novel graphical analysis approach and on the Lagrangian description through tracking only the responses of a soil particle at the cavity surface. The mathematical difficulties involved with the flow rate calculation when the stress state lies on the corner/edge of two adjacent (Mohr–Coulomb) yield surfaces, for both cylindrical and spherical cases, are tackled by using the generalised Koiter theory for non-associated plasticity. In particular, through the unique geometrical formulation, the effective stress path pertaining to the cylindrical cavity problem can be very conveniently directly determined, and is found to consist of simple, piecewise straight lines in the deviatoric stress plane with the orientations dependent of the relative magnitude of Poisson's ratio and the friction angle. This thus renders possible the removal of the stringent intermediacy assumption for the vertical stress that is commonly adopted in previous formulations, and hence the development of a complete cylindrical cavity expansion solution in Mohr–Coulomb soil under undrained loading conditions. The stress and deformation responses of the cavity, including the typical pressure–expansion curves and limiting cavity pressure, are finally analytically obtained along with the Lagrangian form of the radial equilibrium equation in completely explicit forms. The closed-form solution provided in this paper is the first rigorous one of its kind, thus completing the analytical analysis of the cavity expansion problem with the classical Mohr–Coulomb model; this is deemed to be essential for the interpretation of in situ test results pertaining to cohesive-frictional soils.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ТРАНСПОРТНИМИ ПОСЛУГАМИ УКРАЇНИ

The article is focused on the study of threats and opportunities for the development of Ukraine’s international trade in transport services. The purpose of the study is to identify, based on the analysis of the state and structure of Ukraine’s international trade in transport services, the prospects and problems of the country's transport sector development in the new economic and geopolitical realities. Methods of study – methods of economic, system, historical and graphical analysis. As the result of the analysis, it was established that the efficiency of transport and transit potential available in Ukraine usage today is low. For a long time, pipeline transport dominated in export of transport services structure and share of this transport began to decrease only in recent years under the influence of external factors. It was determined that the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine created a number of additional threats to the realization of the country's transport potential. The biggest problem of the transport sector today is the physical destruction of the rolling stock of transport enterprises and the destruction of the transport infrastructure. Today, the government is already taking measures to preserve the functioning of the transport infrastructure, carrying out restoration measures, and involves business in the reconstruction process. However, the government needs to support transport companies more actively in updating their fleet of vehicles, by promoting the use of leasing or partially covering vehicle purchase costs. Given the significant role of pipeline transport in the export structure, the reduction of gas transit through the Ukrainian gas transport system creates a threat of country losing its transit status. Neutralization of this problem requires the government to intensify diplomatic activity with the aim of involving Ukraine in the transit of energy carriers to Europe from alternative sources. In addition, it is advisable to study the technical possibilities and economic feasibility of reorienting the Ukrainian gas transportation system to the transportation of biomethane or hydrogen. In addition to the mentioned problems, opportunities for the development of the international trade in transport services, which have arisen to date, have been identified. It has been established that Ukraine's involvement in international initiatives, joining regional alliances and signing agreements in the field of transport with the EU will allow maintaining the functioning of the country's transport sector during the war; create prerequisites for rapid post-war recovery, more active involvement of Ukraine in the European transport network, further active development of the transport sector and more complete realization of the country's existing transit potential.

Utilizing Graphical Analysis of Chest Radiographs for Primary Screening of Osteoporosis.

Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis is a major risk of fractures, harming patients’ quality of life. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which can detect osteoporosis early, is too expensive to be conducted on a regular basis. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate a screening method using chest radiographs developed in Japan applied to another population. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five patients who had a chest radiograph and DXA and applied within three months of each test were recruited from the patient database of Semmelweis University (Budapest, Hungary). Graphical analysis of the chest radiographs was conducted to identify the ratio of the cortical bone in the clavicle of each patient. Two researchers performed the analysis, and multiple regression was conducted to determine the bone mineral density of each patient provided by DXA. Results: The Pearson correlation between two examiners’ determinations of the cortical bone ratio was 0.769 (p < 0.001). The multiple regression model proved to be statistically significant in identifying osteoporosis, but the model adopted for the Hungarian population was different compared to the Japanese population. Conclusions: This simple, economic Japanese graphical analysis method for chest radiographs may be feasible in detecting osteoporosis. Further studies with a larger population of patients with greater variety of ethnicity would be of value in improving the accuracy of this model.

Study of regularities in transport preferences by analysis of transport survey results

Introduction. Transport in cities has a huge impact on the environment, the quality of life of people, their health, road safety, etc., which is the subject of a fairly large number of scientific publications. It is obvious that measures aimed at shifting transport demand from a private car towards the use of public transport are extremely relevant. One way to develop such measures could be through a survey of users of transport services.This article reveals patterns in the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel by analysing the results of their transport survey.The purpose of the work is to obtain data on the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel. Materials and methods. When writing the article, materials obtained during the transport survey of residents of the city of Gomel were used. At the same time, graphical analysis methods, crosstabulation tables, Chi-square test (when comparing differences in independent samples of nominal variables), analysis of variance (when comparing differences in independent samples of nominal and numerical variables, depending on the law distributions within groups) implemented in a specialised software product.Results. Based on the results of the article, information was obtained about the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel.Discussion and conclusion. The obtained results of the analysis of the transport survey are the basis for the subsequent justification of measures aimed at shifting transport demand from individual cars towards the use of regular public transport.

Stock Market in Uzbekistan: Current Situation and Development Prospects

The article analyzes the development trends of the stock market at the national and international level, the current state of operations in the stock market, and determines the factors influencing the development of the stock market. The stock market is an important tool for economic growth, as it is able to transform savings into investments. Therefore, in the context of globalization, the study of the conditions for the formation and development trends of the stock market is relevant.Objectives. Assessment of the current state of the stock market, identification of key problems hindering its effective development, and development of measures to eliminate them. Methodology. Used logical, statistical and graphical methods of analysis. Results. Problems that impede the effective development of the stock market are identified. First of all, it is the low level of capitalization of the stock market, the lack of developed infrastructure, failure to establish an effective mechanism for issuing and selling securities, the abundance and complexity of legal documents related to the stock market sector and the existence of many restrictions, insufficient improvement of the mechanism of protection of investors' interests and absence of institutional investors and professional market participants. Concrete proposals have been formulated to eliminate the problems of the development of the stock market: attracting domestic and foreign investors, increasing the dividend yield on shares by issuers, improving the legal framework and taxation system, developing a system for insuring transactions in the stock market, and implementing the principle of information openness. Conclusions. Further development of the stock market is possible only with an integrated approach both on the part of the market itself and the state. In order to attract new investors to the domestic stock exchange, it is necessary to regularly carry out activities to improve the financial literacy of the population and develop new tools to involve citizens in investing.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS'INFORMATION NEEDS IN CONDITIONS OF EPIDEMIC DISTRIBUTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS

Introduction: An epidemic of cardiovascular disease has been observed in Bulgaria for decades. In order to reduce the risk of developing the disease, it is necessary to prevent risk factors, starting in childhood and continuing throughout life. Purpose, material and methods: The aim of the study is to establish students' awareness of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the nature and need for disease promotion and prevention. Sociological, documentary, statistical methods and method of graphic analysis of the obtained results are used. Results Conclusions: More than 2/3 of study participants know the adjustable risk factors such as alcohol use, smoking, stress and fatigue, and approximately half have information about the negative effects of being overweight and high blood pressure. There is a need for additional information on the impact of other major biological risk factors, such as atherosclerosis, high blood sugar and diabetes mellitus, as well as the impact of unadjustable risk factors - age, gender and family history.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE INVESTING POLICY IN THE STOCK MARKET BASED ON THE EVALUATION OF A SET OF MOVING AVERAGES FOR FALSE SIGNALS TO BE DETECTED

The article presents the results of a study devoted to the study of an investment policy when working with tools of stock market based on the correlation of exponential moving averages. The relevance of the work is due to the need to mitigate the risks appeared when investors face because of false trading signals. The results presented in the work were obtained using technical analysis methods, including the analysis of statistical finding referred to securities quotations, visual and graphical methods of technical analysis to determine the trend. The forecast model is developed with econometric approaches and neuro-network expert system. As a result of the study, key statistical indicators were identified. They are exponential moving averages, which enable negative trends in the securities market to be predicted. Statistics confirming the stable operability of the system are presented. The developed expert system based on econometric modeling and artificial intelligence elements has significantly improved the efficiency of detecting false signals in the stock market. The obtained results can be used to improve risk management in the implementation of investment operations in the securities market. The expert system excludes the most unprofitable transactions made due to false signals and thereby increase the effectiveness of the investment strategy.

On unbiasedness and biasedness of the Wilcoxon and some nonparametric tests

AbstractIn several fields of applications, the underlying theoretical distribution is unknown and cannot be assumed to have a specific parametric distribution such as a normal distribution. Nonparametric statistical methods are preferable in these cases. Nonparametric testing hypotheses have been one of the primarily used statistical procedures for nearly a century, and the power of the test is an important property in nonparametric testing procedures. This review discusses the unbiasedness of nonparametric tests. In nonparametric hypothesis, the best‐known Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (WMW) test has both robustness and power performance. Therefore, the WMW test is widely used to determine the location parameter. In this review, the unbiasedness and biasedness of the WMW test for the location parameter family of the distribution is mainly investigated. An overview of historical developments, detailed discussions, and works on the unbiasedness/biasedness of several nonparametric tests are presented with references to numerous studies. Finally, we conclude this review with a discussion on the unbiasedness/biasedness of nonparametric test procedures. This article is categorized under: Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis &gt; Nonparametric Methods.This article is categorized under: Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis &gt; Nonparametric Methods

Artificial neural network, support vector machine, decision tree, random forest, and committee machine intelligent system help to improve performance prediction of low salinity water injection in carbonate oil reservoirs

A large body of experimental research supports the effectiveness of Low Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) for enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs in laboratory scale. Development of robust predictive smart models connecting effective parameters controlling this complex process to Final Recovery Factor (RFf), as the target parameter, is of a paramount importance. The main objective of this research work is to develop intelligent models using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Committee Machine Intelligent System (CMIS) to forecast performance of LSWI in carbonates using experimental data reported in the literature. Random Search (RS) and Anneal (AL) algorithms were used for optimization of hyperparameters. After data collection from 47 reliable coreflooding studies (582 data points), a rigorous data preprocessing was conducted to ensure quality of the database. Features selection process was used to determine the main parameters controlling LSWI performance in carbonates: brine permeability (Kb), core diameter (d), porosity (Φ), and residual water saturation (Swi) of the core, HCO3− concentration, and salinity (S) of the connate brine, the salinity (S) of the injected brine, and initial recovery factor (RFi) which were used for development of the models. We considered initial oil recovery (RFi) in this research work, which was not considered in previous works reported in the literature. The applicability domain analysis showed that training and testing response outliers were zero and 9, respectively, indicating acceptable quality of the database. Performance of the developed smart models was analyzed and compared using statistical and graphical error analysis methods. The best performance was obtained for the RF model with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.497 and 5.757 for training and testing datasets, respectively, which exhibits a very good agreement with the experimental data.

Факторный анализ показателей внешнеэкономической деятельности Санкт-Петербурга

Purpose: To consider and analyze the opinions of foreign and domestic scientists on the problem of the choice of indicators for the city’s foreign economic activity assessment. To identify the list of major indicators for St. Petersburg foreign economy assessment. To reduce the number of presented indicators till a minimum with the help of factor analysis method. Methods: Major methods of logical analysis were applied such as ones of induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis of scientific literature on the given issue, analysis statistical methods: correlation analysis and factor analysis of the indicators of foreign economic activity of the city of St. Petersburg. In the course of indicator factor analysis, a graphical method for analysis of the obtained results for eigenvalues of indicators was also applied. Results: As a result of scientific literature analysis, the major indicators, characterizing St. Petersburg city foreign economic activity, were identified. The reasoning for factor analysis performance necessity is given and the impossibility to apply correlation analysis for these purposes because of the presence of multicollinearity of the presented indicators has been proved. As a result of factor analysis application, the number of indicators for the city foreign economic activity evaluation has been decreased till 2. Practical importance: Due to the held factor analysis, the number of indicators of St. Petersburg’s foreign economic activity has been reduced. The obtained result opens the opportunity to assess the city foreign economic activity with less labor expenditures which are associated with initial data search and indicator large number analysis.

Sequential Monte Carlo optimization and statistical inference

AbstractSequential Monte Carlo (SMC) is a powerful technique originally developed for particle filtering and Bayesian inference. As a generic optimizer for statistical and nonstatistical objectives, its role is far less known. Density‐tempered SMC is a highly efficient sampling technique ideally suited for challenging global optimization problems and is implementable with a somewhat arbitrary initialization sampler instead of relying on a prior distribution. SMC optimization is anchored at the fact that all optimization tasks (continuous, discontinuous, combinatorial, or noisy objective function) can be turned into sampling under a density or probability function short of a norming constant. The point with the highest functional value is the SMC estimate for the maximum. Through examples, we systematically present various density‐tempered SMC algorithms and their superior performance vs. other techniques like Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Data cloning and k‐fold duplication are two easily implementable accuracy accelerators, and their complementarity is discussed. The Extreme Value Theorem on the maximum order statistic can also help assess the quality of the SMC optimum. Our coverage includes the algorithmic essence of the density‐tempered SMC with various enhancements and solutions for (1) a bi‐modal nonstatistical function without and with constraints, (2) a multidimensional step function, (3) offline and online optimizations, (4) combinatorial variable selection, and (5) noninvertibility of the Hessian.This article is categorized under: Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis &gt; Monte Carlo Methods Algorithms and Computational Methods &gt; Stochastic Optimization Algorithms and Computational Methods &gt; Integer Programming

Opportunities for Improving Financial Provision of Social Insurance Institutions in the Russian Federation

The subject of the research is the analysis of priority directions of improvement of financial provisioning of activity of extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation that make up the system of social insurance institutions. The purpose of the study is to develop active and passive opportunities to improve the activities of the institution of social insurance, allowing to increase the level, stability and volume of insurance contributions to extra budgetary funds by improving the quality of the internal financial environment in certain types of economic activity, in particular “Manufacturing”. The relevance of the topic is confirmed by the fact that in recent years, the share of insurance contributions in revenues of social insurance institutions does not exceed 65%, i. e. in terms of the insurance mechanism, the budgets of social insurance institutions are deficit. Therefore, financial and economic solutions are required to improve the financial situation of social insurance institutions and stabilize their activities, including through intensive methods to encourage the activity of contribution payers to increase the rate base and reduce non-payments. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of author’s algorithm of forming the financial security program of social insurance institutions, combining active and passive opportunities, including financial instruments of solvency of economic entities. The main methods of the study include the method of content-analysis, tabular and graphical methods, analysis and synthesis as universal methods of scientific knowledge, as well as methods of effectiveness assessment. As a result of the study the basic elements of the program of improvement of financial maintenance of institutes of social insurance, including, in particular, offers on formation of passive possibilities at the expense of realization of measures of financial support from Government of the Russian Federation and active support at the expense of inclusion of actions in branch development strategies. And also recommendations are given on the inclusion of proposed measures in the activities of authorities and adopted sectoral strategies, including on the basis of the distribution of powers between the executive authorities and other interested parties on the basis of normative legal acts.

Spatial-temporal variability of climate indices in Chungcheong provinces of Korea: Application of graphical innovative methods for trend analysis

Climate change causes unprecedented damage in form of climate extreme events such as floods and drought, especially in the agricultural sector. Understanding the variations and trends of climate characteristics is a step toward mitigating climate-related disasters. This study investigates the annual and seasonal spatial-temporal variability of UNEP and De Martonne climate indices from 10 synoptic stations distributed homogeneously over the Chungcheong Provinces in Korea from 1974 to 2019. The spatial assessment of the variability of climate indices was conducted using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method. The annual and seasonal trends were assessed using innovative trend analysis (ITA), while a further trend assessment on a seasonal scale was conducted using innovative polygon trend analysis (IPTA) to reveal periodic features and trend transitions. The results of the ITA were compared to the classical Mann-Kendall (MK) and Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) trend methods. The findings revealed that the Chungcheong Provinces is a wet climate dominance on an annual scale, with a high occurrence frequency of humid to extreme humid climates. However, there are variations in the climatic classes of UNEP and De Martonne indices on the seasonal timescale and across the stations. The spatial assessment indicated the dominance of moderate climatic conditions, while the heavy climatic condition is consistent at the far-end northeast. The ITA shows significant (95% confidence level) upward trends on an annual scale at 50 and 60% of the stations in UNEP and De Martonne indices, respectively. Moreover, an increasingly significant trend dominated the summer and autumn, while spring and winter seasons exhibited significant decreasing trends. The IPTA shows a dominant transition from the increasing area in autumn to decreasing area in winter, while summer consistently transited in the increasing region at almost all the stations. Both climate indices demonstrate homogeneous and isotropic behaviors and nearly stable conditions. Furthermore, ITA and MK trend statistics indicate a good positive correlation (r > 0.50). The findings of this study are important for the ongoing climate-change-related policy in the agricultural sector in Korea.

System of Professional Skills in Training Managers

The central aim was to investigate the transformation of employment in the digital economy at the country (on the example of the Russian Federation) and global levels and elaborate a universal list of competencies that a modern manager should possess in the context of such a transformation. As part of the study, quantitative, descriptive, and graphical analysis methods were used to examine quantitative indicators reflecting the transformation of the labor market in Russia and the world for the period from 2009 to 2019. The investigation results indicate that the Russian Federation’s labor market is experiencing a remarkable shift these days.

Operando odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a promising tool for monitoring lithium-ion batteries during fast charging

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for characterization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It has extensively been used in laboratory research, but seldom in industrial applications, e.g., electrical vehicles (EVs). This is because the latter needs EIS measurements during operation, but achieving valid EIS measurements in dynamic conditions has been a long-lasting challenge. In this work, LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622)/graphite batteries are characterized by operando odd random phase EIS (ORP-EIS) under practical usage conditions. The validity of the EIS data is quantitatively assessed based on the robust theoretical framework of ORP-EIS. The measured impedance data reveals a continuous evolution of charge-transfer phenomena along changes of state-of-charge (SoC). The results are consistent with conventional stationary EIS data. Moreover, charge-transfer related parameters can be extracted through equivalent electric circuit models or graphical analysis methods from operando ORP-EIS. The parameters exhibit consistent behavior under various charging conditions including different temperatures, C-rates, and state-of-health (SoH). As a proof of concept, operando ORP-EIS provides unique physical insights on top of conventional current/voltage-based monitoring methods, and could be powerful technique to monitor the SoC of the batteries during fast charging.

Recent advances in traffic signal performance evaluation

Signal retiming is a prominent way that transportation agencies use to fight congestion and change of traffic pattern. Performance evaluations of traffic conditions at signalized intersections and arterials provide actionable data for agencies to make well-informed and prioritized signal retiming decisions. However, the abundance of data sources, the lack of standardized evaluation methods and oftentimes the shortage of resources make it a difficult endeavor. The review detailed in this paper examines the advances made in traffic signal performance evaluation. We establish the necessity for the evaluations, study the process of continuous improvement of traffic signal performance using the evaluations, and then examine multiple methodologies in a plethora of research endeavors. Particularly, we focus on probe vehicles and sensors data, the two major sources of data. We discuss how sensors are connected to signal controllers to provide relevant in-depth traffic data including speed and occupancy measures. We also review the nature of probe vehicles and the level of penetration. We then define and summarize performance measures derived from both sources, to aid in performance evaluations. For performance evaluation methods, we discuss the research studies and provide summaries including advantages and disadvantages of the methods used, as well as a holistic outlook for future research. This paper is aimed to provide a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art to benefit researcher, traffic agencies, and commercial entities that thrive to improve safety and efficiency of traffic signals through performance evaluations. • A comprehensive review on recent works related to traffic signal performance evaluation is conducted. • Various data sources and performance measures are discussed. • Both ranking/metrics and graphical analysis methods for different types of data sources are discussed. • Existing performance evaluation systems and the outlook of future research are presented.

The method of graphical rank analysis in the study of ratings of educational institutions

Introduction. Educational institutions (EI) ratings presented in a list or in the form of rating tables do not give an idea of the adequacy and objectivity of the system of criteria and rating indicators chosen by managers. Therefore, the published EI ratings, including in 2021, are criticized, require confirmation of the adequacy of their criteria and indicators by other methods. This is the method of graphical rank analysis in combination with the coenological approach. This method also makes it possible to identify any set of objects with a coenosis. Purpose setting. The appearance in Russia of a new type of EI – online schools determined the first task of the study, which is to answer the question: "Is the totality of Russian online schools a random set of objects or is it a new kind of sociocoenosis?" The second task of the study is to test and apply the method of graphical rank analysis based on coenological approach to assessing the ratings of educational institutions in 2021 by analogy with the methodology for assessing the validity of test tasks developed earlier. Methodology of the study. Graphical rank analysis with a coenological approach is based on the construction of graphical rank distributions using computer technology and their approximation to a hyperbolic function – the dependence of the parameter under study (in our case, the rating quality indicator) in descending order from the increasing rank number r = 1, 2, 3,…. The coincidence of the empirical and theoretical graphs of rank distributions indicates that this set of objects belongs to the coenosis (or to its population – part of the coenosis). Results. The results of applying graphical rank analysis to a new phenomenon in the Russian education system – online schools are presented and it is proved that this new community of online schools is a new type of sociocoenosis in the systematics of educational institutions in Russia. The possibility of applying the method of graphical rank analysis with a coenological approach to the evaluation of the ratings of EI is shown. This method made it possible to determine the quality levels of rating systems for evaluating the activities of educational institutions. The evaluation of the ratings of educational institutions in 2021, conducted using this method, showed average and high levels of quality of the ratings considered. Conclusion. The method of graphical rank analysis with a coenological approach allows us to quickly and effectively assess the adequacy of the rating of educational institutions in a formal mathematical way without delving into the content of each rating indicator, which is its scientific value, theoretical and practical significance.